# Tbl_SubTheme

Stated_Obj:
Maintain and restore wildlife value or protect archaeological features; maintain and conserve the vegetation mosaics characteristic of upland and heathland landscapes through the removal of bracken.

Sum_Prescrip:
Control of the spread, or removal of existing stands of bracken where it is desirable to do so; do not cause areas of bare soil in areas vulnerable to soil erosion; where possible, primary method of control should be by mechanical means.

Lscape_outcomes:
Restoration of the traditional vegetation cover e.g.upland or lowland heathland or upland mosaics of vegetationRestoration of the traditional vegetation cover e.g.upland or lowland heathland or upland mosaics of vegetation

Comment_Impacts:
Bracken management is generally positive unless cut/sprayed in highly visual stripes or blocks on hillsides and in addition to helping restore important habitats will reveal historic features

Links_sub_cat:
Bracken removal is relevant in many situations and may be relevant to the Grassland, Moorland and Heathland categories. It is also often important in revealing historic earthworks linked to the Management of archaeological features under grassland sub-cat


Lscape_outcomes:
An area of hard standing for car parking.

Comment_Impacts:
Impact will entirely depend on location, size, surfacing and purpose.  For example it will be positive where it removes parking from sensitive locations but negative where it places parking in a highly visible location.  Use of senstivi surfacing material

Links_sub_cat:
Links to access.  These works will have their own landscape impact items. Only provided as a capital item


Links_sub_cat:
Relates specifically to Acess sub-category Reduced Mobility


Sum_Prescrip:
Payment for site furniture that enables access.

Lscape_outcomes:
Localised addition of landscape features.

Comment_Impacts:
May be localised effects on landscape.  Can be positive or negative depending in location and design.

Links_sub_cat:
Relates to Access.  These will have their own landscape impacts and are only covered under capital items.


Comment_Impacts:
Potential positive addition to stone walls but with only local impact on landscape.


Stated_Obj:
Preparation of teachers information packs


Stated_Obj:
Provision of cross-drains under farm tracks to aid natural  resource protection.

Lscape_outcomes:
Assumed that normally these will not be major visible features but could have an adverse landscape impact where over engineered

Links_sub_cat:
Has potential to relate to a wide range of options


SubTheme:
Items to enable re-wetting/creation of water features

Stated_Obj:
Items essential for the management of water levels (as in traditional flood meadows).  Many of these features will be of historical importance.

Lscape_outcomes:
Important in enabling the restoration and creation of a wide range of wetland areas, all of which have been identified as positive landscape features

Links_sub_cat:
Assisting Water Feature Management or Restoration.  Also relating to Wetland, Wet Grassland and Saltmarsh Restoration and Creation


Stated_Obj:
Specific capital items to allow the restoration of stone walls

Lscape_outcomes:
Restored and conserved stone wall in good repair.

Comment_Impacts:
Stone walls and the geometric pattern that they establish in the landscape are a highly characteritic feature of the uplands and the other landscapes where they are found.

Links_sub_cat:
Specifically relates to the boundary sub-categories Stone Wall management and restoration


Sum_Prescrip:
Payments for the first 100m² and for over 100m².

Lscape_outcomes:
New water features made up of temporary ponds and permanent ponds.

Comment_Impacts:
May become important positive features in the local landscape so long as well designed and implemented.

Links_sub_cat:
Under Water Features. These will have their own landscape impacts and are only covered under capital items. If a temporary pond the area will need to be possitively restored


Comment_Impacts:
Unless the work is insensitively executed, should be of benefit to the landscape as ponds are often identified as key landscape features, they may also be important historic features

Links_sub_cat:
Assisting Water Feature Management or Restoration


Sum_Prescrip:
Install or obtain otter holt - log construction; otter holt- pipe and chamber construction; bat/bird box; bird strike markers; small mammal boxes; and badger gates.

Lscape_outcomes:
Small individual items that will be too small to see in the wider landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
Unlikely to be visible in the wider landscape.


Stated_Obj:
In some cases proposals may need work outside the scope of the standard payments or a feature may require a specific tailored specification as a Special Project.   Examples, which can be for both capital and land management projects, include interpreation boards;  management plans to assess the costs of works required for say a particular habitat creation; provision of hides.  Special Projects can take the form of either a one-off capital item or a contiuing programme up to 10 years.  Advise should be sought from the Natural England Advisor.NEED to check the role of Professional Help.

Lscape_outcomes:
The landscape outcome will be entirely dependent on the nature of the Special Project being funded

Comment_Impacts:
Will depend on the nature of the Special Project

Links_sub_cat:
This could relate to nearly all Categories and Sub-categories.


Stated_Obj:
Specific capital items to allow the  restoration of stone-faced hedge banks

Lscape_outcomes:
Restored and conserved hedgebanks in good repair.  Associated hedgerows managed under the hedgerow options.

Comment_Impacts:
Highly distinctive features in Devon and Cornwall and other parts of the country where they form a key characteristic of the landscape. The results of this option may take up to five years to achieve

Links_sub_cat:
Specifically relates to the boundary sub-categories  Stone-faced hedgebank management and restoration


Stated_Obj:
Specific capital items to allow the  restoration of earth banks

Comment_Impacts:
Earth banks,  usually supporting a hedgerow, are highly characteristic of some landscapes such as the Quantocks and some upland landscapes

Links_sub_cat:
Specifically relates to the Boundary sub-categories Earth bank restoration and management


SubTheme:
Restoration / creation of ditches and dykes

Sum_Prescrip:
Creation of gutters and culverts and restoration of ditches, dykes and rhynes.

Comment_Impacts:
Although a ditch can be created very quickly it will take longer for vegetation to establish.

Links_sub_cat:
Boundary Features: Restoration / creation of ditches and rhynes is only covered as a capital item


Comment_Impacts:
Tree planting will generally be benficial to the landscape, so long as they are sspecies typical of the area and so long as they do not obstruct key views

Links_sub_cat:
Relates to all options where tree planting may be appropriate, specifically the following sub-categories: Establishing hedgerow trees;
Parkland Management or Restoration; Parkland Creation; Woodland Management; Woodland Creation


Stated_Obj:
Enhance historic landscape character; support threatened species

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish small orchards on old orchard sites; plant fruit trees of traditional varieties and prune following traditional methods

Lscape_outcomes:
New traditional orchards in landscapes where they were once common. Using traditional standard fruit trees widely spaced as in traditional orchards

Comment_Impacts:
helping the restoration creation of traditional orchards - a key landscape feature

Links_sub_cat:
Relates to orchard sub-categories: Orchard management or restoration; Orchard creation


Stated_Obj:
Retaining bakside trees in a healthy condition

Comment_Impacts:
Bankside trees are frequrntly identified as a key landscape characteristic.  Although in the case of willows the preference will always be to pollard them

Links_sub_cat:
Field Trees: Coppicing of bankside trees is  only covered as a capital item


Stated_Obj:
Manage hedgerows to support habitats; maintaining the 2m 'protection zones' from the centre of the hedge line required under Cross Compliance.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain hedgerows at a height and width customary to local landscape but over 1.5m high (2m for B3); do not cultivate or apply fertilisers within 2m of the centre of the hedge; cut hedgerows no more frequently than once every other year or once every 3 years for B3.

Comment_Impacts:
In lowland and upland fringe landscapes, hedgerows are usually one of the central characteristics identified in contributing to landscape character.

Landscape_scale:
Influenced by the scale of the landscape


Stated_Obj:
Maintain and protect earth and turf faced banks as important landscape and historic features and as potentially important habitats.

Sum_Prescrip:
Protect earth banks from deterioration by repairing gaps; do not repair using earth from an existing boundary or archaeological feature; prevent damage to gateways and banks by machinery or stock; repair and maintain using traditional style.

Lscape_outcomes:
Conserved earth bank in good repair.  Associated hedgerows managed under the hedgerow options.

Comment_Impacts:
Earth banks,  usually supporting a hedgerow, are highly characteristic of some landscapes such as the Quantocks


Stated_Obj:
Restore banks to maintain them as features in the landscape.

Sum_Prescrip:
Obtain evidence of state of bank at the start and have restored the bank by the end of the agreement; restore using traditional materials and style; avoid undermining original bank; stiles and gates must be restored; comply with specific restoration work requirements.  Work needs to be completed by the end of the agreement period.


Stated_Obj:
Provide and maintain fencing along watercourses as protection from grazing livestock to reduce faecal contamination and prevents stream bank damage, improving water quality.

Sum_Prescrip:
Avoid historic or archaeological features, comply with with specified measurements of fencing; the timber must be preserved; do not used barbed wire by public rights of way; exclude all livestock; maintain fencing.

Lscape_outcomes:
A well vegetated edge to water courses potentially masking the water from more distant views.

Comment_Impacts:
While this option will create a well vegetated edge to water courses, the vegetation may well hide the stream course if it is narrow and especially if it is straight and will create a close parallel line of fencing that may be intrusive in the landscape.


Stated_Obj:
Only available on land in the SDA.  Bring upland hedgerows back under management to create tall, thick, continuous hedges linking to other hedges and habitats such as woodlands and help maintain their historic Landscape character.

Sum_Prescrip:
Sensitive management is necessary to maintain a variety of habitats and maintain local landscape character; ensure permission and felling licenses are obtained for work on trees. Particularly focused on hedges  that are conspicous or next to rights of way, next to other management options e.g. buffer strips, and hedges of particular historic interest e.g. Parish Boundaries

Lscape_outcomes:
Restored hedgerow line including restoration by laying and gapping up

Comment_Impacts:
Restored hedgerow line including restoration by coppicing and laying

Queries:
In lowland and upland fringe landscapes, hedgerows are usually one of the central characteristics identified in contributing to landscape character. Hedge laying and coppicing is particularly valuable in maintaining traditional hedgerow character


SubTheme:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value

Stated_Obj:
Management of hedgerows supporting target species (e.g. Of farmland birds) and to maintain hedgerows that make a significant contribution to local landscape character and/or historically important boundaries

Sum_Prescrip:
Improving hedgerow structure including a balanced tree population where characteristic of the local landscape, potentially supported by capital works for hedgerow laying,coppicing and gapping up

Lscape_outcomes:
Thick structurally diverse hedgerows across the farm with a balanced tree population where characterisitc of the local landscape

Comment_Impacts:
In lowland and upland fringe landscapes, hedgerows are usually one of the central characteristics identified in contributing to landscape character, especially those of historic importance.


Stated_Obj:
Establish a diverse hedgerow, bank side and aquatic vegetation where you have a hedge alongside a ditch.

Sum_Prescrip:
Follow standard hedgerow and ditch management conditions; no cultivation or application of fertilisers or pesticides to the land within 2m of the centre of the ditch; vegetation removed from the ditch banks no more frequently than once every other year; leave uncultivated land extending 2m from the centre of the hedgerow; minimise hedge trimmings entering the ditch.

Lscape_outcomes:
As for hedgerow management but leaving an uncultivated strip 2m from the centre line of  the ditch on the non hedgerow side and with the ditch having a dense cover of bank-side vegetation.

Comment_Impacts:
In lowland and floodplain landscapes hedgerows and associated ditches are often one of the central characteristics identified in contributing to landscape character.


Stated_Obj:
Manage full or half ditches, often that support target species.

Sum_Prescrip:
Eligible ditches must contain standing or flowing water and vegetation typical of wet ditches; only cut vegetation specific to the option; limited cleaning of ditches; do not resize or move the ditch.

Lscape_outcomes:
A well-vegetated ditch not subject to major mechanical clearance.

Comment_Impacts:
Ditches are an important landscape characteristic of  floodplain and wetland landscapes.


Stated_Obj:
Protect stone-faced banks from deterioration.

Sum_Prescrip:
Repair gaps; prevent damage to stone-faced gateways and to banks; do not remove any in situ stone from banks; keep repair and maintenance within traditional style characteristic with the local landscape.

Lscape_outcomes:
Conserved hedgebanks in good repair potentially topped by an associated hedgerow managed under the hedgerow options.

Comment_Impacts:
Highly distinctive features in Devon and Cornwall and other parts of the country where they form a key characteristic of the landscape


Stated_Obj:
Restore these banks to maintain them as features in the landscape and to benefit wildlife.

Sum_Prescrip:
Obtain evidence of state of bank at the start and restore the bank by the end of the agreement; restore using traditional materials and style; avoid undermining original bank; stiles and gates must be restored.

Comment_Impacts:
Highly distinctive features in Devon and Cornwall and other parts of the country where they form a key characteristic of the landscape. The results of this option may take up to five years to achieve.


Stated_Obj:
Protect and maintain stone walls on or above the Moorland Line as landscape and historic features and as potentially important habitats.

Sum_Prescrip:
Protect stone walls from deterioration by repairing gaps; carry out repair and maintenance in traditional materials and style; do not remove any in situ stone from walls.


Stated_Obj:
Retain and enhance the pattern of enclosure by stone walls where it is characteristic of the local landscape.

Sum_Prescrip:
Obtain evidence of state of the wall at the start and have restored the wall by the end of the agreement; restore using traditional materials and style; restore gates and stiles; maintain existing wall side trees; do not use concrete.

Comment_Impacts:
Stone walls and the geometric pattern that they establish in the landscape are a highly characteritic feature of the uplands and the other landscapes where they are found. The results of this option may take up to five years to achieve


Stated_Obj:
Protect water courses, wildlife and archaeological features on rotational, cultivated and arable land.

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish or maintain a grassy strip over 1 year by sowing or natural regeneration; do not apply fertilisers or manures; cut initially to aid establishment thereafter cut only to control woody growth; do not use for vehicle access, turning or storage.

Lscape_outcomes:
A narrow strip of tussock grasses (2m) merging into the hedgeline or defining the field boundary of an arable field or along water courses or around archaeological sites in arable fields.

Comment_Impacts:
The impact will generally be positive, highlighting features eg streamlines, habitat areas, archaeological features etc that might not otherwise be visible.  It helps buffer / protect features (primarily hedgerows) and will generally strengthen field boun

Landscape_scale:
N Influenced by the scale of the landscape


SubTheme:
Wider buffer strips in arable (4/6m-12m)

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish or maintain a grassy strip over 1 year by sowing or natural regeneration; do not use for vehicular access, turning or storage; do not apply fertilisers; leave fallen timber where possible; cut half of the strip closest to the crop annually but the other half cut only to control woody growth.

Lscape_outcomes:
A strip of tussock grasses 4m - 12m wide along an arable field edge, along water courses or around archaeological sites in arable fields.

Comment_Impacts:
This will be an evident grassland strip helping define the edge of arable fields and bringing textural diversity to the arable landscape.

Queries:
Whether the effect on landscape  is positive or negative will be very dependent on location.  In plateau landscapes it may help define the field edge but on sloping ground it may create a striped appearance as a result of the different grass cutting regim

Landscape_scale:
Y Influenced by the scale of the landscape


Stated_Obj:
Protect water courses, in-field ponds, wildlife and archaeological features on organic, intensive or improved permanent grassland.

Sum_Prescrip:
Leave a grassy strip of uncut grasses around intensive grassland likely to be cut for silage.  The strip can be grazed but poaching and overgrazing needs to be avoided.  No fertiliser applied; control injurious weeds; cut buffers only to control woody growth; do not use buffers for vehicular access, turning or storage.

Lscape_outcomes:
A narrow strip of tussock grasses (2m) merging into the hedgeline or defining the boundary of a field under intensive grass;and or along water courses or around archaeological sites in intensive grassland fields.


Stated_Obj:
Protect water courses, wildlife, their habitats and archaeological features on organic, intensive or improved permanent grassland.

Sum_Prescrip:
Leave a grassy strip around the edge of a field (these do not need to be fenced off), Graze it but do not allow livestock to poach or overgraze; or establish a buffer through sowing or natural regeneration; do not apply fertiliser; control injurious weeds; cut buffers only to control woody growth; do not use buffers for vehicular access, turning or storage.

Lscape_outcomes:
A 4m - 12m wide buffer around an intensive grassland field likely to be being cut for silage, where the buffer remains uncut and unfertilised but can be grazed, appearing as a tussocky grassland area taking on a browner muted colour when compared to the heavily fertilised grasses of the main field.  Also as a buffer along water courses and around archaeological sites.

Comment_Impacts:
Generally beneeficial highlighting features eg streamlines, habitat areas, archaeological features etc that might not otherwise be visible.  It helps buffer / protect features (primarily hedgerows) and will generally strengthen field boundary patterns thr


Stated_Obj:
Provide a habitat and foraging for insects and birds with a mixture of grass and wildflower species.

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish the strip (width not identified) by natural regeneration or by sowing a wild flower seed mix.  Once established cut or graze to suit the particular objectives for the identified species.

Lscape_outcomes:
A wildflower-rich grass verge around an arable field, length of grassland may be variable (depending on the objectives for the grass strip) but it is assumed that wildflowers would be allowed to set seed before cutting.  Although not stated it is assumed that there would be no fertiliser addition.

Comment_Impacts:
Likely to be positive to the landscape creating a flower-rich 'verge' to arable fields but as the size / width is not specified it could appear as an incongruous block. Also concerns about introducing colourful stripes/shapes into normal mosaic of arable


Stated_Obj:
Provision of an unmanaged grassy area in field corners or small areas within the field to increase wildlife interest of arable fields.

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish or maintain the area over 1 year by sowing or natural regeneration; once established cut once every five years; do not apply fertilisers; control injurious weeds; do not use for vehicular access, turning or storage; patch size is specific to option.

Lscape_outcomes:
An area of tussock grasses and scrub potentially with wild flowers  in field corners (or potentially  in other areas if more suitable) up to one hectare in extent.

Comment_Impacts:
Whether beneficial will depend on the field pattern. Where there is a strongly defined field pattern, scrubby corners may begin to blur the pattern - odd shapes and islands may be negative and disruptive of over managed or fenced off.  But in large fields

Queries:
Presence of scrub will take time to develop.


Stated_Obj:
Provide an important food supply for birds, and habitat for arable plants and insects.

Sum_Prescrip:
Sow or cultivate and manage a cereal headland (with crop) and for a width of 6m - 24 m  no application of fertiliser , insecticides or pesticides (other than those approved); control injurious weeds.

Lscape_outcomes:
A 6m - 24m width headland around the edge of arable fields where the arable crop supports flowering arable plants during May / June, of which field poppy is likely to be the most evident in the landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
These strips bring colour into the landscape.  Compared to fallow plots and strips they visually form part of the cropped field as they carry the crop albeit with arable flowers present.  However, there is the potential to create new patterns that may be


Stated_Obj:
Provide a year round food supply for birds and habitat for arable plants and insects.

Sum_Prescrip:
Cultivate or sow a cereal headland 2m - 6m width (Option F10) or 6m - 24m (OptionF14); no fertiliser applications,manage using a restricted herbicide and insecticide programme, leave unharvested until the next year when normal mangement resumes.

Lscape_outcomes:
A headland of varying width (2-6m under F10 or 6-24m under F14) around the edge of arable fields (potentially located adjacent to a grassland buffer strip) where the arable crop supports flowering arable plants during May / June of which field poppy is likely to be the most evident in the landscape, with the crop maintained UNHARVESTED within the headland over the winter until resown the following Spring.

Comment_Impacts:
Again appearing as part of the arable crop and bringing colour with the presence of arable flowers, but maintaining a distinctive appearance through autumn and winter as an area of unharvested crop.  Likely to bring definition to large fields but there is


Stated_Obj:
Protect trees within arable or intensively managed grass fields from livestock, cultivation and other agricultural activities, providing habitats.

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish a grass buffer around the tree; do not carry out cultivations; supplementary feeding or weed control in the near vicinity; leave fallen timber in situ, do not use fertilisers in the immediate area; protect trees from damage from livestock stripping the bark or rubbing against the tree.

Lscape_outcomes:
Maintenance of healthy in-field trees with grass maintained beneath the canopy

Comment_Impacts:
The primary benefit will be in the conservation of in-field  trees that are often identified as key characteristics in the landscape.


Stated_Obj:
To protect hedgerow trees (those within 1m of the hedgerow, over 30cm diameter and with over 1 tree per 100m) by protecting their roots from cultivation and compaction.

Sum_Prescrip:
A 6m grass buffer strip formed on either side of the hedge with regular cutting in first year and then with outer 3m cut annually after July and the inner 3m cut once every two years.  May be seeded with a wildflower mix -  in this case cut annually in summer.

Lscape_outcomes:
Healthy hedgerow trees (not stag-headed) in a 6m long grass buffer strip to either side of the hedgerows potentially seeded with wild flowers, potentially with a similar appearance to a grass verge.

Comment_Impacts:
The primary benefit will be in the conservation of hedgerow trees that are often identified as key characteristics in the landscape.


Stated_Obj:
Establish hedgerow trees to provide habitats and replace older trees and those lost from Dutch Elm disease.

Sum_Prescrip:
Select only native tree species; saplings should be far enough apart (20m) to develop full crowns without competition; avoid power lines; tag new trees; revisit trees annually.

Lscape_outcomes:
A line of hedgerow trees although these will take 10 - 15 years to become visible in the landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
Hedgerow trees are often identified as key characteristics of the landscape


Stated_Obj:
Encourage a diversity of sward structure and plant and invertebrate species, which can be beneficial to a variety of ecological and historic features, by supporting specific grazing regimes.

Sum_Prescrip:
Grazing of grasslands with a mixture of sheep and cattle with an additional supplement paid for the use of native breeds at risk including the pony breeds of England (R2).Maintain as grass; do not plough, cultivate or re-seed; supplementary feeding is allowed; do not feed on or next to archaeological features, steep slopes, footpaths or watercourses.

Lscape_outcomes:
Grazing of permanent grassland (that has not been reseeded for at least 5 years) by a mixture of cattle and sheep or with sheep one year and cattle the next and / or using native breeds at risk.  The most evident aspect of this option is likely to be the varied sward height with a reduction in bracken and tussock grasses, retention / increase of wild flowers and the presence of cattle in the landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
Generally be beneficial to landscape through enhanced structural and species diversty and presence of cattle (potentially rare breeds) and native ponies in the landscape and by revealing important cultural features.


SubTheme:
Natural resource protection / intensive grassland

Stated_Obj:
Reduction in soil compaction and surface water runoff and poaching, and, in the case of J6, reduced nutrient inputs.

Sum_Prescrip:
J6 for intensive grassland requires a reduction in fertiliser inputs  from over 200kg n/ha to  up to 100kg active n/ha combined with the introduction of extensive grazing.  J7 simply requires the removal of livestock at specific times of the year to prevent soil compaction and poaching.

Lscape_outcomes:
Reduced poaching will be of benefit to the landscape heloing maintain the grass sward.

Queries:
Need to consider if over time J6 will lead intensive grasssland to take on the character of semi-improved grassland,  If this is the case, J6 needs to move to semi-improved grassland creation or form a new sub-category.


SubTheme:
Semi improved/rough grassland management or restoration

Stated_Obj:
Providing good conditions for target species such as scarse bumble bee and ground nesting birds and to maintain and restore moderately species-rich grassland or to buffer sites of high conservation interest.  Applied where the grassland lacks the potential to be restored to species-rich grassland.

Sum_Prescrip:
Managed through grazing or cutting for hay. Fertiliser inputs governed by the specific objectives for the site.

Lscape_outcomes:
Landscape outcomes are likely to vary in different locations reflecting the specific objectives that are being met but the option should provide areas of semi-improved grassland showing species diversity and with a mix of wild flowers and, in some areas, may be used specifically to manage for moderately species-rich grassland.

Comment_Impacts:
Landscape effects are likely to vary for the reasons stated above but should result in mederately species-rich semi-improved grassland, potentially also enhancing the protection of areas of high conservation interest.


Stated_Obj:
Providing good conditions for target species such as scarse bumble bee and ground nesting birds and to maintain and restore moderately species-rich grassland or to buffer sites of high conservation interest.

Sum_Prescrip:
Establishing a grassy sward through natural regeneration or seeding to create semi-improved or rough grassland.  Managed through grazing or cutting for hay.  Fertiliser inputs governed by the specific objectives for the site.

Lscape_outcomes:
Landscape outcomes are likely to vary in different locations reflecting the specific objectives that are being met but the option should provide areas of semi-improved grassland showing species diversity and with a mix of wild flowers and in some areas may be used specificially to manage for moderately species-rich grassland.

Comment_Impacts:
Landscape effects are likely to vary for the reasons stated above but should result in mederately species-rich semi-improved grassland.


Stated_Obj:
Conservation of damp pasture with a varied sward structure as an important habitat for lapwing, curlew, redshank, snipe, reed bunting.

Sum_Prescrip:
In fields where at least one-third is covered by rushes.  One-third of rushes cut each year in rotation.  Up to 12.5 tonnes/ ha of FYM can be added annually, with grazing of the aftermath.

Lscape_outcomes:
Conservation of structurally and species diverse damp pasture where rushes are not dominant.

Comment_Impacts:
A  valuable grassland type in lowland and upland England and on floodplains.


SubTheme:
Enclosed upland semi-natural/rough pasture management

Stated_Obj:
In the SDA for 'intakes', 'allotments', 'outakes'.  Maintenance of upland predominantly semi-natural vegetation (usually moorland grassland with rushes) with rocky and very wet areas.

Sum_Prescrip:
These areas will only have received minimal applications of fertiliser.  Managed by no increase in current stocking levels, no drainage or removal of rocks, no applications of fertiliser, control of bracken,  rhododendron and gorse.

Lscape_outcomes:
Maintenance of upland predominantly semi-natural vegetation (usually moorland grassland with rushes) with rocky and very wet areas retained.

Comment_Impacts:
A land cover that will frequently be brought out in the key characteristics.


SubTheme:
Upland semi-natural/rough pasture management or restoration

Stated_Obj:
Provide rough grassland habitat for upland birds (particularly breeding waders) and other target species in areas that either support upland birds or have the potential to do so. Also helping to maintain the diverse vegetation mosaic characteristic of upland landscapes.

Sum_Prescrip:
Grazing with cattle and / or sheep at an agreed stocking density according to objectives, with stocking managed to achieve the agreed sward height.  Restoration may include blocking of grips to extend areas of wet marshy grassland.

Lscape_outcomes:
A diverse vegetation mosaic characteristic of upland landscapes with extensive areas of wet marshy grassland.

Comment_Impacts:
A land cover that will frequenty be brought out in the key characteristics.


Stated_Obj:
Protect and maintain weatherproof traditional farm buildings.

Sum_Prescrip:
Regular inspections, ensure services are working properly; undertake minor repairs using traditional materials and methods, keep a record of work done, retain the building in your ownership and control for the agreement and ensure the building is not converted to a non-agricultural use during the agreement.

Lscape_outcomes:
Retention of traditional agricultural buildings in the landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
Traditional agricultural buildings are frequently identified as a key characteristic of the landscape.


Stated_Obj:
Maintain and increase grassland as a resource; improve habitats and sustain wildlife; develop a varied sward structure to attract insects; maintain or improve species numbers; protect archaeological features; and aid the protection of natural resources.

Sum_Prescrip:
In areas of permanent grassland, manage grassland through low or very low levels of fertiliser input and extensive grazing or cutting with no ploughing, cultivation or re-seeding; maintaining a sward with a range of heights during the growing season; control injurious weeds.

Lscape_outcomes:
A grass sward of varying heights over time taking on a muted green / yellow colour when compared to the bright green of improved permanant grassland with a potential increase in the diversity of flowering plants over time (as nutirent levels fall).

Comment_Impacts:
Should be beneficial as the sward increasingly takes on the character of semi-natural grassland which is often identified as a key landscape characteristic.


SubTheme:
Species-rich grassland management or restoration

Stated_Obj:
Maintain and restore areas of semi-natural species-rich grassland characterstic of locally distinctive pastoral and mixed farming.

Sum_Prescrip:
Continuation of current management practices, removal of scrub where it has invaded and potential localised areas of reseeding managed by grazing or cutting for hay.

Lscape_outcomes:
A fine grassland sward of muted greens and browns with a wide diversity of wild flowering plants in spring and early summer forming a carpet of colour.  Height of sward may vary depending on the inherent soil conditions but tall tussocky grasses will be largely absent.  The sward may be managed by haycutting and  / or grazing.

Comment_Impacts:
A highly valued habitat repeatedly picked out as a key landscape characteristic.


SubTheme:
Grassland creation to prevent erosion and encourage water infiltration and a reduction in nutrient leaching

Stated_Obj:
Stabilise soil and reduce nutrient loss by the establishment and maintenance of unfertilised or nutrient restricted grass cover in areas previously under grassland cover, improve soil structure and water infiltration, reduce surface run off and protect against wind erosion.

Sum_Prescrip:
Arable reversion to a grass cover through seeding. Zero or reduced fertilisers and organic manures to reduce risk of nitrate leaching; alleviate areas of soil compaction before sowing and establishing grass; cut sward at least twice in the first year to encourage tillering; from the second year, cut once after mid-July or grazing, do not overgraze.

Lscape_outcomes:
A grassland that over time may take on the character of semi-natural grassland with a less brightly coloured sward through the combination of cutting / extensive grazing and low nutrient inputs although if the grassland is not grazed following cutting this process may be slow.

Comment_Impacts:
This option has the potential to deliver reasonably species-diverse grassland over time.


Stated_Obj:
Creation and maintenance  of species-rich grassland lost to agricultural intensification; deliver benefits to resource protection where placed on fields that are at risk of soil erosion or run off.

Sum_Prescrip:
Reversion of arable to semi-natural grassland through natural colonisation or seeding. Whole or part field; maintain as grass - do not plough, cultivate or re-seed; manage by grazing and/or cutting, remove cuttings; maintain a sward with a range of heights during the growing season; prevent scrub encroachment; only use farm yard manure; control injurious weeds.

Lscape_outcomes:
In early years may appear as an open and ragged sward with weed infestations but with management should become species-rich reaching a fine grassland sward of muted greens and browns with a wide diversity of wild flowering plants in spring and early summer forming a carpet of colour.  Height of sward may vary depending on the inherent soil conditions but tall tussocky grasses will be largely absent.  The sward may be managed by haycutting and  / or grazing.


SubTheme:
Lowland heathland management & restoration

Stated_Obj:
Maintain and restore lowland heathland to maintain its valuable plant communities and associated wildlife.

Sum_Prescrip:
Remove areas of scrub, trees and bracken; burn or cut and remove small patchs of heathland to sustaain a balanced and varied age range and structure of dwarf shrubs; maintain fire breaks; restore an appropriate drainage system; and graze to control scrub.

Lscape_outcomes:
Areas of open heathland largely devoid of trees and scrub with a mixed age range of dwarf shrubs (primarily heather) with areas of lowland mire and wet heath. This management can also reveal important historic earthworks

Comment_Impacts:
A habitat that is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic and also.


Stated_Obj:
Create lowland heathland on various sites that were historically heathland.

Sum_Prescrip:
Created through (a) the clear felling of forestry plantations (O3); (b) creation over areas of past arable (O4); or creation over areas of past minreral workings. Spread dwarf-shrub cuttings or seeds; graze from the late spring following seeding; restore any original drainage systems; maintain firebreaks.

Lscape_outcomes:
Re-creation of open lowland heathland on areas traditionally under heathland.  In the first few years may appear as an open weedy ground cover until the full regeneration of heather litter. Once established should appear as areas of open heathland largely devoid of trees and scrub with a mixed age range of dwarf shrubs (primarily heather) with areas of lowland mire and wet heath. This will also help conserve any remaining aboive and below ground archaeology.

Comment_Impacts:
A habitat that is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic.


Stated_Obj:
Encourage a diversity of sward for the benefit of ecological and historic features. On moorland, help protect the growth of heather by controlling bracken and coarse grassland.

Sum_Prescrip:
Minimum of 30% of the Land Units must be grazing cattle; supplementary feeding is allowed but move feeders often; keep a record of all livestock grazing the parcels.

Lscape_outcomes:
A diverse upland sward with tussock grasses and bracken reduced and the grazing regime creating distinctive colours and patterns in the landscape.  Presence of cattle in the landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
Assisting in recreating a traditional mosaic of moorland habitats


Stated_Obj:
To benefit upland wildlife, retain historic features and strengthen landscape character; potentially provide areas of flood containment; maintain or restore wildlife value of moorland habitats.

Sum_Prescrip:
Graze the moorland following an agreed stocking calendar; restoration might include grip blocking or temporary fencing to reduce or exclude grazing; for L12, establish an appropriate programme of rotational vegetation management.  This may include the facilitation of communal grazing with collaborative management of grazing livestock ensuring that the moorland is not over-grazed or under grazed.

Lscape_outcomes:
A rich tapestry of moorland and upland rough grazing habitats providing a diverse upland landscape potentially including areas of upland heath, blanket bog, mires and hillside flushes, upland calcareous grassland and limestone pavement, along with retention of rocks and scree and archaeological sites, with areas of bracken and invading rhododendron controlled.

Comment_Impacts:
A characteristic land cover that is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic often rich in historic remains.


Stated_Obj:
Creation of dwarf shrub communities in upland moorland areas where heathland plants are rare or absent and their seed bank has been depleted.

Sum_Prescrip:
Targeted at areas adjacent to existing dwarf shrub heath. Established through site preparation  - scarification, ploughing, burning / herbicide treatment; establishment of heathland vegetation through sowing or spreading of heather litter and control of grass weed species then grazed to an agreed stocking calendar.

Lscape_outcomes:
Recreation of the traditional upland landcover of dwarf shrubs, although this may take a number of years to develop.

Comment_Impacts:
A characteristic land cover that is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic.  Reversion to moorland should help conserve remaining  above and below ground archaeology.


Stated_Obj:
Maintain and restore orchards that are not currently under commercial management  contributing to historic and landscape character and of wildlife value; allowing enhanced value from production.

Sum_Prescrip:
Applicable to traditional fruit and cob trees.  Maintain characteristic tree form; protect trees from damage by livestock; follow an agreed programme of crop protection; retain all mature or over mature standing trees; retain some standing dead trees; manage the sward; restore by pruning and following a tree planting programme.

Lscape_outcomes:
Well managed traditional orchards of wide spaced standard fruit trees planted at less than 150 trees per hectare potentially containing some of the rarest fruit varieties with grassland maintained through grazing.

Comment_Impacts:
A habitat that is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic


Stated_Obj:
Enhance historic landscape character; support threatened species.

Sum_Prescrip:
Establish small orchards on old orchard sites; plant fruit trees of traditional varieties; keep a 1m diameter circle around the tree free of vegetation for the first 3 years; water initially and during dry periods; formative pruning is needed and protection from livestock damage.

Lscape_outcomes:
New traditional orchards on sites of less than I ha. In landscapes where they were once common. Using traditional standard fruit trees widely spaced as in traditional orchards with grassland beneath the canopy managed through grazing.


Stated_Obj:
Maintain and restore the wildlife, historic and landscape character of existing and formerwood pasture and parkland; support a number of ancient trees and/or parkland features.

Sum_Prescrip:
Protect existing and newly established trees from damage by livestock; graze to maintain areas of closely grazed turf interspersed with taller tussocks; avoid fertiliser; do not plough, cultivate or re-seed.

Lscape_outcomes:
Large open grown, largely deciduous trees, potentially pollarded, some ancient and new standard tree planting in tree guards standing in grazed grassland or heath with areas of tussock grasses and retention of fallen dead wood.


Stated_Obj:
Create wood pasture on sites known to have been wood pasture previously or sites adjacent to or linking existing areas of wood pasture.

Sum_Prescrip:
Avoid sites of archaeological features, existing wildlife value or where trees would be detrimental to the landscape; careful and flexible grazing needed to allow trees and shrubs to develop by natural regeneration; in some cases, sow specified grass mixture or plant additional trees.

Lscape_outcomes:
Initially areas of grazed grassland with areas of natural regeneration and potentially planted standard trees in tree guards. Over 100 years maturing to wood pasture or parkland with pollarded open grown trees growing in a grazed grass sward.  There is no limit on fertiliser addition so the sward may take on the appearance of improved grassland.


Stated_Obj:
Provide structure in valuable scrub habitat; enhance or maintain the quality of the woodland edge environment. Can be used to protect habitats of specific target species and to protect vulnerable soils and watercourses.

Sum_Prescrip:
Management tailored to maintain or create the ideal scrub habitat conditions required by particular species. May include allowing scrub to develop naturally with extensive grazing on part or all of the site.  Tree planting is not allowed on archaeological features, on sites of existing wildlife value or where trees would be detrimental to the landscape.

Lscape_outcomes:
Areas of scrub of varying density and species depending on the objectives and target species being served, potentially mixed with  extensive grazing (although as the option does not mention fertiliser levels it is possible that this could be improved grassland).

Comment_Impacts:
The size, shape, rotation and location of the scrub will be critical in influencing whether it contributes positively or negatively to landscape .  However, these options will probably be re-introducing old practices and therefore likely to be acceptable.


SubTheme:
C11. Woodland Livestock Exclusion Supplement

Stated_Obj:
To encourage the establishment of trees and shrubs by natural regeneration in woodland.

Sum_Prescrip:
Removal of livestock from overgrazed woodland or from areas of scrub. Following successful establishment of trees and scrub, a grazing regime would then be introduced.

Lscape_outcomes:
A dense natural groundcover within woodland and natural regeneration of trees.  Will also protect features of historic interest

Comment_Impacts:
Likely to be beneficial for landscape, creating woodlands with a dense understorey and increasing the sustainability and longevity of the woodland

Links_sub_cat:
Only available with the Restoration of woodland option (HC8) and the Creation/Restoration of successional areas and scrub options (HC16/17).
This supplement specifically enables the above


SubTheme:
P11. Saltmarsh livestock exclusion supplement

Stated_Obj:
To stop grazing where it is not traditional or it is damaging the environmental value of the site.

Sum_Prescrip:
Removal of livestock grazing from salt marshes.

Lscape_outcomes:
Helping maintain existing or created salt marshes

Comment_Impacts:
Enhancing the salt marsh environment which is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic


Stated_Obj:
Keeps appropriate forms of management for wetlands. It may also help to maintain local techniques and traditions that may otherwise disappear. Only applicable to  fen, reedbed and lowland raised bog maintenance

Sum_Prescrip:
Supports a specific cutting regime traditional to the area.

Lscape_outcomes:
Conservation of  fen, reedbed and lowland raised bog in good condition.

Comment_Impacts:
Mainitaining areas of fen, reedbed and lowland raised bog which are frequently identified as key landscape characteristics

Links_sub_cat:
Only available with the fen, lowland raised bog, reedbed maintenance, restoration and creation options (HQ3 – HQ10)


Stated_Obj:
Support a grazing regime that is the most appropriatete form of management for the habitat. ( for fen, reedbed and raised bog)

Lscape_outcomes:
Fen, reedbed ad raised bog maintained in favourable condition through the use of appropriate management


Stated_Obj:
Prevent damage to archaeological features, vulnerable soils or vegetation by overgrazing and poaching or undergrazing. It can also help to maintain or restore the vegetation mosaics characteristic of upland landscapes.

Sum_Prescrip:
The supplement requires shepherds to identify the most vulnerable areas within the grazing unit and to manage livestock to conserve these areas while helping to maintain and restore characterisatic vegetation mosaics.

Lscape_outcomes:
A diverse mosaic of habitats under extensive grazing regimes, such as moorland and chalk grassland.

Comment_Impacts:
Helping maintain important grazed semi-natural  habitats  which are a  key landscape characteristic and potentially helping to protect and reveal historic features in the landscape.

Links_sub_cat:
Available with certain HLS options but not with ELS or OELS options
Suitable with HK6–19, HL7–13, HL15, HN2-7, HO1-5,HP1-10,HQ3-10,HQ12,HQ13, HR1,HR2,HR4-7.


SubTheme:
R2. Native breeds at risk grazing supplement

Stated_Obj:
Produce a more varied sward structure which is often better for diversity of plants, invertebrates and birds. Cattle treading can create patches of bare soil where new plants can establish. For HR2, native breeds have attributes that are particularly well suited to harsh climatic conditions, to difficult terrain, to grazing semi-natural vegetation and to achieving conservation objectives. The supplement can also contribute towards the genetic conservation value of native breeds at risk.

Sum_Prescrip:
Encourages the use of appropriate breeds of cattle, ponies / horses, goats, sheep, and pigs to graze where it is likely to be beneficial. Cattle / other stock must normally be the main grazing animal in any parcel for the period during which grazing is required under these supplement.s Only pedigree-registered or genetically traceable purebred offspring are eligible for HR2.

Lscape_outcomes:
Important semi-natural habitats maintained through appropriate grazing regimes.  Potentially also assisting the conservation of archaeological and other historic features.  Retaining and reintroducing native breeds into the landscape, many of which are iconic and have strong associations with particular localities

Comment_Impacts:
Conservation of important semi-natural habitats and iconic native breeds both of which may be identified as key landscape features

Links_sub_cat:
Suitable with HC12 – HC21, HD7- HD8. HD10 - HD11, HJ3-HJ4, HJ6- HJ8, HK6 - HK17, HQ13, HL7 – HL11, HL16,  HO1 – HO5, HP1 – HP10, HQ3 – HQ10,HQ13, HR4-7 Advised to seek the view of Natural England adviser.


SubTheme:
R4. Supplement for control of invasive plant species

Sum_Prescrip:
Supports regular management of particularly severe infestations of invasive non-native species such as rhododendron, Himalayan Balsam, and Japanese Knotweed which are damaging a feature of interest.

Lscape_outcomes:
Revealing of histoirc features and conservationof important habitats

Comment_Impacts:
A positive landscape impact re-exposing features of interest and important habitats both of which may be identified as key landscape characteristics

Links_sub_cat:
Suitable with HC8, HC11-21, HD8, HD10-11, HE11, HJ3-4, HJ6-8, HK6-19, HL7-13, HL15, HL16, HN2-5, HO1-5, HP1-4, HP6-11, HQ1-10, HQ13, HR1-2, HR4, HR6-7. Not available for control of rushes, apart from option HL8, where this supplement may be available for a limited period.


Lscape_outcomes:
Restoration of the traditional vegetation cover e.g.upland or lowland heathland or upland mosaics of vegetation.

Links_sub_cat:
Suitable with HC8, HC11-21, HK6-19, HL7-13, HL15, HL16, HN2-5, HO1-5, HP1-4, HP6-11, HQ13, HR1-2, HR4, HR6-7. Mainly intended for use with lowland heathland and upland options, but could be used where bracken control is necessary on dry grassland, in woodland and on sand dunes.


Stated_Obj:
To protect small fields, their boundaries and their margins because they are valuable for wildlife and important features of the local landscape and the historic environment.

Sum_Prescrip:
Retain small fields that are often propotionately more expensive to manage due to the higher ratio of headland, reduced yields, increased unproductive fieldwork and the higher labour cost per unit of land area and per head of stock, for example.

Lscape_outcomes:
Retention of the pattern of small (often medieval) fields

Comment_Impacts:
Retention of small-scale field patterns that are frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic and may be important historic features in their own right


Stated_Obj:
Compensate for the increased costs of managing particularly difficult sites, where there is a risk of abandonment.

Sum_Prescrip:
Sites such as steep slopes, cliffs, islands or bogs need to be further managed because of potential hazards to livestock.

Lscape_outcomes:
Management of sites that might otherwise scrub over becuase of inaccessibility

Comment_Impacts:
Helping maintain the chracteristic vegetation of inaccessible sites such as coastal edges that will frequently be identified as key landscape features

Links_sub_cat:
Suitable with HC8, HC11-21, HD7-8, HD10-11, HE10, HJ3-4, HJ6-8, HK6-19, HL7-13, HL15, HL16, HN2-5, HO1-5, HP1-4, HP6-9, HQ1-10, HQ13, HR1-2. HR4-5. Justification needed for discussion with your Natural England adviser. This option is not available in addition to supplement HR6.


Stated_Obj:
To reduce nitrate leaching into ground or surface water and help buffer valuable habitats.

Sum_Prescrip:
Further extensify the management of land to prevent erosion or run off from intensively managed, improved grassland, without the use of fertilisers. It should normally be applied to whole fields or part fields greater than 1 ha.

Lscape_outcomes:
Improved grasslands that increasingly take on the muted colours of permanent sem-improved grasslands

Comment_Impacts:
A grassland that over time may take on the character of semi-natural grassland with a less brightly coloured sward as a result of cessation in fertilizer inputs.

Links_sub_cat:
2. 
Specifically applied with preventing erosion or run-off from intensively managed, improved grassland (HJ6).
See subcategory ‘Permanent low-input grassland management’


Stated_Obj:
Management of sites of high existing or potential value

Sum_Prescrip:
These sites will typically be in pastoral areas where the ready availability of livestock and/or the climatic difficulty of haymaking mean they would not otherwise be grazed or cut.

Lscape_outcomes:
Conservation or restoration of semi-natural grasslands under a hay meadow management regime

Comment_Impacts:
Positive landscape impact retaining a traditional form of land management that is increasibgly falling out of use.  May help reveal historic earthworks that might otherwise scrib over.

Links_sub_cat:
Aimed at meadows of high existing or potential value.  Available in conjunction with  options HK6 – HK17, HD10 – HD11.  May also be used on the same sites as other supplements, such as HR6 for small fields


Stated_Obj:
This supplement may be used to provide feeding and nesting habitats for wetland birds and will enhance the grassland habitat for wetland plants. In the right situation, it may provide an area of flood containment. It can also be used to manage specialised wet grassland communities or to maintain the diversity of flora and fauna in important ditches.

Sum_Prescrip:
Supports raising of water levels in ditches and adjacent land, where exceptional and time-consuming management is needed at key periods of the year.

Lscape_outcomes:
Achievment of wet grassland habitats and potential flood containment reinforcing the floodplain character  of these areas with grasslands that are wet over the winter and / or spring and early summer

Comment_Impacts:
Reinforcing the traditional character of floodplains. Will be positive for the landscape so long as implementation is sensitive to local landscape character.

Links_sub_cat:
Available with options HK6 – HK17 and HK9 – HK14 but only in exceptional circumstances where specific management is required to raise water levels. Options HK9 – HK14 include an element for raised water level management, so this is only available to cover additional effort (such as installation of a pump).


Stated_Obj:
Allows the area to develop as a valuable habitat, complement adjacent habitats and contribute to flood management.

Sum_Prescrip:
Allows inundation of areas of the river flood plain that are currently protected by flood defence banks.  Can also be used in designated washlands that are subject to prolonged and random flooding

Lscape_outcomes:
Functioning areas of washlands and river floodplains with periodic inundation

Comment_Impacts:
Reinforcing the traditional character of floodplains.  Will be positive for the landscape so long as implementation is sensitive to local landscape character

Links_sub_cat:
Use of this option must be supported by the Environment Agency.  Only available with options HK10, HK12 and HK14 – HK17.  The site alone or as part of a group application must form a natural hydrological unit, with no significant adverse effect on other important features.


SubTheme:
L12. Supplement for management of heather, gorse and grass by burning, cutting or swiping

Stated_Obj:
Maintain or restore the wildlife value of moorland habitats.

Sum_Prescrip:
Supports the establishment of an appropriate programme of rotational vegetation management. It applies to land where a significant change in management activity is required.

Lscape_outcomes:
Management and restoration of traditional mosaic of moorland habitats through burning, cutting or swipping moorland vegetation

Comment_Impacts:
Helping maintain moorland habitats which are a  key landscape characteristic and potentially helping to reveal historic features in the landscape.

Links_sub_cat:
Available with options Hl7, HL6, HL9, HL10


Stated_Obj:
Maintain wetland habitats and their associated wildlife; may help reduce flooding downstream; help protect archaeological features and peat exposures; help reduce diffuse pollution by reducing surface run-off from the re-wetted area.

Lscape_outcomes:
Increase in the extent of upland wetland moorland habitats such as blanket bog, mires and flushes also potentially helping to reduce peat erosion.

Comment_Impacts:
Recreating traditional moorland characteristic in the form of blanket bogs, moors and flushes and potentially helping protect archaeological features.

Links_sub_cat:
Available with options Hl7, HL6, HL9, HL10, HL11


SubTheme:
L15. Seasonal livestock exclusion supplement

Stated_Obj:
Allows moorland restoration or achieves additional environmental benefits on moorland that is in good condition. Benefits such as increasing the rate of heather regeneration and allowing rare plants to flower or shrubs to regenerate. It may also help protect archaeological and other historic features.

Sum_Prescrip:
Removal of livestock from moorland and other rough grassland for periods of time.

Lscape_outcomes:
Increasing heather dominance and aiding the protection of archaeological and other historic features.

Comment_Impacts:
Helping restore heather moorland and other moorland species that are identified as key landscape characteristics and helping protect archaeological and historic features.


SubTheme:
P10. Supplement for extensive grazing on saltmarsh

Sum_Prescrip:
Supports management of grazing on salt marshes where grazing is traditional or on newly created salt marssh where grazing is appropriate.

Lscape_outcomes:
Helping maintain existing or created salt marshes using traditional management techniques

Comment_Impacts:
Enhancing the salt marsh environment which is frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic.

Links_sub_cat:
Available on options HP5, HP6, HP7, HP8, HP9


Stated_Obj:
Maintain or restore reedbeds to provide valuable habitats for birds, insects and mammals such as otter and water vole. Must be more than 0.5ha with a good cover of reeds.

Sum_Prescrip:
Cutting reeds; maintaining water control structures in good working order; controlling scrub; retaining some open water; cleaning ditches and foot drains once every 5 years; cutting ditch banks in rotation; no fertiliser; restore ditch network where necessary.

Lscape_outcomes:
Reed beds over 0.5 ha. with a good cover of reeds and with appropriate water levels to ensure their continuing survival.

Comment_Impacts:
An important habitat in the landscape, often picked out as a key landscape characteristic.


Stated_Obj:
Maintain, manage or restore fens to provide valuable habitats for birds, insects and small mammals and potential protection of archaeological remains.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain water control structures in good order; maintain fens in an open condition with a few scattered shrubs; do not allow water with high nutrient levels to empty into the fens; clear scrub; implement an appropriate water management regime. May be managed by grazing or cutting.

Lscape_outcomes:
Applicable to all sizes of fen from small areas as flushes around springs to extensive fens in river floodplains.  Made up of a diverse range of vegetation typically dominated by rushes, sedges, wetland grasses and characteristic flowering plants or those that are largely moss covered. May be managed by grazing.

Comment_Impacts:
An important habitat in the landscape, often picked out as a key landscape characteristic .


SubTheme:
Lowland raised bog management or restoration

Stated_Obj:
Maintain or restore lowland raised bog to provide habitat for the specialist plants and wildlife associated with them and as a pollen record, requiring preparation of an implementation plan.

Sum_Prescrip:
Retain rainfall to maintain a high water table throughout the year; maintain water control structures in good working order; do not dig or turn over peat; no fertilisers; remove scrub and tree cover to below 10% of the site area; fill or block ditches.

Lscape_outcomes:
Areas of waterlogged acid peat deposits with extensive sphagnum and other specialist species potentially forming part of a larger wetland mosaic.


Stated_Obj:
Create new reedbeds on land of low conservation interest. Suitable for use on arable, ley grassland or permanent improved grassland. The site should be flat and have a reliable summer water supply.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain standing water over a significant part of the site in summer; consider impact on historic environment; create a variety of landforms with areas of higher ground and areas of shallow open water; excavate ditches; install bunds and sluices; and establish reeds.

Lscape_outcomes:
Reed beds with a good cover of reeds likely to develop within 3 years of creation and with appropriate water levels to ensure their continuing survival. Potentially replacing disturbed land, arable land and permanent and improved grassland.

Comment_Impacts:
An important habitat in the landscape, often picked out as a key landscape characteristic and able to be created within 5 years.


Stated_Obj:
Create new fens on land of low conservation interest, especially around existing wetlands. Suitable sites will be arable, ley grassland or permanent improved grassland on peaty soils that are over 0.5ha.

Sum_Prescrip:
Potential depends on availability of a reliable and adequate water supply; consider impact on historic environment.

Lscape_outcomes:
Areas of fen over 0.5 ha. or less if part of a wetland mosaic made up of a diverse range of vegetation typically dominated by rushes, sedges, wetland grasses and characteristic flowering plants may be managed by grazing - rushes and sedges are likely to establish quickly but a more diverse wetland sward may take over 5 - 10 years to develop.


Stated_Obj:
Maintain designed or engineered water bodies (such as mill ponds and designed water features) and associated features such as dams, retaining walls and sluices to enhance distinctive historic and landscape character and provide valuable habitats for wildlife. An implementation plan may be required.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain annual inspections of masonry, brickwork, pointing or engineering structures; regularly maintain to avoid decay or deterioration of fabric; use traditional materials, techniques and craftmanship; retain the present pond profile; retain submerged or partially submerged wood; and allow natural draw-down. Do not top up water, alter drainage, use fertilisers near the pond or introduce any plants, animals or waterfowl.

Lscape_outcomes:
Maintained designed and engineered water bodies and their associated water features in the landscape, such as mill ponds and formal water features potentially forming part of a larger set piece.

Comment_Impacts:
A feature often picked out in key landscape characteristics.


SubTheme:
Traditional water meadow management or restoration

Stated_Obj:
Provide valuable habitats, and in certain circumstances, provide an area of flood containment; enhance wetland for wetland plants; manage specialised wet grassland communities, and protect as historic features.

Sum_Prescrip:
Float or drown the water meadow for an agreed period of time each year and maintain gutters, carriers or channels to encourage an even film of water approximately 25mm deep to flow over the sward. When dry, the meadow must be managed by grazing and/or hay-cutting; ensure field operations do not damage the soil structure - especially when waterlogged.

Lscape_outcomes:
Traditional water meadows of semi-natural  grassland crossed by ditches or gutters usually flower-rich grassland potentially with rushes and reeds especially along channels, managed as hay meadows or grazing in summer, with shallow flooding in winter.

Comment_Impacts:
A highly valued hitoric feature and habitat repeatedly picked out in key landscape characteristics.


SubTheme:
Wet grassland management or restoration for  breeding waders  or wintering waders and wildfowl

Stated_Obj:
Maintain and restore wet grassland to attract, and provide habitats for waders and wildfowl; in some situations, can provide flood containment; enhance wetland for wetland plants; and maintain specialised wet grassland communities.

Sum_Prescrip:
Control in-field and ditch water levels over winter month (K10 for wintering waders and waterfowl or K9 in the spring and early summer for breeding waders); maintain ditches and field drainage systems; create a varied sward structure through grazing and/or cutting for hay; alleviate areas of soil compaction; avoid disturbance of birds.

Lscape_outcomes:
Grasslands that are wet over the winter and / or spring and early summer with the traditional ditch pattern retained and restored, with the sward taking on a tussocky appearance potentially with rushes, managed by grazing and / or hay cutting.  May well continue to appear as rich improved grasslands as there is no evident control on fertiliser levels.

Comment_Impacts:
Flooding of floodplains in winter and spring and retention of wet grassland will reinforce the traditional character of floodplains enhanced by the restoration of the ditch network but it is not clear if there will be any noticeable change in the sward.

Queries:
Landscape impact will be strongly influenced by the character of the sward that develops


SubTheme:
Wet grassland creation for breeding waders  or wintering waders and wildfowl

Stated_Obj:
Create wet grassland habitat for breeding waders in the spring and summer and waders and wildfowl in the winter on arable land or temporary grassland; potentially provide an area of flood containment.

Sum_Prescrip:
Implement water level management; establish a grass sward by natural regeneration or sowing; alleviate areas of soil compaction; restore the ditch network; control in-field and ditch water levels (K13 wet over spring and early summer; K14 wet over winter); avoid disturbance of birds. No fertiliser levels are specified.

Lscape_outcomes:
Conversion of past wetland grass areas back to wet grassland with their associated ditches where ditch management allows water levels to be maintained at the correct level. May have a weedy appearance in the first few years if established through natural colonisation.  Likely to take on the appearance of tussocky semi-natural grassland maintained by hay cutting and / or grazing.

Comment_Impacts:
Flooding of floodplains in winter and spring and creation of wet grassland  will reinforce the traditional character of floodplains enhanced by the restoration of the ditch network but it is not clear if the sward will take on a semi-natural character.


Stated_Obj:
Benefit wildlife and protect and strengthen the local landscape character where woodlands are part of the farmed landscape or the agricultural holding through management or restoration of the woodlands .

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain rides and glades by grazing or cutting, high forest management and rotational coppicing. May be required to exclude livestock (can be brought back in after establishment of trees and scrubs); remove inappropriate species; undertake planting; and protect trees from grazing damage.

Lscape_outcomes:
Small farm woodlands and larger woodlands grazed by farm animals with maintained rides and glades, coppice panels and management of standard trees / high forest.

Comment_Impacts:
Small woodlands are frequently identified as a key landscape characteristic.


Stated_Obj:
Provision of new fencing to prevent access to woodland by livestock, protecting it and encouraging natural regeneration.

Sum_Prescrip:
Must be adjacent to native woodlands, particularly ancient woodland; the whole woodland must be enclosed; fencing must be complete a year into the agreement; avoid historic or archaelogical features; comply with specified measurements of fencing; the timber must be preserved; do not used barbed wire by public rights of way; exclude all livestock; maintain fencing.

Lscape_outcomes:
Will ensure the longevity of the woodland by encouraging natural regeneration. It may also  lead to the development of an understorey around the boundary of the woodland, again as grazing pressure is removed.


Stated_Obj:
Creation of scrub along the edge of woodland providing important habitat for a range of species including invertebrates and small mammals, encouraging the woodland edge to grow out into the field.

Sum_Prescrip:
Allowing the woodland to grow out for 6m into the field with emergent scrub growth not to exceed 50 % of the edge area; trimming of shrub growth not to exceed one-third in any one year, with no applications of fertilisers or manures.

Lscape_outcomes:
A diverse and graded woodland edge formed of a mosaic of scrub and grassland.


Stated_Obj:
Benefit wildlife and strengthen local landscape and protect soils and watercourses in Severely Disadvantaged Areas. Also create flood plain woodlands that are beneficial  for creating valuable habitats and for buffering sensitive waterbodies against diffuse pollution and intense flood activity.

Sum_Prescrip:
New woodlands must be less than 1ha individually but in total, less than 3ha. The area will need site preparation, fencing of natural regeneration or new planting and contol of weeds.

Lscape_outcomes:
Small new woodlands under 1 ha, preferably created adjacent to existing woodland.  Will initially appear as areas of low scrubby growth with fencing that after 20 years should take on the appearance of young woodland, potentially suitable for coppicing.


# xTbl_Assessment

Greatest_benefit_comments:
21% of uptake under more beneficial options for very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake under more beneficial  EK3/UL3 for very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of  uptake under the more beneficial option (EK3) very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial  EB3 /EL3 pasture management with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
35% of uptakee for EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
39% of uptake for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
55% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
43% of uptake for EK3 management of permanent pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2,500 ha or 33% under EK3 grassland with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
76% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EK3 Very low fertiliser inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that 46% of uptake relates to more beneficial EK3 Management of permanent pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total area of uptake, 60%  is under the more beneficial option EK3 for Very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 54% of all uptake relates to more beneficial EK3


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 2190 ha (50%) under options for very low input grassland (E/HK3).  Could reflect transfer of pasture out of the Test Valley ESA.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total area of uptake, roughly 30% of uptake relates to the more beneficial management with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 47% of uptake is for EK3 Management of permanent grassland with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of  total uptake, 28% relates to the more beneficial optionsfor very low fertiliser inputs (EK3) as opposed to EK2 which is the dominant option


Greatest_benefit_comments:
44% of uptake for the more beneficial EB3 very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that roughly one third of uptake (some 5,000 hectares) relates to options with very low fertiliser inputs (EK3 / EL3) Beneficial if this ratio increased to 50:50


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there was a higher proportion of the area under EB3 (Very low inputs) compared to EB2 (Low inputs).  Currently the ratio is roughly 40:60.   A 50:50 ratio would be better


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It is noticeable that over 95% of the uptake relates to Low inputs (EK2 and UEL2) while less than 5% relates to the more beneficial options for Very low inputs (EK3 and UEL3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 75% of this uptake is for EK2 Low input grassland, with 25% falling to the more beneficial EK3 Very low input grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Approximately two-thirds of uptake relates to EK2  for low inputs and one-third to the more beneficial EK3 for very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that at least 40% of this uptake relates to option EK3 (very low fertiliser inputs)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority (460ha) under EK2 Low fertiliser inputs with the more beneficial EK3 Very low fertiliser inputs covering some 240ha.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5379ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Uptake is mainly rush pasture management.  Greater uptake of other wet grassland options (HK9-14) would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 8,920ha coastal andfloodplain grazing marsh and 125ha rush pasture.  Greater uptake of relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake for restoration of species-rich desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 777ha floodplain grazing marsh, 527 lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 5,379ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 888ha lowland raised bog. Uptake distributed across lowland raised bog, reedbed and fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 610ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 482ha fens, 246ha reedbed. More Q5 and Q8 (habitat creation) would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 10ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 388 ha lowland raised bog.  More uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 258ha fen, 164ha reedbed. Uptake mainly of fen and reedbed options - appropriate


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 6,058ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 3103ha lowland raised bog, 2032ha reed beds, 512ha fen. Uptake covers fen (mainly) reedbeds and lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,421ha of floodplain grazing marsh and 20ha of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 674ha fen, 294ha  reedbeds.  Higher uptake of relevant options desireable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,842 ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 717ha lowland raised bog.  Uptake primarily relates to fen (HQ6 - 8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 70ha  floodplain grazing marsh.  Current uptake is for restoration of fen (HQ7) and management / restoration of lowland raised bog (HQ9/10)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 619ha fen, 453ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 134ha reedbed.   Greater uptake of relevant options would be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 394 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 44ha fen, 8ha reedbed.  Most uptake for restoration of fen (HQ7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 92ha fen, 23ha reed bed.  Uptake focuses on the maintenance of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 11,563 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 6,277ha. reedbeds, 4,116ha fen.  80% of uptake is for fen and 20% for reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 12,729ha coastal grazing marsh, 9,957ha reedbeds, 48ha fen. Uptake entirely relates to reedbed (HQ3-5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 3,209 ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh, 1,089ha  reedbeds, 444ha fen.  79% of uptake relates to  maintenance of reed beds (HQ3) and  19% to maintenance of fen (HQ6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,465 ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Majority of uptake relates to management /restoration of fen (HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 13,969 ha fen, 3,007 ha floodplain grazing marsh.  The small uptake against wetland habitats falls far below the total area and is roughly devided between  management/ restoration of fen and reedbed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 347 ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 43ha fen. As indicated under Agriculture may be a case for greater support of wetland habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 925 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 21ha reed bed.  Greater uptake of these options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats5: 92 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 83 ha fen, 52 ha rush pasture, 45 ha reed bed.  Nearly all uptakel relates to the management /restoration of fen (HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These options particularly important because of presence of ridge and furrow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of D5 would be beneficial as archaeology on grass is a very important characteristic of this area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake under these options would be very beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
ES options appear to be well-targeted but more use could be made of options D2 and D7


Greatest_benefit_comments:
85% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2 for removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake roughly split between options for reduced cultivation depth and removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial (ED2/HD7) that take archaeological sites


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for more beneficial options for removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake for protection of the archeological resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake under more beneficial  ED2/HD7 taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake for the more beneficial ED2  take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake relates to the removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake relates to options that take archaeology out of cultivation (ED2/HD7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5% of uptake under E/HD2 for taking archaeology out of cultivation.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2/HD7 taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
42ha (41%) of uptake for ED2 taking archeology


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake, 18 ha (HD3) reduced depth of cultivation and 12 ha for taking archaeology out of cultivation (HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
81% of uptakes relates to reduced depth of cultivation (ED3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of uptake relates to options removing archaeology from cultivation (eg ED2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 147ha lowland heathland, 583ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 182ha lowland acidic grassland, 12ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 734ha lowland acidic grassland, 487ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 119ha of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,186 ha lowland dry acidic grassland, 215ha lowland heathland.  Possible that this is covered by moorland options under F5


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 57 ha lowland acidic grassland.  In this instance LCM appears to have significantly over-estimated the area of this habitat.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 451ha lowland heathland, 15ha acidic grassland. Greater uptake of relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 100 ha lowland heathland, 99ha lowland acidic grassland  This  habitat imay be being managed under options for upland moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,375ha lowland heathland, 105ha lowland acidic grassland.  98% of uptake for restoration of heathland (HO2/HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 189ha lowland acidic grassland, 55ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,163 ha lowland dry acidic grassland, 1,347 ha lowland.  54% of uptake is for the restoration of heathland (HO2/3) heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 51 ha lowland acid grassland, 5 ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 74 ha lowland heathland.  Some uptake for this habitat would be  beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 69 ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 44 ha acidic grassland, 10ha lowland heathland.  All uptake for  restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 61ha lowland acidic grassland and lowland heathland. Uptake may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 38ha lowland heathland.  Uptake for lowland heathland  would be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 53ha lowland dry acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 93 ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Small outliers of heathland and acid grasslands on commons (identified as 14 ha of BAP Priority Habitat). Total uptake  for restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be good - most trees are actually in hedgerows not in-field


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is minimal and needs to be increased


Greatest_benefit_comments:
With important archaeological features on moorland surprising no  agreements for  UE13 for archaeology on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 8th in terms of level of uptake across all NCAs and therefore positive in effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of the relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mostly maintenance not restoration of parkland ie need more C13


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake is under the more beneficial ED2 Taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 5% is  the more beneficial (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
84% of uptake relates to options for reduced depth of cultivation (E/HD3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority is under option for Non-invasive cultivation (HD3).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 50% of uptake for options that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of total uptake relates to the more beneficial options that remove archaeology from cultivation (ED2).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again good that the majority of uptake relates to ED2 & HD7 taking archaeological features out of cultivation rather than ED3 Reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Currently the uptakeis in the ratio 60% Reduced depth of cultivation (ED3 /HD3)and 40% taking archaeological features out of cultivation (ED2 / HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake required.  Uptake  almost entirely related to the more beneficial options ED2 and HD7 that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
82% of uptake is for the management of  parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
44 Registered Parks and Gardens covering 3,004 ha.  Main emphasis of uptake on maintenance of parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake relates to  management of parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The primary focus of uptake is on restoration of parkland (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake dominated by HC12 for parkland management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There is a significant parkland resource but no uptake of HC12 / 13 for parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for restoration of parkland/wood pasture (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS having very positive effect with 6726ha under HC13 Restoration of parkland/ wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake of HC12 - HC14 covering the management, restoration and creation of parkland/ wood pasture.  Higher uptake would be very benificial - shortfall may be covered by HLS Capital items HAP and OES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
160ha relates to the maintenance of parkland / wood pasture,  remainder for the restoration and recreation of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake under the more beneficial options EB3/HB11/12) for enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake under the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/12) environmental quality (HB11/12).  Plus  157km under capital items for hedgerow restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EB3, HB112/12 enhanced hedgerow management.  Plus 9km of capital works for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 25% of uptake for EB3 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of uptake relates to more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow manageement (E/HB3,HB11/12). Plus 23km covered by capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake under the more beneficial options of (EB3, HB11/12) enhanced hedgerow management.  Plus 21 km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of  uptake is for the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/12). Plus 40 km of capital items for  hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake is more beneficial (EB3, HB11/12) for enhanced hedgerow management .  Plus  35 km of capital items for  hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31%  of uptake for more beneficial EB3, HB11/12 , UB14. Plus 94km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake under EB3/ HB11 for enhanced hedgerow management. Plus 16%      of uptake under capital items for t hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
8% of uptake is for the more beneficial EB3 & HB11/12 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and (HB11/12). Plus 61 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
16% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and HB11/12.  Plus 40 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake for more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and HB11/12, plus  23 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 9% is for (EK3) enhanced hedgerow management, plus 11km of  capital items for hedgerowrestoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total  uptake 10% relates to EB3 enhanced hedgerow management and HB11/12  management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality   Also  40km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake, 8.5 km relates to Enhanced hedgerow management (EK3), another 3km to capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 15% under Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) or Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12). A further 5% covers capital items associated with hedgerow restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of the uptake relates to the more beneficial options of Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) /Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality.  The remainder are under EB1/2 (154km) and combined hedge and ditch management EB8/9/10 (42km)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
34% of uptake under more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality  (HB11/HB12). Under the remainder (EB1/2) reduced flail cutting will also help.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12). Even EB1/2 bring  considerable benefit as hedgerows are often tightly flailed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Dominated by EB1/EB2.  More uptake of EB3 & HB11 Management of hedgerows of very high environmrntal quality would be benefcial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total only 12% relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow  management (EB3) with the majority of uptake being options EB1 and EB2.  These bring considerable benefits though, as in these landscapes hedgerows are usually tightly flailed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if greater lengths were under EB3 Enlanced hedgerow management and HB11 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of uptake 16% is for hedgerow enhancement (EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management) and some 10 km of capital works for hedgerow restoration and laying


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Noted that of total length of uptake, only 17% relates to the more beneficial options of  EB3 Enhlanced hedgerow management and HB11/12 for Management of hedgerows of very highly environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 31% under enhanced hedgerow management EB3  / management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality HB11/12


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that roughly a third of all uptake relates to enhanced hedgerow  management (EB3) with remainder largely under EB1/EB2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Includes combined hedge and ditch management (some 70km). Would benefit from greater uptake under EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management (currently 66 km)and HB11 / 12 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (currently 164km)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target uptake likely to be significant in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target likely to be a significant length of ditch under option within the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target this is likely to be a significant length of ditches under option within the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A significant feature of the coastal plain


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Combined hedge and ditch management makes up a further 6km of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 118ha lowland meadows.  HK7 providing 541 ha of restored lowland species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 861 ha lowland calcareous grassland, 69 ha lowland meadows.  65% of uptake for restoration and creation of these habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 763ha limestone grassland, 352ha lowland meadows. Uptake possibly relating to both the areas of unimproved limestone grasslands and remaining areas of unimproved neutral meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 658ha lowland meadows, 282 ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 364ha lowland meadow. Beneficial that over 70% of uptake is for Restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 134ha calcareous grassland, 24ha lowland meadow. 85% of uptake for the restoration of these habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 888ha upland calareous grassland, 776ha limestone pavement.  Likely to be covered by options under F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there were higher levels of uptake of HC7 - many woodlands are small and may fall under the EWGS threshold of 3ha.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of the woodland on the Open Forest is managed by the Forestry Commisiion and therefore only a small % of total stock will fall under remit of ES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
246ha under HLS HC8 woodland restoration is particularly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake primarily woodland management (HC7) with some woodland restoration (HC8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More C5 sheep fencing around small woodlands would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important to protect upland woodland from grazing stock.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Deer fencing can detract from the landscape if visually prominent


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May detract from the landscape if fence lines are highly visible and views to water obscured


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Avoid fencing along watercourses where possible


Greatest_benefit_comments:
From a landscape perspective better if these fences are avoided


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly equal split between options  for the management of parkland HC12 and Restoration of parkland (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Parkland is a very important charactersaitic of this landscape.  Higher uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
From a landscape perspective it is better if these fences are avoided


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of F6 options could help diversify this mainly arable landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 for pasture under very low inputs (E(H)K3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture under very low inputs (E(H)K3/E(H)L3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
40% of uptake under the more beneficial option for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EK3/EL3 pasture with very low  inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
26% of uptake is for the more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
65% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 for very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Notable that 76% of uptake is for the more beneficial pasture with very low inputs (EK3) - one of the  highest percentages across all NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
50% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture management with very low inputs (E/HK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
28% of uptake is for more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 3rd amongest all NCAs indicating a high level of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 5th amongst all NCAs in terms of number of agreements supporting historic building restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 6th amongst all NCAs in terms of number of agreements supporting historic building restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of these options would be highly beneficial in this ancient landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive conservation management of areas of rough grassland would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Benefit iif higher uptake for these options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of these options would be beneficial.  The uptake that there is relates to HK17 Creation of grassland for target features.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is in HK17 Creation of grassland for target features. Also likely to deliver landscape benefits


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Traditonal orchards where once a distinctive feature spreading inland from the Kent coast.  Significantly greater uptake would be benficial.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 71% relates to restoration and creation of traditional orchards (HC20/21)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if  higher levels of uptake of HC18/20/21 for the maintenance/  restoration/ creation of  traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be beneficial where hedgerow trees are common


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The hedgerow beeches are a key characteristic of the Quantocks.  But the   relevent ELS options may not be addressing the primary issues in the Quantocks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Earthbanks with beech a central characteristic so lack of uptake surprising


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of option uptake relates to The management of stone-faced hedgebanks (EB4 / EB5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for earth banks (characteristic of the NCA) rather than Devon hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Whilst beneficial uptake entirely relates to earthbank management (EB13/14) and not to the more characteristic stone-faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1,400km of this uptake relates to earth bank management (EB12/13) and just under 50% of total uptake to the more characteristic Cornish hedges.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 33% of uptake for earthbank  management and restoration (EB12/13)  with the majority under EB4/5 covering the highly characteristic Cornish hedges (stone-faced hedgebanks)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of this uptake relates to options for the maintenance of stone-faced hedgebanks (the highly characteristic Cornish hedges) EB4 / EB5 with under 30km relating to the maintenance and restoration of earth banks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 110km for earthbank management  (EB12/13) and some 130km for stone faced hedgebank management (EB4/EB5).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 311 ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of C17 to create successional areas would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Both uptake and stock small, so not very significant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Where there is a relatively small-scale and irregular field pattern wide buffer strips can detract from the field pattern.  In larger rectilinear fields their presence will help define field pattern


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake of wide grass buffer strips would help reinforce a now diluted field pattern


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Can help emphasise the location of ditches


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important options in these large scale sweeping landscapes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 142ha upland heathland.  Likely to be covered under lowland heathland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1448 ha upland heathland. Of  total uptake, 57% is under HLS for Moorland management and restoration while the remaining 43% is under EL6 Unenclosed moorland rough grazing.  Likely to be co-location of options.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 10,228ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 152ha upland heathland. Beneficial that 268 ha of uptake is under HL10 Restoration of moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,100ha of upland heathland. Notable that restoration of moorland (HL10) covering 1446 ha and support for Moorland commons and shared grazing requirements (2,072 ha)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,958ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:15 ha blanket bog iKey


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,205ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 677ha of blanket bog. Uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good if there was some uptake of relevant options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake under HK17 creation of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is mainly K17, semi-improved grassland creation; uptake of management and restoration options would also be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Use of HLS options for retention of target species is beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Considerably higher levels of uptake of HK15- 17 would be good. Current uptake  has been for HK17 Creation of grasslands for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number of agreements for a single NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This may be being applied to areas of floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be good to ensure renewal of existing tree cover


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of this option would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Maintenance of successional areas  under HLS - HC15, HC16, HC17 should ensure that the right balance of scrub management and woodland regeneration is occuring


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In-field trees protected mainly on grass; greater protection on arable would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
But much greater uptake of HC5 and HC6 for ancient trees would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that some 145km of uptake are for Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and capital item for hedge laying  and that a further 200km relates to the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11 / HB12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of this uptake rougly 530km (13%) is for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3).  Higher levels of uptake of this option would be good.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
About 20% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EB3 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Hedges form a component of the highly characteristic hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Vast majority of uptake for hedgerow management (EB1 / EB2).  Only a very small amount of uptake for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management  (EB3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This option (PH) could be applied more widely eg in Lune valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of hedgerow planting (PH) would be beneficial to counter degradation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important as siginificant lengths of hedgerow have been lost in the past


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Would be better if there was some uptake of HD2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very limited uptake, especially given substantial stock of historic buildings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Still greater uptake of capital item HTB would probably be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
greater uptake of the relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
47% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2 /HD7 for removal of  archaeology  from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significanly higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial (ED2/HD7) that take archaeological sites out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for the more beneficial options for removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if  greater proportion of ED2 (taking sites out of cultivation) compared to ED3 (reduced depth of cultivation)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 5% is  the more beneficial (ED2/HD7)) removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
84% of uptake relates to options for reduced depth of cultivation (E/HD3) rather than  more beneficial option (E/HD2) to take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority is under option for Non-invasive cultivation (HD3). Higher uptake of options that take sites out of cultivation would be preferable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake of options for stone walls although stone walls are a feature of Outakes on the moorland fringes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Possible that  West Penwith is not eligible for UB17 (restoration of stone walls)which is an upland option.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very important features of Test and Itchen Valleys - higher uptake desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Would be beneficial if greater uptake of HD10 /11 Management and Restoration of traditional water meadows in the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be very beneficial as water meadows ne of the defining characteristics of the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Opportunity being missed to restore traditional water meadows using HD11


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Locate fallow plots with care in landscape to avoid negative effects (may not be too prominent though in this relatively flat landscape)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
6,058ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher uptake of relevant options needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2,421 ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is for rush pasture management E(H)K4/EL4


Greatest_benefit_comments:
70 ha  of floodplain grazing marsh.  Greater uptake of relevant options desireable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
453 ha floodplain grazing marsh.  All uptake for the management of rush pasture (E(H)K4/L4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
394 ha of floodplain grazing marsh. Higher l uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
943 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  Uptake of these options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11,563 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Significantly higher levels of uptake of HK9-14  would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12,729ha of floodplain grazing marsh. Very much higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3,209 ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh.  Greater uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1,465 ha of floodplain grazing marsh but little specific management under ES although much of this area may be covered by options E/HK3 for very low inputs - just over 300ha are under HK3 i.e. they are under an HLS agreement


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The NCA includes 13,969 ha of fen and 3,007 ha of floodplain grazing marsh that are currently receiving little attantion under ES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
347 ha  floodplain grazing marsh. Low uptake suggests that characteristic wet valley grasslands are not being well-targeted.  More uptake of HK9-14 would help.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
592 ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Greater uptake would be beneficial.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:1666 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 81 ha rush pasture iNCA Greater uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1225 ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Greater uptake needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BUT beneficial if there was uptake of options HK9-14 for wet grasslands.  Current uptake uptake just for rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of options for wet grassland would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there was uptake of wet grassland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater management of wet grasslands would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be good (2,085ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher uptake required for wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Much higher levels of uptake for wet grassland management, restoration and creation would be good in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Rush pasture being managed under ELS but opportunities being missed to manage, restore and create wet grassland under HLS  options HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good roughly even mix between HC18 - 21 covering the mantenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if higher levels of HC21 for traditional orchard creation reflecting that many orchards have been lost


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that some 50% of all uptake is for orchard restoration and creation (HC20 / 21) with the remaining uptake relating to traditional orchard management (HC18).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be good.  Traditionally mixed stock grazing is important to this coastal landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Surprisingly low uptake of K5 options, more would be good to reinforce pastoral character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
163 ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake entirely relates to rush pasture management (EK4).  Benefit if uptake also included options for wetland grassland management and restoration (HK9 -H K14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake entirely relates to EK3 Management of rush pasture.  Good if uptake also included HK9 - 14 for the maintenance and  restoration of wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It is noticeable that all the uptake relates to the management of rush pasture with no uptake for the management and restoration of wet grasslands, as in options HK9 - HK14.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to Rush pasture management (EK/HK4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake entirely relates to the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to the management  of rush pasture  -  appropriate in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Entirly under EK4 Rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake of any options relating to rough pasture (K15, K16, L5, L7, L8, L22, L23) although these appear relevant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of capital items would be good as this is an important landscape element


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potentially low level of uptake given importance of ditches and dykes in the landscape.  Main uptake  EB6 / EB7 plus 12km of capital items for ditch restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Associated with low lying areas and grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 136 ha upland calcareous grassland.  Likely to be covered by the uptake under F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 23ha  upland calcareous grassland. Likely to be covered under the uptake for F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 3,493 ha coastal grazing marsh, 13ha reed bed. Uptake largely relates to the creation of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,339ha floodplain grazing marsh, 330ha fen, 17ha reed beds. Uptake largely relates to reed bed and fen management and restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,085ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh, 274ha reedbeds,  98ha fen. All uptake relates to reedbed management , restoration and creation (HQ3 - 5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 578ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 149ha reedbeds, 87ha fens.  Uptake, 71% for fens (HQ7/8/9) and  29%  for reedbeds (HQ3/4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1533ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 448ha fen. Uptake primarily for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2010ha floodplain grazing marsh, 1335ha reedbed, 17ha lowland raised bog. Current uptake for   reedbed (HQ3/4) and fen ( HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,594ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 24ha of reedbeds.  The limited uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen.  Significantly higher areas of relevant uptake would be good.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2700ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 189ha reedbed. HLS providing 66ha lowland fen maintanance/restoration HQ6/7


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 51ha reedbeds. Current uptake is for fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 352ha floodplain grazing marsh, 53ha reedbeds.  Some uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 534ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 16ha reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 882ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Uptake is for reed beds and fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Habitats: 574ha floodplain grazing marsh and 278ha of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 316 ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh, 81 ha reedbeds. Uptake is for the management of reedbeds with the exception of 11ha (HQ6) for the management of fen.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315ha of fen and 28 ha of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1802ha Upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,179ha upland heathland, 1,998 ha of purple moor grass and rush pasture.  44% of uptake for the restoration of upland heathland (HL10)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,285ha upland heathland.  Very high levels of uptake relate to co-location of some options.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most uptake is on grassland.  Greater uptake on arable land (C1) would be good.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 320ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
158ha (70%) of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake includes both HK18 Haymaking supplement  and UL20 Haymaking


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 35 ha lowland heathland, 26ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 155ha lowland heathland. 27ha lowland acidic grassland.  Uptake relates to restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 64ha lowland acidic grassland, 45ha lowland heathland.  All uptake is for restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 121 lowland acidic grassland, 65ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 9,894ha lowland heathland, 3315ha lowland acidic grassland. High uptake of HO2 restoration of lowland heathland (14,437ha) and smaller areas under HO3 highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats 3,952ha of lowland heathland, 224ha lowland acidic grassland.  Of uptake 82% for the restoration of lowland heathland (HO2/HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 79ha lowland acidic grassland, 30ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 397ha lowland heathland, 356ha lowland acidic grassland. 94% of uptake for the restoration of hethland (HO2_


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Prioriy Habitat: 539 lowland heathland  and 186ha lowland acidic grassland.Transition between upland and lowland heath suggest that there should be some uptake for lowland heathland but  may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,683ha lowland heathland and 807ha lowland acidic grassland. Important for the management of the coastal heaths


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 186 ha acid grassland and 15 ha lowland heath. 86% of uptake for the restoration of heathland (HO2/O£)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:260ha of lowland acidic grassland and 247ha of lowland heathland. Beneficial that over 80% of uptake relates to the Restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1223ha lowland heathland.  An almost equal split between uptake of options for the management of heathland (HO1) and the restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,545ha lowland heathland.  Potentially covered by options for moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,961ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,296ha of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake under more beneficial option for enhanced management (EB3).  6km of hedge laying.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake under the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/15).  Plus  27km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake under the more beneficial option (EK3) enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake would be beneficial given past significant loss of hedgerows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Needed where hedegrows have become very gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important where hedgerow lengths have become very gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
One of the few NCAs to have a significant length of new hedgerow planting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In areas of parliamentary enclosure many  hedgerows extremely gappy and replanting  required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Many hedgerows extremely gappy - replanting required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In these landscapes many hedgerows  extremely gappy -replanting required to make good major gaps


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial as ditches and dykes are locally characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of capital items only, no uptake of B17


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake poor given amount of stone wall and importance in landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Stone wall resource is limited but nonetheless distinctive, so uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This uptake is entirely made up of capital items for the restoration of stone walls


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although walls only found in a localised area, slightly higher level of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of relevant options extremely limited


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although higher levels of uptake would be beneficial, uptake is all for HLS capital items  for wall restoration which will be highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake for the management of the charactersitic walls would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake would be beneficial.  Uptake entirely under HLS capital items (TW, WR)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May be negative in the landscape if plots are on sloping ground and therefore visible


Greatest_benefit_comments:
While beneficial for birds, can create an 'Advent Calander' effect when on slopes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that uptake relates almost entirely to options that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that the majority of uptake relates to ED2 & HD7 taking archaeological features out of cultivation rather than ED3 Reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Currently the uptake is in the ratio 60% Reduced depth of cultivation (ED3 /HD3)to 40% taking archaeological features out of cultivation (ED2 / HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that the majority of uptake (290ha) relates to options that take archaeology out of cultivation (ED2/HD7) rather than options relating to reduced cultivation depth


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to reduced depth of cultivation (D3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Water features likely to be associated with parklands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake may well largely relate to the   conservation management of wet gravelpits


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Associated with both designed landscapes and the remains of the Wealden Iron industry


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Probably forming part of designed parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS having very positive effect on  management of wildlife-rich water bodies under HQ2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 65ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1246 lowland calareous grassland, 164 lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 904ha lowland calcareous grassland, 222ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2749ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 343 ha lowland meadows.  More uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 539ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 877ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 226ha lowland meadows,49ha of calcereous grassland.  Of total uptake7 3% for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 58ha lowland meadows.  72% of uptake for restioration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 315ha lowland meadows, 88ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 103 ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 126ha lowland meadows. 72%  of uptake relates to the restoration and creation of species-rich  grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 240 ha lowland meadow.  69% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 890ha lowland meadow.  Significantly greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 866 ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 860ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 193 ha lowland meadows.  Uptake is for species rich grassland management and restoration (HK6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315 ha lowland meadows, 31ha lowland calcareous grassland. 50% of uptake for restoration /  creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 230 ha lowland meadows, 104 ha calcareous grassland, 62 ha limestone pavement. Level of uptake addresses the area of these habitats but may also include areas of floodplain grazing marsh (see F6 below).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 382 ha lowland calcareous grassland, 253 ha loewland meadows;


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 394ha lowland meadow, 247 ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:401ha lowland meadows.  68% of total uptake for restoration / creation of species-rich grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 42 ha lowland meadows, 123ha upland calcareous grassland.  76% of uptake for restoration /  creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 29ha lowland meadow.  77% of uptake  for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 50ha lowland meadows and calcareous grassland.  84%  of uptake for restoration of species rich sgrassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,984ha calcareous grassland, 654ha  lowland meadow. 67% of uptake for restoration  / creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8).  Uptake likely to relate to areas of limestone and wet grasslands.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,265ha of lowland meadow, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland. 54% of uptake for restoration/creation of species rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1192 ha calcareous grassland, 161ha lowland meadow.  58%     of uptake for  restoration/creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8).  These options likely to cover the chalk grasslands and may cover wet grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,334 ha calcareous grassland,108ha lowland meadows. 59% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  1,559ha lowland calcareous grassland.  54% of uptake for  restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Prioritry Habitat: 95ha lowland meadows. 71% of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
63% of uptake relates to HK7 Restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 574ha of calcareous grassland, 85ha lowland meadow.  Uptake  likely to cover both chalk grassland and flood plain grazing marsh.  Of total uptake  76% is for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 188ha lowland meadow, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland. Over 70% uptake is for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 655ha of calcereous grassland, 215ha of lowland meadows. 57% of uptake for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 764ha of calcareous grassland, 189ha of lowland meadow. Uptake may also  cover areas of grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 292ha lowland meadow. High uptake of HK7 Restoration of species-rich semi-natural grassland highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Prioriry Habitat: 16,667ha and 424ha of lowland meadows.  Higher uptake needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1666 ha floodplain grazing marsh,  7 ha fen. Uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 562 ha fens, 350ha reed beds. Significantly greater uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats 1,225 ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 50ha  reedbed, 26ha  fen.  Uptake relates to fen and reedbed.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 6,467ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 68ha reed beds, 29ha fen. Greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats : 41 ha grazing marsh, 52 ha fen, 16ha  reedbed.  Majority of uptake relates to fen (HQ6/7), remainder to reedbeds (HQ3/4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 302ha grazing marsh, 14ha reed bed/ fen.  Uptake for  reed beds (HQ3/4) and fens (HQ6 / 7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 62ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 5ha reedbed. Uptake for management of reed bed (HQ3)  and HQ6/7  management and restoration of fen.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1141ha floodplain grazing marsh with fen. Uptake primarily relates to the restoration of fen (HQ6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Hsbitat: 5379 coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habtiat: 8,920 ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 12,729ha coastal grazing marsh.  Uptake split between management and restoration of salt marsh(HP6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,209 ha floodplain coastal grazing marsh. Uptake primarily for  maintenance of salt marsh (HP6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of which 26ha. is for the restoration of salt marsh (HP6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS contributing to maintenance (HP5) and restoration HP6 of coastal salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There has been no uptake of HP5/6 for the management and restoration of salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 60% of uptake relates to restoration of saltmarsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 50ha sand dunes.  Some uptake potentially beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 297 ha sand dune. Uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 606 ha  coastal vegetated shingle,  25ha coastal sand dunes.  Uptake of relevant options would be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 13ha coastal sand dunes.  ES uptake may be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 165 coastal sand dunes. Under  HP1 sand dunes being maintained


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 920ha coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,168ha coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 46ha sand dunes.  ES uptake could be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake for creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable (HP7).  Higher levels of uptake would be very beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The use of HP9  Creation of intertidal and saline habitat is suitable


# xTbl_AssessmentLC

Greatest_benefit_comments:
It would be beneficial if there was some uptake of this option


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Hsbitat: 5379 coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habtiat: 8,920 ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Deer fencing can detract from the landscape if visually prominent


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 142ha upland heathland.  Likely to be covered under lowland heathland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1448 ha upland heathland. Of  total uptake, 57% is under HLS for Moorland management and restoration while the remaining 43% is under EL6 Unenclosed moorland rough grazing.  Likely to be co-location of options.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 10,228ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 148ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 11354ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 152ha upland heathland. Suspected that there is more moorland than that suggested by BAP habitats. Beneficial that all uptake is under HL10 Restoration of moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,100ha of upland heathland. Notable that restoration of moorland (HL10) covers 1446 ha


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 5512ha blanket bog.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 22015ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 13344ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 64685ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 52734ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1979ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 6260ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 28702ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 20965ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,958ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:15 ha blanket bog iKey


Greatest_benefit_comments:
From a landscape perspective it is better if these fences are avoided


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of F6 options could help diversify this mainly arable landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 for pasture under very low inputs (E(H)K3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture under very low inputs (E(H)K3/E(H)L3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
40% of uptake under the more beneficial option for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EK3/EL3 pasture with very low  inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
26% of uptake is for the more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
65% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 for very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Notable that 76% of uptake is for the more beneficial pasture with very low inputs (EK3) - one of the  highest percentages across all NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
50% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture management with very low inputs (E/HK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
28% of uptake is for more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
51%  of uptake for the more beneficial very low input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
36% of uptake is for the more beneficial pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
22% of uptake is for the more beneficial management with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
21% of uptake under more beneficial options for very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake under more beneficial  EK3/UL3 for very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
10% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake valuable in conserving areas of permanent pasture - will be particularly valuable if located on the floodplains


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake is for the more beneficial vey low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of  uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial  EB3 /EL3 pasture management with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of uptake for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
35% of uptake for EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake for the more benfeficial very low input pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
39% of uptake for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although overall uptake is low, 50% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
28% of uptake for the more beneficial very low  input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
55% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
29% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake is for the more beneficial management of pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
43% of uptake for EK3 management of permanent pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2,500 ha or 33% under EK3 grassland with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
76% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EK3 Very low fertiliser inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that 46% of uptake relates to more beneficial EK3 Management of permanent pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total area of uptake, 60%  is under the more beneficial option EK3 for Very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 54% of all uptake relates to more beneficial EK3


Greatest_benefit_comments:
46% of the uptake is for the more beneficial management of pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 2190 ha (50%) under options for very low input grassland (E/HK3).  Could reflect transfer of pasture out of the Test Valley ESA.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total area of uptake, roughly 30% of uptake relates to the more beneficial management with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
40% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 47% of uptake is for EK3 Management of permanent grassland with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Over half of the uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
48% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
36% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of  total uptake, 28% relates to the more beneficial optionsfor very low fertiliser inputs (EK3) as opposed to EK2 which is the dominant option


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 900 ha under the more beneficial very low input pasture options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
29% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
44% of uptake for the more beneficial EB3 very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that roughly one third of uptake (some 5,000 hectares) relates to options with very low fertiliser inputs (EK3 / EL3) Beneficial if this ratio increased to 50:50


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there was a higher proportion of the area under EB3 (Very low inputs) compared to EB2 (Low inputs).  Currently the ratio is roughly 40:60.   A 50:50 ratio would be better


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of which 1300ha of uptake is for the more beneficial very low fertiliser input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 16% is for the more beneficial very low input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
39% under the more beneficial very low fertiliser input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It is noticeable that over 95% of the uptake relates to Low inputs (EK2 and UEL2) while less than 5% relates to the more beneficial options for Very low inputs (EK3 and UEL3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 75% of this uptake is for EK2 Low input grassland, with 25% falling to the more beneficial EK3 Very low input grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Approximately two-thirds of uptake relates to EK2  for low inputs and one-third to the more beneficial EK3 for very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant majority of uptake is EK2 Low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that at least 40% of this uptake relates to option EK3 (very low fertiliser inputs)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority (460ha) under EK2 Low fertiliser inputs with the more beneficial EK3 Very low fertiliser inputs covering some 240ha.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5379ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Uptake is primarily for wet grassland management and restoration (HK9-12).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Calculations based on LCM may be underestimating the area of wet grasslands. Majority of uptake relates to management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-11)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
8,920ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh and 125ha rush pasture. Calculations based on LCM may be under-estimating the extent of wet grassland.  Majority of uptake for management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9/11)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
6,058ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Nearly all uptake relates to the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2,421 ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Nearly all uptake is for the management/ restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Nearly all uptake is for rush pasture management E(H)K4/EL4


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1,842 ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Over 90% of uptake is for the restoration and management of wet grasslands (HK9-13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important to protect upland woodland from grazing stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May detract from the landscape if fence lines are highly visible and views to water obscured


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake of wide grass buffer strips would help reinforce a now diluted field pattern


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Can help emphasise the location of ditches


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important options in these large scale sweeping landscapes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 311 ha upland heathland. 38% of uptake is for the restoration of moorland HL10


Greatest_benefit_comments:
45% of uptake is for the restoration of moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 273ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 2360ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 136 ha upland calcareous grassland.  Likely to be covered by the uptake under F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 23ha  upland calcareous grassland. Likely to be covered under the uptake for F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of C17 to create successional areas would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Both uptake and stock small, so not very significant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Likely to be associated with the management of chalk grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potentially associated with scrub management  on the heathlands of the NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake likely to be associated with the management of heathland on commons


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This uptake  is likely to be associated with the management of heathland areas


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most likely to be associated with the management of common land/ heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number of protected trees compared to many NCAs.  Valuable in an area where hedgerow trees have been lost


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs - assumed that it also covers hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Suspected that this uptake includes hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  Noted that there is no uptake for  protection of ancient trees (HC5/6) which would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Appears that these options are also being used to protect hedgerow trees.  Noted that there is no uptake for  protection of ancient trees (HC5/6) which would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Likely that some of this total relates to the management of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number compared to other NCAs.  Noted that there is no uptake for  protection of ancient trees (HC5/6) which would be beneficial.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This uptake may be associated with the management of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are likely to be hedgerow trees, at least in part


Greatest_benefit_comments:
it is anticipated that much of this uptake relates to hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It is suspected that this uptake relates to the protection of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Suspected that this option has, in fact, been applied to hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 389ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 34345ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 462ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 82ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority  habitat: 341ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1878ha upalnd heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 767ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1802ha Upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 33946ha Upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 838ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 43162ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake for creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable (HP7).  Higher levels of uptake would be very beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The use of HP9  Creation of intertidal and saline habitat is suitable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
453 ha floodplain grazing marsh suggesting that calculations based on LCM are an over-estimate.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
394 ha of floodplain grazing marsh suggesting that calculations based on LCM may be a significant over-estimate.  Majority of uptake relates to the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9 & 11) with small areas under rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
943 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that calculations based on LCM are an under-estimate of the area of wet grasslands. All uptake os for the management and resatoration of wet grasslands (for waders) HK9-11 & 13


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11,563 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that calculations of wet grassland based on LCM data may be a significant under-estimate.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for waders) HK9-14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12,729ha of floodplain grazing marsh. In this case, calculations based on LCM may be significantly under-estimating the area of wet grasslands.  Nearly all uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for waders) HK9-14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3,209 ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh.  All uptake relates to the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9 - 14 - for waders)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,465 ha of floodplain grazing marsh. LCM may be over-estimating the areas of wet grassland. Almost all uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9 - 14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 390ha coastal and grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,187 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 3,007ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting uptake is not meeting the threshold. Over 90% of uptake is for wet grassland management and restoration (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 137 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh derived from acidic waters rising from the Greensand aquifers


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 199 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  With careful targeting the total area of uptake may be benefitting areas of BAP habitat


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 347ha  floodplain grazing marsh. Low uptake suggests that characteristic wet valley grasslands are not being well-targeted.  More uptake of HK9-14 would help.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 445ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh mainly found in the valley of the River Welland in the south and east of the NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 32ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Area of BAP Habitat suggests that if targeted this uptake may be benefitting areas of remaining BAP Habitat.  Uptake entirely relates to wet grasslands rather than rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 925ha floodplain grazing marsh. With careful targeting the area of uptake may be benefiting this BAP habitat. Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 459ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  If carefully targeted uptake may be assisting the areas of floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat; 592ha floodplain grazing marsh.  If carefully targeted uptake may be benefiting areas of BAP habitat.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9 - 14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:166 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 81ha rush pasture.  Careful targeting of uptake could be benfitting areas of BAP habitat. Vast majority of current uptake is for wet grassland management and creation (HK9, 11, 12, 13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 211ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  If carefully targeted these may be benefitting the areas of BAP habitat.  Greater uptake would be valuable especially where this reinstates traditional wet meadows.  Approx. 110ha of uptake is for the restoration/creation of wet grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some areas of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
74% of uptake is for the creation of wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 123 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 13,923ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1225 ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 14ha rush pasture and purple moor grass.  Taking these figures of stock, uptake does not meet the threshold. Of the total area of uptake 65% is for the restoration of wet grassland and the remainder for its management (HK9 - 13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 6,467ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 16ha purple moor grass and rush pasture.  80% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-14) with the remainder for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 341ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. The area of BAP habitat suggests that with careful targeting the area  of uptake may be benefitting the  most important areas of wet grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1,677 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. All uptake is for wet grasslands (rather than rush pastures), mainly the maintenance of wet grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,307ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh (this figure is may not be accurate). The majority of uptake is for the management of wet grassland rather than management of rush pasture.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: -  Uptake for management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priroty Habitat: 236ha Coastal flood plain & grazing marsh.  Greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 302ha grazing marsh. This area of BAP  Habitat suggests that with careful targeting current uptake should be positive for the landscape even if the overall threshold is not achieved. Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for over-wintering waders) HK10, 12, 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 251 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 563ha of Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. This suggests that the level of uptake is having an evident beneficial effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 62ha of floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that the level of uptake, of which 55% is for the restoration / creation of wet grassland, is exceeding the threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1298ha Coastal and flood plain grazing marsh, 29ha Purple moor grass and rush pasture. Area of BAP habitats suggests that with careful targeting, effects of uptake likely to be positive for the landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1141ha floodplain grazing marsh. Over 95% of uptake is for the  management, restoration and creation of wet grasslands  (for overwintering and breeding waders) HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 565 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  This suggests that with careful targeting current uptake is having a positive effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,732ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,493ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. All but 8ha of uptake is for the management, restoration and creation of wet grasslands (for over-wintering and breeding waders) HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1339ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh including important river valley habitats. All but 9ha of this uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for overwintering and breeding waders) HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 2,085ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh.
Good that there are significant areas of uptake for wet grasslands (managed and restored for breeding and over-wintering waders).  All uptake for options HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 578 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  The majority of the uptake is for the management  and restoration of wet grasslands with small areas of rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 806 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh,  51 ha Purple moor grass and rush pasture.  The majority of the uptake is for the management of wet grassland, with a smaller area for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 739ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  Wet grasslands are a significant feature of this NCA and the BAP figure alone is likely to under estimate their area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 533ha of floodplain grazing marsh. 34ha Purple moor grass & rush pasture. Over 80% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for overwintering waders) HK10/12.  Uptake identified as positive as BAP Priority Habitat extent likely to be the more accurate measure of stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2010ha floodplain grazing marsh. Over 95% of uptake is for the management, restoration and creation of wet grasslands (HK9-12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 777ha floodplain grazing marsh, 527 lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 5,379ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 888ha lowland raised bog. Uptake distributed across lowland raised bog, reedbed and fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 765ha fens, 95 ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 786ha floodplain grazing marsh, 268ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 338ha floodplain grazing marsh, 139ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 3688ha floodplain grazing marsh, 197ha fens, 160ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 96ha fens, 96ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 1368ha floodplain grazing marsh, 103ha fens.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 414ha fens, 182ha floodplain grazing marsh, 38ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 610ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 482ha fens, 246ha reedbed. More Q5 and Q8 (habitat creation) would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 10ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 388 ha lowland raised bog.  More uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP priority habitat: 1278ha coastal and flodplain grazing marsh, 103ha fens, 82ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 552ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 53ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 348ha fens, 99ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 258ha fen, 164ha reedbed. Uptake mainly of fen and reedbed options - appropriate


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 6,058ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 3103ha lowland raised bog, 2032ha reed beds, 512ha fen. Uptake covers fen (mainly) reedbeds and lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 3106ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 813ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh, 483ha reedbeds, 213ha fens, 56ha mudflats.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 349ha reedbeds, 172ha coastal and floodplain


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 5789ha fens, 5042ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 1249ha reedbeds, 196ha mudflats.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,421ha of floodplain grazing marsh and 20ha of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 167ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 59ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 349ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 3447ha fens, 269ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 674ha fen, 294ha  reedbeds.  Higher uptake of relevant options desireable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 69ha coastal and flood plain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 141ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 126ha lowland raised bog, 32ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 469ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 90ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 33ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 469ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 54ha mudflats.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1204ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 513ha mudflats, 341ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats :  52ha fen, 16ha  reedbed.  Majority of uptake relates to fen (HQ6/7), remainder to reedbeds (HQ3/4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:   304ha reed beds, 252ha fens.  Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 40ha fens, 14 ha reed beds. If carefully targeted this uptake may be benefiting the areas of BAP priority habitat.  46ha of uptake is for the maintenance of reed bed and 32 ha for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 361ha fens.  Greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 531ha reedbed, 20ha fens.  The majority of the uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 14ha reed bed/ fen.  Uptake for  reed beds (HQ3/4) and fens (HQ6 / 7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 903ha reedbeds.  Siginificantly greater uptake would be beneficial,


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 5ha reedbed. Uptake for management of reed bed (HQ3)  and HQ6/7  management and restoration of fen.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 2959ha fens, 264ha reedbeds.  The majority of uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen. 7ha is for maintenance of lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 36ha fen. Uptake primarily relates to the restoration of fen (HQ6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: Reed bed area currently under investigation and so stock data is uncertain .  Uptake evenly spread between reed bed management , reed bed restoration and fen restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  13ha reed bed. Uptake largely relates to the creation of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  330ha fen, 17ha reed beds. Uptake largely relates to reed bed and fen management and restoration.  Greater uptake of fen options would be beneficial.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  274ha reedbeds,  98ha fen. All uptake relates to reedbed management , restoration and creation (HQ3 - 5).  Some uptake for fens would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  149ha reedbeds, 87ha fens.  Uptake, 71% for fens (HQ7/8/9) and  29%  for reedbeds (HQ3/4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23ha of uptake is for the restoration of fen and 27ha for the maintenance of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2384ha fens; 38ha reed beds.  Much greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1, 448ha fen. Uptake primarily for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1335ha reedbed, 17ha lowland raised bog. Current uptake for   reedbed (HQ3/4) and fen ( HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1158ha blanket bog. Missed opportunity that there is no uptake for moorland re-wetting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 12,729ha coastal grazing marsh.  Uptake split between management and restoration of salt marsh(HP6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,209 ha floodplain coastal grazing marsh. Uptake primarily for  maintenance of salt marsh (HP6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is for the maintenance of salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of which 26ha. is for the restoration of salt marsh (HP6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,085ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Solent coastline suffering from precipitous  loss of salt marsh especially around the Lymington Estuary


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS contributing to maintenance (HP5) and restoration HP6 of coastal salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
None of the options are well related to this cliffed coastline with maritime cliffs and slopes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 43,398ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low stock, explaining the lack of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There has been no uptake of HP5/6 for the management and restoration of salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although meeting the threshold the areas of uptake are not significant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 60% of uptake relates to restoration of saltmarsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
ES coastal options not relevant to this rugged coastline


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 50ha sand dunes.  Some uptake potentially beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 297 ha sand dune. Uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 606 ha  coastal vegetated shingle,  25ha coastal sand dunes.  Uptake of relevant options would be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high level of uptake compared to many of the other lowland NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,842 ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 717ha lowland raised bog.  Uptake primarily relates to fen (HQ6 - 8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 70ha  floodplain grazing marsh.  Current uptake is for restoration of fen (HQ7) and management / restoration of lowland raised bog (HQ9/10)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 502ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 43ha fens.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 619ha fen, 453ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 134ha reedbed.   Greater uptake of relevant options would be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 53ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 28ha fens.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 394 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 44ha fen, 8ha reedbed.  Most uptake for restoration of fen (HQ7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 2431 coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 44ha fens, 43ha lowland raised bog,


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 4231ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 189ha fens, 135ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 301ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 333ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 81ha fens.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 161ha reedbeds, 121ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 499ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 44ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 163ha fens, 138ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 104ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1835ha reedbeds, 1411ha fens, 272ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 92ha fen, 23ha reed bed.  Uptake focuses on the maintenance of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 396ha fens, 298ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 161ha reedbeds, 131ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 11,563 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 6,277ha. reedbeds, 4,116ha fen.  80% of uptake is for fen and 20% for reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 12,729ha coastal grazing marsh, 9,957ha reedbeds, 48ha fen. Uptake entirely relates to reedbed (HQ3-5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 3,209 ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh, 1,089ha  reedbeds, 444ha fen.  79% of uptake relates to  maintenance of reed beds (HQ3) and  19% to maintenance of fen (HQ6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1292ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 111ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1237ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 833ha fens, 382ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 5622ha reedbeds, 1021ha  coastal floodplain and grazing marsh, 841ha fens.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Area of fen and reed bed not certain.  Majority of uptake relates to management /restoration of fen (HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  1653ha fens, 894ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  43ha fen. As indicated under Agriculture may be a case for greater support of wetland habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  21ha reed bed.  Greater uptake of these options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 99ha reedbeds, 65ha fens. 34ha of uptake is for reed beds and 21 ha for fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats5:  82ha fen, , 45ha reed bed.  Nearly all uptake relates to the management /restoration of fen (HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These options particularly important because of presence of ridge and furrow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of D5 would be beneficial as archaeology on grass is a very important characteristic of this area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake is under the more beneficial ED2 Taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
greater uptake of the relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
47% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2 /HD7 for removal of  archaeology  from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significanly higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial (ED2/HD7) that take archaeological sites out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for options for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for the more beneficial options for removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
majority of uptake is for non-invasive cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake is for the more beneficial removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater part of uptake is for taking archaeological features out of cultivatiion


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake for protection of the archeological resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake under more beneficial  ED2/HD7 taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial, with cultivation on the floodplains which are likely to be areas of former human activity


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial, especially in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
75% of uptake is for  the more beneficial removal from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake relates to the removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if  greater proportion of ED2 (taking sites out of cultivation) compared to ED3 (reduced depth of cultivation)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake relates to options that take archaeology out of cultivation (ED2/HD7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake relates to the management  of rush pasture  -  appropriate in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of capital items would be good as this is an important landscape element


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potentially low level of uptake given importance of ditches and dykes in the landscape.  Main uptake  EB6 / EB7 plus 12km of capital items for ditch restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Associated with low lying areas and grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target uptake likely to be significant in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Exceeds the 40km threshold for river valleys but it is hedgerows that are the main boundary features of this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target likely to be a significant length of ditch under option within the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although not meeting the overall threshold, meets the threshold of 40km in river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Meeting the threshold of 40km for river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There is no accurate measure of the length of dykes.  Compared to the Broads a comparable length of uptake would be 561 km, suggesting that even allowing for the small size of this NCA (36,680ha)the length of uptake of ditches is falling below the threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target this is likely to be a significant length of ditches under option within the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A significant feature of the coastal plain


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below the overall threshold - meets the threshold of 40km under option within river valleys.  As localised not enough to influence the overall theme effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Combined hedge and ditch management makes up a further 6km of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a low level of uptake given the importance of rhynes to the function and landscape of the Levels


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ditches are a characteristic feature of the river valleys with floodplain grazing


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These ditches are confined to river valleys and coastal plains but are an important landscape feature where they are found


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 118ha lowland meadows.  HK7 providing 541 ha of restored lowland species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 861 ha lowland calcareous grassland, 69 ha lowland meadows.  65% of uptake for restoration and creation of these habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of the relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  195ha lowland calcareous grassland; 25ha lowland  meadows.  The majority of this uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  155ha lowland meadows , 43ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Uptake predominantly for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  394ha lowland  meadows, 248ha lowland calcareous grassland. Roughly 60% of uptake is for the maintenance of species-rich grassland and 40% for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 763ha limestone grassland, 352ha lowland meadows. Uptake possibly relating to both the areas of unimproved limestone grasslands and remaining areas of unimproved neutral meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 143ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 418ha lowland meadows, 237ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 320ha lowland meadow, suggesting the threshold is met. Uptake evenly split between maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  84ha lowland meadows, 34ha lowland calcareous grassland,


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 658ha lowland meadows, 282 ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 137ha lowland meadows, 24ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Uptake primarily for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 155ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 245ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 364ha lowland meadow. Beneficial that over 70% of uptake is for Restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 134ha calcareous grassland, 24ha lowland meadow. 85% of uptake for the restoration of these habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 134ha Lowland calcareous grassland, 24 ha lowland meadows.  These BAP areas suggest that the threshold may be being met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 45ha Upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 480ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 55ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1637ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again the stock id greater than that indicated by LCM


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Compared to other NCAs this is a high percentage uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
One of the few NCAs to meet this threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although not meeting the threshold, this is a larger area of hay meadow uptake than seen in many NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Few other lowland NCAs meet this threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Hay meadows traditionally characteristic of the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 884ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 316ha lowland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 39ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 33ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 205ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 692ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 131ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 87ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 120ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 54ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 410ha lowland heathland, 29ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 250ha lowland dry acid grassland, 58ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 809ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 147ha lowland heathland, 583ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 16246ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Bap Priority habitat: 219ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Bap Priority habitat: 113ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 735ha lowland heathland, 604ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 80ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May be negative in the landscape if plots are on sloping ground and therefore visible


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These may be having an adverse effect on the landscape if on a slope


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Plots likely to be detrimental to the landscape if viewed on a slope


Greatest_benefit_comments:
While beneficial for birds, can create an 'Advent Calander' effect when on slopes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potentially may have an adverse effect if viewed on a slope


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 53ha lowland dry acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial although parklands may be being managed under Special Projects or a combination of other options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a missed opportunity as parklands are highly characteristic of this NCA  although it is possible that much of this resource is being managed through private means. Two-thirds of uptake is for the maintenance of parkland and one-third for the restoration of parkland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is primarily for the management of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake of HC12 - HC14 covering the management, restoration and creation of parkland/ wood pasture.  Higher uptake would be very benificial - shortfall may be covered by HLS Capital items HAP and OES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
160ha relates to the maintenance of parkland / wood pasture,  remainder for the restoration and recreation of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Upake is fairly evenly split between the maintenance and restoration of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for parkland maintenance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly equal split between options  for the management of parkland HC12 and Restoration of parkland (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Parkland is a very important characteristic of this landscape.  Higher uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although meeting the threshold, the small area of uptake does not warrant a positive score for the historic environment overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12). Even EB1/2 bring  considerable benefit as hedgerows are often tightly flailed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Dominated by EB1/EB2.  More uptake of EB3 & HB11 Management of hedgerows of very high environmrntal quality would be benefcial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total only 12% relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow  management (EB3) with the majority of uptake being options EB1 and EB2.  These bring considerable benefits though, as in these landscapes hedgerows are usually tightly flailed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
10% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and  the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality.  Overall unusually high levels of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if greater lengths were under EB3 Enlanced hedgerow management and HB11 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of uptake 16% is for hedgerow enhancement (EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management) and some 10 km of capital works for hedgerow restoration and laying


Greatest_benefit_comments:
26% of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High levels of uptake for hedgerow options but low levels for characteristic walls and earthbanks.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Noted that of total length of uptake, only 17% relates to the more beneficial options of  EB3 Enhlanced hedgerow management and HB11/12 for Management of hedgerows of very highly environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 30km of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
75km of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3)and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 31% under enhanced hedgerow management EB3  / management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality HB11/12


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that roughly a third of all uptake relates to enhanced hedgerow  management (EB3) with remainder largely under EB1/EB2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of total uptake 54 km is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Includes combined hedge and ditch management (some 70km). Would benefit from greater uptake under EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management (currently 66 km)and HB11 / 12 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (currently 164km)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
9.5% of total uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and for the management of hedges of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
36% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that some 145km of uptake are for Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and capital item for hedge laying  and that a further 200km relates to the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11 / HB12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of this uptake rougly 530km (13%) is for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3).  Higher levels of uptake of this option would be good.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
About 20% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EB3 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
8km is for the more beneficial enhaanced hedgerow management (EB30


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Hedges form a component of the highly characteristic hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Vast majority of uptake for hedgerow management (EB1 / EB2).  Only a very small amount of uptake for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management  (EB3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This option (PH) could be applied more widely eg in Lune valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of hedgerow planting (PH) would be beneficial to counter degradation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for the more beneficial removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5% of uptake under E/HD2 for taking archaeology out of cultivation.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
95% of uptake relates to reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2/HD7 taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for (ED3) reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
42ha (41%) of uptake for ED2 taking archeology


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake, 18 ha (HD3) reduced depth of cultivation and 12 ha for taking archaeology out of cultivation (HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
81% of uptakes relates to reduced depth of cultivation (ED3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of uptake relates to options removing archaeology from cultivation (eg ED2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake relates to reduced cultivation depth rather than the more beneficial reversion to grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 5% is  the more beneficial (ED2/HD7)) removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
84% of uptake relates to options for reduced depth of cultivation (E/HD3) rather than  more beneficial option (E/HD2) to take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be benefical


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake is for the removal of features from cultivation while the remainder is for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority is under option for Non-invasive cultivation (HD3). Higher uptake of options that take sites out of cultivation would be preferable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 50% of uptake for options that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 230 ha lowland meadows, 104 ha calcareous grassland, 62 ha limestone pavement. Level of uptake addresses the area of these habitats but may also include areas of floodplain grazing marsh (see F6 below).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 209ha lowland meadows. Majority of uptake for the management of existing species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 14ha lowland calcareous grasslands, 11ha lowland meadows. Majority of uptake for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 382 ha lowland calcareous grassland, 253 ha lowland meadows;


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 29ha Lowland calcareous grassland, 20ha lowland meadows.  Half of total uptake is for the restoration/creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 37ha lowland dry acid grassland, 15ha lowland meadows. With careful targeting area of uptake could be benefiting the BAP habitats. 65 ha of uptake is for the restoration/creation of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 394ha lowland meadow, 247 ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 401ha lowland meadows.  68% of total uptake for restoration / creation of species-rich grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 42 ha lowland meadows, 123ha upland calcareous grassland.  76% of uptake for restoration /  creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 19ha lowland meadows. With careful targeting uptake may be benefitting areas of BAP Priority Habitat.  The majority of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 74ha lowland meadows. 264ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 23ha lowland meadows. 255ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 64ha lowland meadows.  Majority of uptake is for species-rich grassland restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 29ha lowland meadow.  77% of uptake  for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 40ha lowland meadows and 10ha calcareous grassland  84%  of uptake for restoration of species rich sgrassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 111ha lowland meadows, 43ha lowland calcareous grassland. Uptake roughly split between maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  383ha lowland meadows, 146ha lowland calcareous grassland, 8ha acidic grassland.  Over 100ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,984ha calcareous grassland, 654ha  lowland meadow. 67% of uptake for restoration  / creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8).  Uptake likely to relate to areas of limestone and wet grasslands.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,265ha of lowland meadow, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland. 54% of uptake for restoration/creation of species rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 61ha lowland meadows, 23ha lowland dry acidic grassland, 19ha lowland calcareous grassland. Uptake evenly divided between the maintenance and restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1192 ha calcareous grassland, 161ha lowland meadow.  58%     of uptake for  restoration/creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  377ha lowland meadows. Roughly half of the total uptake is for the restoration / creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  34ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 33ha lowland meadow, 27 ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Roughly 40% of uptake is for the maintenance of species-rich grassland and 60% for its restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 16ha lowland meadow. 72ha of uptake for the maintenance of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 294ha lowland meadows; 17ha calareous grassland. 196 ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland and the remainder for its maintenance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,334 ha calcareous grassland,108ha lowland meadows. 59% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 151ha lowland meadows, 95ha lowland calcareous grassland.  69% of uptake for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  615ha lowland meadows, 246ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Majority of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  1,559ha lowland calcareous grassland.  54% of uptake for  restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 210ha lowland meadows, 144ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Prioritry Habitat: 95ha lowland meadows. 71% of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  233ha lowland meadows.  According to the High Weald AONB Management Plan (2009) there are 655 ha of species-rich unimproved lowland meadows and dry acidic grassland within the AONB boundary. 721 ha of ES uptake is for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland with the remaining uptake for its maintenance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 97ha Lowland calcareous grassland.  All uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
63% of uptake relates to HK7 Restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 574ha of calcareous grassland, 85ha lowland meadow.  Uptake  likely to cover both chalk grassland and flood plain grazing marsh.  Of total uptake  76% is for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 188ha lowland meadow, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland. Over 70% uptake is for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 655ha of calcereous grassland, 215ha of lowland meadows. 57% of uptake for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 354ha lowland meadows, 29ha lowland calcareous grassland. 80% of uptake is for the  restoration or creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 355ha lowland meadows, 70ha Lowland calcareous grassland. 58% of uptake is for the restoration/creation of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 764ha of calcareous grassland, 189ha of lowland meadow. Uptake may also  cover areas of grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 292ha lowland meadow. High uptake of HK7 Restoration of species-rich semi-natural grassland highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Prioriry Habitat: 16,667ha and 424ha of lowland meadows.  Higher uptake needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  338ha lowland calcareous grassland, 278ha lowland meadows. Majority of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 2855ha lowland calcareous grassland, 298ha lowland meadows.  Over half of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:   7 ha fen. Uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 562 ha fens, 350ha reed beds. Significantly greater uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats  50ha reedbed, 26ha  fen.  Uptake relates to fen and reedbed.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 68ha reed beds, 29ha fen. Greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,205ha blanket bog suggesting that the threshold is not met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 16163ha blanket bog - this area suggests that the threshold is not being met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 677ha of blanket bog. Uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake under HK17 creation of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 2,300ha of uptake for the Maintenance and restoration of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
775ha of this uptake is for HK15 Maintenance of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2072 ha of uptake is for HK16 Restoration of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Under HK16 for rough grassland management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again this is a very high number compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Main uptake is for the creation of traditional  orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake spread between maintenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The small total uptake relates to the maintenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good roughly even mix between HC18 - 21 covering the maintenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if higher levels of HC21 for traditional orchard creation reflecting that many orchards have been lost


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly split between maintenance and restoration  of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly even spread of uptake between the maintenance, restoration and creation of orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that some 50% of all uptake is for orchard restoration and creation (HC20 / 21) with the remaining uptake relating to traditional orchard management (HC18).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be good.  Traditionally mixed stock grazing is important to this coastal landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake takes in a wide range of the relevant options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In-field trees protected mainly on grass; greater protection on arable would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
But much greater uptake of HC5 and HC6 for ancient trees would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
None of the uptake isa for the protection of ancient pollards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Only two trees under HC2 (protection of ancient trees)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most uptake is on grassland.  Greater uptake on arable land (C1) would be good.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 51ha upland calcareous grassland.  Area of BAP habitats suggest that threshold well exceeded. Over 2000ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grasslands (which could include Culm grasslands)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater level of uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
158ha (70%) of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake for the more beneficial ED2  take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 5% is  the more beneficial (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
84% of uptake relates to options for reduced depth of cultivation (E/HD3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority is under option for Non-invasive cultivation (HD3).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of total uptake relates to the more beneficial options that remove archaeology from cultivation (ED2).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
With careful targeting uptake may be benefiting the conservation management of Scheduled Monuments at risk


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Current uptake may  be bringing benefit if targeted at scheduled sites


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again good that the majority of uptake relates to ED2 & HD7 taking archaeological features out of cultivation rather than ED3 Reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake relates to  options that take archaeological features out of cultivation as opposed to options for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
So long as uptake  is carefully targeted this should be helping the protection of scheduled monuments


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Currently the uptakeis in the ratio 60% Reduced depth of cultivation (ED3 /HD3)and 40% taking archaeological features out of cultivation (ED2 / HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake required.  Uptake  almost entirely related to the more beneficial options ED2 and HD7 that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of these options would be highly beneficial in this ancient landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Need dependent on current state of buildings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Where there is a relatively small-scale and irregular field pattern wide buffer strips can detract from the field pattern.  In larger rectilinear fields their presence will help define field pattern


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake under the more beneficial option (EK3) enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake under the more beneficial options EB3/HB11/12) for enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake under the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/12) environmental quality (HB11/12).  Plus  157km under capital items for hedgerow restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EB3, HB112/12 enhanced hedgerow management.  Plus 9km of capital works for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 25% of uptake for EB3 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of uptake relates to more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow manageement (E/HB3,HB11/12). Plus 23km covered by capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake under the more beneficial options of (EB3, HB11/12) enhanced hedgerow management.  Plus 21 km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of  uptake is for the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/12). Plus 40 km of capital items for  hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of uptake for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
19% of this uptake for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high  environmental quality (EB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high level of hedgerow uptake. 8% of uptake for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake under these options would be very beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 80ha lowland dry acid grassland.  All uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 93 ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 51ha lowland acidic grassland, 14ha lowland heathland. Total uptake  for restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 838ha lowland heathland, 517ha lowland dry acid grassland.  The total BAP area for heathland suggests that the threshold is not being met.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  77ha lowland heathland.  Some uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 22ha lowland heath. Majority (40ha)of uptake for the maintenance of heathland but 20ha for restoration from conifer plantation (HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1133ha lowland dry acid grassland, 68ha lowland heathland. All of the uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland  (HO2/3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 14ha lowland heathland.  All uptake for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  87ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 35 ha lowland heathland, 26ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 2567ha lowland heathland, 212 lowland dry acid grassland. The majority of uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland HO2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 155ha lowland heathland, 27ha lowland acidic grassland.  Uptake relates to restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 32ha Lowland heathland; 11ha lowland dry acidic grassland. Some uptake might be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
74ha of uptake is for the maintenance of lowland heathland and 47ha for its restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 64ha lowland acidic grassland, 45ha lowland heathland.  All uptake is for restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 121 lowland acidic grassland, 65ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  86ha lowland dry acid grassland.  All uptake is for the restoration of of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  3216ha lowland heathland, 652ha lowland dry acid grassland.  The vast majority of uptake (3264 ha) is for the restoration of lowland heathland (H02)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 9,894ha lowland heathland, 3315ha lowland acidic grassland. High uptake of HO2 restoration of lowland heathland (14,437ha) and smaller areas under HO3 highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 72ha lowland dry acid grassland, 47ha lowland heathland  All uptake is for the restoration of heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats 3,952ha of lowland heathland, 224ha lowland acidic grassland.  Of uptake 82% for the restoration of lowland heathland (HO2/HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 79ha lowland acidic grassland, 30ha lowland heathland.  Nearly half of uptake is for the  creation of heathland on arable land


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 73ha lowland dry acid grassland; 15ha Lowland heathland  Uptake os for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 397ha lowland heathland, 356ha lowland acidic grassland. 94% of uptake for the restoration of hethland (HO2_


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Prioriy Habitat: 539 lowland heathland  and 186ha lowland acidic grassland.Transition between upland and lowland heath suggest that there should be some uptake for lowland heathland but  may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,683ha lowland heathland and 807ha lowland acidic grassland. Important for the management of the coastal heaths.  Possible that uptake may be covered under the moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 152ha lowland heathland, 34ha lowland dry acid grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 186 ha acid grassland and 15 ha lowland heath. 86% of uptake for the restoration of heathland (HO2/O£)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1544ha lowland heathland, 59ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Uptake largely for heathland restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1169ha lowland heathland, 32ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Greater uptake would be beneficial, will be partially tied in with areas of Culm grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 373ha lowland heathland, 364ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Probably managed under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:260ha of lowland acidic grassland and 247ha of lowland heathland. Beneficial that over 80% of uptake relates to the Restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1223ha lowland heathland.  An almost equal split between uptake of options for the management of heathland (HO1) and the restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,545ha lowland heathland.  Potentially covered by options for moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 412ha Lowland heathland.  Uptake of options HO1 & HO2 for the maintenance and restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 134ha Lowland heathland.  Although ES uptake does not meet the identified threshold careful targeting may be helping the BAP Priority Habitat but overall area insufficient to score positive overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,961ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,296ha of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 205ha floodplain grazing marsh, 120ha fens and 69ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priorty habitats: 54ha lowland raised bog, 35ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 152ha fens, 61ha lowland raised bog, 65ha floodplain grazing marsh.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 9460ha floodplain grazing marsh, 2903ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 3294ha floodplain grazing marsh, 238ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats 1091ha reedbeds, 217ha fens.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 214ha reedbed, 99ha fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 254ha floodplain grazing marsh, 111ha reedbeds, 25ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be good to ensure renewal of existing tree cover


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake would be beneficial.  Mature hedgerow oaks are a key characteristic of this landscape, making a strong contribution to its well-wooded feel


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although not meeting the threshold this is a significantly higher level of uptake than noted in many NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial as ditches and dykes are locally characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake poor given amount of stone wall and importance in landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Stone wall resource is limited but nonetheless distinctive, so uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Locate fallow plots with care in landscape to avoid negative effects (may not be too prominent though in this relatively flat landscape)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake relatively evenly spread between options for the removal of archaeology from cultivation and reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  Current uptake equally distributed between removal of archaeology from cultivation and reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that uptake relates almost entirely to options that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake under more beneficial option for enhanced management (EB3).  6km of hedge laying.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake under the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/15).  Plus  27km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Restoration of hedgerows required where hedgerows have become thin and gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important where hedgerow lengths have become very gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
hedgerow renewal would be beneficial where hedgerows have become gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
One of the few NCAs to have a significant length of new hedgerow planting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In areas of parliamentary enclosure many  hedgerows extremely gappy and replanting  required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Many hedgerows extremely gappy - replanting required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In these landscapes many hedgerows  extremely gappy -replanting required to make good major gaps


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial in areas where hedgerows are becoming gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More C5 sheep fencing around small woodlands would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
From a landscape perspective better if these fences are avoided


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Unusual across the NCAs as a whole to  see a significant amount of uptake for these options.  Uptake is for the restoration of water meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is  one of the few NCAs to have a significant area of uptake for the management of traditional water meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very important features of Test and Itchen Valleys - higher uptake desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Would be beneficial if greater uptake of HD10 /11 Management and Restoration of traditional water meadows in the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be very beneficial as water meadows are one of the defining characteristics of the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A significant missed opportunity not to have uptake for the management and restoration of traditional water meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Opportunity being missed to restore traditional water meadows using HD11


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although walls only found in a localised area, slightly higher level of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake for the management of the charactersitic walls would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very limited uptake of options for stone walls although stone walls are a feature of Outakes on the moorland fringes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake of options for stone walls would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very beneficial for the landscape that ALL option uptake relates to capital items for stone wall restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high percentage of uptake relative to many NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This may be an under-estimation of the contribution of ES to small farm woodlands in that the majority of the woodland resource is made up of the central Forest blocks managed by the Forestry Commission


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there were higher levels of uptake of HC7 - many woodlands are small and may fall under the EWGS threshold of 3ha.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of the woodland on the Open Forest is managed by the Forestry Commisiion and therefore only a small % of total stock will fall under remit of ES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
246ha under HLS HC8 woodland restoration is particularly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a relatively high level of uptake compared to the other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is an unusually high indicator result for the management of small woodlands across the NCAs.  For this reason and because of the high results also for 'in-field' trees and orchards the overall effect for this theme is identified as strongly positive


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake of woodland options may reflect the presence of the South West Forest initiative sponsored by the Forestry Commission


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake primarily woodland management (HC7) with some woodland restoration (HC8).  This is a very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 9% is for (EK3) enhanced hedgerow management, plus 11km of  capital items for hedgerowrestoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 128 km (18%) under the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total  uptake 10% relates to EB3 enhanced hedgerow management and HB11/12  management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality   Also  40km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake, 8.5 km relates to Enhanced hedgerow management (EK3), another 3km to capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 15% under Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) or Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12). A further 5% covers capital items associated with hedgerow restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of the uptake relates to the more beneficial options of Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) /Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality.  The remainder are under EB1/2 (154km) and combined hedge and ditch management EB8/9/10 (42km)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
34% of uptake under more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality  (HB11/HB12). Under the remainder (EB1/2) reduced flail cutting will also help.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake required.  Of the total uptake 23% is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12),  Greater uptake required reflecting the great importance of hedgerows in this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important as siginificant lengths of hedgerow have been lost in the past


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake would be beneficial given past significant loss of hedgerows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Planting and gapping up needed to restore hedgerow lengths


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Needed where hedegrows have become very gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Restoration of hedgerows required where hedgerows becoming gappy, as in the predominantly arable areas and where elm succering is prevalent


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of this option would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Likely to be associated with the management of scrub on heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is likely to be primarily used to manage scrub on heathlands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Maintenance of successional areas  under HLS - HC15, HC16, HC17 should ensure that the right balance of scrub management and woodland regeneration is occuring


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Assumed that this  is associated with maintaining a balance of scrub on the chalk downland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake for the management of willow carr would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Management of wet willow scrub in places could be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
ES options appear to be well-targeted but more use could be made of options D2 and D7


Greatest_benefit_comments:
85% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2 for removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake roughly split between options for reduced cultivation depth and removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial (ED2/HD7) that take archaeological sites


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for more beneficial options for removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 472ha of coastal marshes. 142ha of uptake is for the restoration of sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Sand dunes are not identified as a BAP Priority habitat.  Some uptake could be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 1,961 ha Coastal vegetated shingle; 243ha sand dunes.  Roughly 75% of uptake is for the maintenance of sand dunes and 25% for their restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 108ha sand dunes. Greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 13ha coastal sand dunes.  ES uptake may be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 165 coastal sand dunes. Under  HP1 sand dunes being maintained


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP priority habitat: 262ha Coastal vegetated shingle


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Sand dunes are not identified as a BAP Priority habitat


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 920ha coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,168ha coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 46ha sand dunes.  ES uptake could be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 74 ha lowland heathland.  Some uptake for this habitat would be  beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 715ha lowland dry acid grassland, 174ha lowland heathland. Majority of uptake for the restoration of heathland from conifer plantation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats:  62ha lowland heathland, 58ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 69 ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 44ha acidic grassland, 10ha lowland heathland.  All uptake for  restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 44ha lowland acidic grassland and 17ha lowland heathland. Uptake may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 449ha lowland heathland.  Reflecting the BAP habitats greater uptake would be beneficial but may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 38ha lowland heathland.  Uptake for lowland heathland  would be benficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Avoid fencing along watercourses where possible


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that the majority of uptake relates to ED2 & HD7 taking archaeological features out of cultivation rather than ED3 Reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
72% of uptake is for the removal of archaeological features from cultivation, the remaninder for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Currently the uptake is in the ratio 60% Reduced depth of cultivation (ED3 /HD3)to 40% taking archaeological features out of cultivation (ED2 / HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that the majority of uptake (290ha) relates to options that take archaeology out of cultivation (ED2/HD7) rather than options relating to reduced cultivation depth


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to reduced depth of cultivation (D3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Water features likely to be associated with parklands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are likely to be associated with restored gravel workings adjacent to the River Ouse, and water bodies in the Marston Vale resulting from clay extraction ie more associated with nature conservation objectvies


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake may well largely relate to the   conservation management of wet gravelpits


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake more likely to be associated with areas of gravel workings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Associated with both designed landscapes and the remains of the Wealden Iron industry


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Probably forming part of designed parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Excluded from the overall assessment as these are likely to be gravel pits rather than historic features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May be assocoated with past gravel workings and also the ponds and meres of the heathlands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS having very positive effect on  management of wildlife-rich water bodies under HQ2.  In part may be associated with areas of gravel extraction in the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 286ha lowland meadows, 157ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 170ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 131ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 4086ha lowland meadows, 49ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 85ha lowland meadows, 49ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 226ha lowland meadows,49ha of calcereous grassland.  Of total uptake7 3% for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 37ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 163ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 377ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 2843ha lowland calcareous grassland, 1716ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 58ha lowland meadows.  72% of uptake for restioration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 125ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 47ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 49ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 162ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 35ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 32ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 315ha lowland meadows, 88ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 103 ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 51ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 98ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 126ha lowland meadows. 72%  of uptake relates to the restoration and creation of species-rich  grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  149ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 240 ha lowland meadow.  69% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 40ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 125ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 17ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 25ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 121ha lowland meadows, 29ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 379ha lowland meadows, 318ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  222ha lowland calcareous grassland, 50ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  112ha lowland calcareous grassland, 80ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 890ha lowland meadow.  Significantly greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 205ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 866 ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 860ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 193 ha lowland meadows.  Uptake is for species rich grassland management and restoration (HK6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 378ha lowland meadows, 105ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  206ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1350ha lowland meadows, 939ha lowland calcaerous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315 ha lowland meadows, 31ha lowland calcareous grassland. 50% of uptake for restoration /  creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 1276ha lowland calcareous grassland, 338ha lowland meadows. As indicated by the BAP habitats, the stock is greater than that identified by LCM, as a result the threshold is not met.  Uptake roughly split between the maintenance and restoration / creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1028ha lowland meadows, 112ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Just over 50% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  24ha of reedbeds .  The limited uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen.  Significantly higher areas of relevant uptake would be good.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat; 18ha reedbeds.  The majority of uptake is for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  189ha reedbed. Option uptake split between fen and reedbed management.  The BAP figures given here are considered the more accurate stock data - these have been used to calculate the indicator result.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 15ha fens and 51ha reedbeds. Current uptake is for fens -  greater uptake for the management of reedbeds would be beneficial. The stock data for this NCA is likely to be missleading


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  521ha reedbeds.  The BAP data from the NCA Profiles suggest that this threshold is being met.  Nearly all of the uptake is for the maintenance of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 290ha fens. Uptake is for the restoration of fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 53ha reedbeds.  Some uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats:  1790ha fen, 271ha lowland raised bog, 226ha reedbeds. Of the uptake 204ha is for reed beds, 73ha for fen and 25ha for lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 144ha lowland raised bog.  Significantly higher levels of uptake for lowland raised bog would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:   Some uptake for the management of fen would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 453ha reedbeds.  Greater uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  81 ha reed bed. BAP habitat area suggests that the threshold is being met. Uptake is for the management of reedbeds with the exception of 11ha (HQ6) for the management of fen.  Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315ha of fen and 28ha of reedbed.  Greater uptake for fen habitats (HQ6, HQ7) would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 12251ha upland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 252ha upland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 6735ha upland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 7409ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 20225ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1,594ha of floodplain grazing marsh. Roughly 80% of uptake for management of wet grasslands (HK10 - 12). Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 207ha of Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh, 96ha Purple moor grass & rush pasture.  25ha of uptake for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,323 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 60ha Purple moor grass & rush pasture.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 2700ha of floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that the threshold is not met.  Over 80% of uptake for management of wet grasslands (for waders)HK9-12,14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 27ha purple moor grass and rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 72 ha Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh. Probable that the stock of wet grassland is less than that indicated in the database and that the uptake is therefore more beneficial than that indicated by the figures


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 53ha of Purple Moor Grass and Rush Pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 926ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher levels of uptaaake would be beneficial.  665 of current uptake for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
163 ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 43,398ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Although uptake is very significant, it is small compared to the total area of grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 4207ha floodplain grazing marsh, 22ha purple moor grass and rush pasture.  These BAP figures suggest that uptake  falls below the threshold. All uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 623ha purple moor grass and rush pasture, 534ha floodplain grazing marsh. Uptake almost entirely relates to rush pasture management (EK4/ L4).  Benefit if greater uptake of HK9 -H K14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1531ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. 36ha purple moor grass & rush pasture. Uptake primarily of options for wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 882ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 212 ha purple moor grass and rush pasture. Some 20% of uptake for management and restoration of wet grassland (for waders) (HK10 - 12), with remainder for rush pasture management.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3940ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 2948 ha purple moor grass and rush pasture (including the rare Culm grasslands); 898ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  The area of these BAP habitats suggest that the threshold for wet grasslands is being met. The vast majority of uptake is for rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 574ha floodplain grazing marsh, 27ha purple moor grass & rush pasture. Area of BAP habitats suggest that thresholds is met. Some 40% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands ( for waders) (HK10,12,14) with the remainder for rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 316ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 149ha purple moor grass and rush pasture, although the overall area of wet grasslands likely to significantly exceed this.  Just over 25%  of uptake is for the management /restoration of wet grasslands, with the remainder relating to  rush pasture management (EK4/EL4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake entirely relates to the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
299 ha of BAP Priority Habitat Purple moor grass & rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 73ha Purple Moor Grass and Rush Pasture.  Although the threshold is not met, careful targeting may be benefiting areas of BAP Priority Habitat. Area not sufficient to score positive overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 815ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 31ha Upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 888ha upland calareous grassland, 776ha limestone pavement.  Likely to be covered by options under F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 7644ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 55ha upland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 92ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 71ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 88ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
With important archaeological features on moorland surprising no  agreements for  UE13 for archaeology on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 8th in terms of level of uptake across all NCAs and therefore positive in effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1781ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mostly maintenance not restoration of parkland ie need more C13


Greatest_benefit_comments:
82% of uptake is for the management of  parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
44 Registered Parks and Gardens covering 3,004 ha.  Main emphasis of uptake on maintenance of parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake relates to  management of parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very low level of uptake compared to the importance of parkland and wood pasture in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very small level of uptake relative to the total area and importance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high percemntage level of uptake compared to other NCAs. Uptake fairly evenly split between maintenance and restoration / creation of parkland / wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The primary focus of uptake is on restoration of parkland (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake dominated by HC12 for parkland management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial.  Majority of current uptake for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake split between restoration and maintenance of grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Possible that much of this uptake relates to maintenance and restoration of wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There is a significant parkland resource but no uptake of HC12 / 13 for parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
78% of uptake is for the restoration of parkland - part of this uptake may relate to the restoration of wood pasture which is characteristic of this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Nearly all uptake is for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is for the restoration of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for the maintenance of parkland / wood pasture (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for restoration of parkland/wood pasture (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake would be beneficial in this landscape where parkland and wood pasture is a defining characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  Uptake split between the management and restoration of parkland / wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS having very positive effect with 6726ha under HC13 Restoration of parkland/ wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be good - most trees are actually in hedgerows not in-field


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is minimal and needs to be increased


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Given the very great importance of hedgeow trees in the landscape much higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be beneficial where hedgerow trees are common


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The hedgerow beeches are a key characteristic of the Quantocks.  But the   relevent ELS options may not be addressing the primary issues in the Quantocks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher lengths of uptake might be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Earthbanks with beech a central characteristic so lack of uptake surprising


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of option uptake relates to The management of stone-faced hedgebanks (EB4 / EB5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for earth banks (characteristic of the NCA) rather than Devon hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake is for the management of earth banks as opposed to stone-faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The uptake roughly splits between options for earth banks and stone faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Whilst beneficial uptake entirely relates to earthbank management (EB13/14) and not to the more characteristic stone-faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1,400km of this uptake relates to earth bank management (EB12/13) and just under 50% of total uptake to the more characteristic Cornish hedges.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 33% of uptake for earthbank  management and restoration (EB12/13)  with the majority under EB4/5 covering the highly characteristic Cornish hedges (stone-faced hedgebanks)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly under EB4 stone hedge-bank management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All but 0.4km of this uptake is for Stone-faced Hedgebank management, the characteristic boundary of this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of this uptake relates to options for the maintenance of stone-faced hedgebanks (the highly characteristic Cornish hedges) EB4 / EB5 with under 30km relating to the maintenance and restoration of earth banks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 110km for earthbank management  (EB12/13) and some 130km for stone faced hedgebank management (EB4/EB5).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Traditonal orchards where once a distinctive feature spreading inland from the Kent coast.  Significantly greater uptake would be benficial.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is largely for the creation of new orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high percentage of uptake compared to other NCAs. 91ha of uptake is for the maintenance of traditional orchards and 139ha for their restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high percentage uptake compared to most NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very significant % area of uptake compared to other NCAs and a highly characteristic feature of this NCA.  Roughly 70% of uptake is for the maintenance of traditional orchards and 30% for their restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are an important characteristic of the NCA and in this instance the main feature to lie outside the remit of the Forestry Commission


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a significant area of uptake compared to other NCAs, reflecting the strong orchard tradition of the area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 71% relates to restoration and creation of traditional orchards (HC20/21)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if  higher levels of uptake of HC18/20/21 for the maintenance/  restoration/ creation of  traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to the management of orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Surprisingly low uptake of K5 options, more would be good to reinforce pastoral character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This may be being applied to areas of floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1747ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 9707ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:615ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1419ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 228ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 244ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 16038ha upland heath


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 137ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,179ha upland heathland, 1,998 ha of purple moor grass and rush pasture.  44% of uptake for the restoration of upland heathland (HL10)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 43ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,285ha upland heathland.  Very high levels of uptake relate to co-location of some options.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 110ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 276ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 45ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 22ha upland hay meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 399ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 129ha upland hay meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 156ha upland hay meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake includes both HK18 Haymaking supplement  and UL20 Haymaking


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 91ha lowland dry acid grassland, 38ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 721ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 308ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 182ha lowland acidic grassland, 12ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 734ha lowland acidic grassland, 487ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 96ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 736ha lowland heathland, 60ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 297ha lowland dry acid grassland, 52ha lowland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 36ha lowland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 119ha of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 993ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 344ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 8272ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 2010ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,186 ha lowland dry acidic grassland, 215ha lowland heathland.  Possible that this is covered by moorland options under F5


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 133ha lowland dry acid grassland, 110 lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 1506ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 106ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 57 ha lowland acidic grassland.  In this instance LCM appears to have significantly over-estimated the area of this habitat.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 451ha lowland heathland, 15ha acidic grassland. Greater uptake of relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 116ha lowland heathland,


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 100 ha lowland heathland, 99ha lowland acidic grassland  This  habitat imay be being managed under options for upland moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 266ha lowland heathland, 75ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,375ha lowland heathland, 105ha lowland acidic grassland.  98% of uptake for restoration of heathland (HO2/HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 17ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  49ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  58ha lowland dry acid grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 49ha lowland dry acid grassland, 31ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 870ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 109ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 189ha lowland acidic grassland, 55ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,163 ha lowland dry acidic grassland, 1,347 ha lowland.  54% of uptake is for the restoration of heathland (HO2/3) heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 131ha lowland heathland, 86ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 259ha lowland heathland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 6185ha lowland dry acid grassland, 2404ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 51 ha lowland acid grassland, 5 ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Would be better if there was some uptake of HD2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very limited uptake, especially given substantial stock of historic buildings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Still greater uptake of capital item HTB would probably be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number of agreements for a single NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A highl level of agreements for lowland England


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 3rd amongest all NCAs indicating a high level of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 5th amongst all NCAs in terms of number of agreements supporting historic building restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 6th amongst all NCAs in terms of number of agreements supporting historic building restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
6% of uptake for more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake justifies strongly psotove assessment for this theme. 16% of uptake is for the moor beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake is more beneficial (EB3, HB11/12) for enhanced hedgerow management .  Plus  35 km of capital items for  hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31%  of uptake for more beneficial EB3, HB11/12 , UB14. Plus 94km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12) - e.g. as should be applied to the ancient hedgerows of the road verges


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Particularly beneficial that hedgerows have been brought under ES management, encouraging them to grow thicker and higher


Greatest_benefit_comments:
10% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management and hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake under EB3/ HB11 for enhanced hedgerow management. Plus 16%      of uptake under capital items for t hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
8% of uptake is for the more beneficial EB3 & HB11/12 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 16 km of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) or the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (EB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and (HB11/12). Plus 61 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
17% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
16% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and HB11/12.  Plus 40 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake is for the more beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
6%  of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the managment of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
NCA Profile identifies 3164km of hedgerows. 18% of uptake for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/HB12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake for more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and HB11/12, plus  23 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ponds are an important characteristic of this landscape but this uptake cannot compensate for the low levels of uptake across all other elements of the historic environment


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake relative to the importance of ponds in this medieval landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 37ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP priority habitats:  107ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 48ha lowland meadow, 40ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats:  97ha lowland meadows, 51ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 54ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 68ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 33ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 504ha lowland calcareous grassland, 336ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 106ha lowland calcareous grassland, 54ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 65ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1246 lowland calareous grassland, 164 lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 5987ha lowland calcareous grassland, 617ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats:  95ha lowland meadows, 78ha lowland calcareous grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 76ha lowland calcareous grassland, 60ha lowland meadow.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats: 1073ha Lowland calcareous grassland, 194ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  301ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 904ha lowland calcareous grassland, 222ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2749ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 343 ha lowland meadows.  More uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 363ha lowland meadows, 132ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 268ha lowland meadows, 119ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 381ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 733ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 122ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 539ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 877ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 50ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 233ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 39ha lowland meadows, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland


# xTbl_FG_JM_KeyChars

FG KeyChar:
•	The area is mainly covered by improved pasture.  Arable farming is a feature of the valley floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is mainly covered by improved pasture.  Arable farming is a feature of the valley floors.


FG KeyChar:
•	Red sandstone is the distinctive building material which is used throughout the area, although there has also been localised use of limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Red sandstone is the distinctive building material which is used throughout the area, although there has also been localised use of limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Eden and River Petterill run broadly north-south through the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Eden and River Petterill run broadly north-south through the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Predominant field boundaries are fences and walls, but there are also a significant proportion of hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Predominant field boundaries are fences and walls, but there are also a significant proportion of hedges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Largely low lying ground between the Lake District Fells and the Pennine escarpment, with Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones. Soil in the valleys tends to be clay.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Largely low lying ground between the Lake District Fells and the Pennine escarpment, with Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones. Soil in the valleys tends to be clay.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include Roman roads and the remains of Roman forts, and ruined castles associated with cross border strategic positions.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Historic landscape features include Roman roads and the remains of Roman forts, and ruined castles associated with cross border strategic positions.


FG KeyChar:
•	Around 12% of the area is classed as semi natural, with lowland heath being the predominant natural land cover, and there are also mosaics of neutral grassland, heather and unimproved acid grassland in different parts of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Around 12% of the area is classed as semi natural, with lowland heath being the predominant natural land cover, and there are also mosaics of neutral grassland, heather and unimproved acid grassland in different parts of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The main towns in the area are Appleby-in-Westmorland and Penrith.  The Eden Valley has numerous attractive villages, including Langwathby, Temple Sowerby, Warcop and Great Musgrave.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The main towns in the area are Appleby-in-Westmorland and Penrith.  The Eden Valley has numerous attractive villages, including Langwathby, Temple Sowerby, Warcop and Great Musgrave.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coniferous plantations and significant broadleaved and ancient woodlands are characteristic features.  Estate and farm woodlands, hedgerows, shelterbelts, hedgerow trees and small copses cover parts of the area.  There are also some hanging woodlands along the River Eden Corridor.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Coniferous plantations and significant broadleaved and ancient woodlands are characteristic features.  Estate and farm woodlands, hedgerows, shelterbelts, hedgerow trees and small copses cover parts of the area.  There are also some hanging woodlands along the River Eden Corridor.


FG KeyChar:
•	The broad ridges of heather moorland and acid grassland that separate the principal dales in the north and east are managed for sheep and grouse.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The broad ridges of heather moorland and acid grassland that separate the principal dales in the north and east are managed for sheep and grouse.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.
•	The whitewashed buildings of the Raby Estate in Teesdale are also distinctive.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.
•	The whitewashed buildings of the Raby Estate in Teesdale are also distinctive.


FG KeyChar:
•	Reservoirs are scattered throughout the dales and moorland margins.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Reservoirs are scattered throughout the dales and moorland margins.


FG KeyChar:
•	The dales themselves provide sheltered pastures and hay meadows bounded by dry stone walls and hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The dales themselves provide sheltered pastures and hay meadows bounded by dry stone walls and hedgerows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Alternating limestones, sandstones and shales give a stepped profile to hills and dalesides.
•	Millstone Grits cap the higher fells and form distinctive flat-topped summits.
•	Igneous intrusions of the Great Whin Sill form dramatic outcrops and waterfalls.
•	The area is of international importance for its geological sites and features, including the Whin Sill, and has been identified as a European Geopark.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Alternating limestones, sandstones and shales give a stepped profile to hills and dalesides.
•	Millstone Grits cap the higher fells and form distinctive flat-topped summits.
•	Igneous intrusions of the Great Whin Sill form dramatic outcrops and waterfalls.
•	The area is of international importance for its geological sites and features, including the Whin Sill, and has been identified as a European Geopark.


FG KeyChar:
•	In places the landscape is heavily scarred by mineral extraction, with many active and abandoned quarries and relics of widespread lead workings.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In places the landscape is heavily scarred by mineral extraction, with many active and abandoned quarries and relics of widespread lead workings.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are important limestone grasslands, arctic-alpine flora and juniper scrub habitats in Teesdale and elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are important limestone grasslands, arctic-alpine flora and juniper scrub habitats in Teesdale and elsewhere.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an upland landscape of high moorland ridges divided by broad pastoral dales; it shows slow change and cultural continuity.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an upland landscape of high moorland ridges divided by broad pastoral dales; it shows slow change and cultural continuity.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is sparse with woodlands being restricted to river gorges, gills, streamsides and larger coniferous plantations on the moorland ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Tree cover is sparse with woodlands being restricted to river gorges, gills, streamsides and larger coniferous plantations on the moorland ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmland is pastoral in the west, merging to mixed and arable in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Farmland is pastoral in the west, merging to mixed and arable in the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Vernacular buildings are generally of Millstone Grit and include scattered large farmsteads, sometimes with bastle and pele tower fortifications.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Vernacular buildings are generally of Millstone Grit and include scattered large farmsteads, sometimes with bastle and pele tower fortifications.


JM KeyChar:
•	The main Tyne valley is flat, open floodplain with some wetland areas associated with former gravel workings; the side valleys to north and south are incised with springs and waterfalls.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a variety of enclosure patterns, with large, walled enclosures predominant in the west and hedged enclosures in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a variety of enclosure patterns, with large, walled enclosures predominant in the west and hedged enclosures in the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age stone circles and cairns and Iron Age hillforts are common.
•	Very evident remains of the Roman wall, forts and associated features occur on the Whin Sill scarp.
•	There are many large country houses, often incorporating earlier medieval fortified structures and set in designed parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bronze Age stone circles and cairns and Iron Age hillforts are common.
•	Very evident remains of the Roman wall, forts and associated features occur on the Whin Sill scarp.
•	There are many large country houses, often incorporating earlier medieval fortified structures and set in designed parklands.


FG KeyChar:
•	North of the Whin Sill there is open, windswept semi-improved and rough grazing on elevated land, with loughs and rushy pastures.
•	This contrasts with the more fertile floodplain land along the South Tyne.

JM KeyChar:
•	Ancient, semi-natural riparian woodlands are common in the tributary valleys; while higher ground on the valley sides has grass moorland, wet pastures, loughs and mires.  In the North Tyne valley hay meadows and calcareous grassland also occur.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	North of the Whin Sill there is open, windswept semi-improved and rough grazing on elevated land, with loughs and rushy pastures.
•	This contrasts with the more fertile floodplain land along the South Tyne.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are located strategically along the valley, which is a significant transport route through the Pennines.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are located strategically along the valley, which is a significant transport route through the Pennines.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a narrow east-west lowland corridor that runs through a gap in the Pennine uplands, which are visible to north and south.
•	It is visually contained to the north by the parallel scarps of the Whin Sill.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a narrow east-west lowland corridor that runs through a gap in the Pennine uplands, which are visible to north and south.
•	It is visually contained to the north by the parallel scarps of the Whin Sill.


FG KeyChar:
•	Broadleaved woodland and conifer plantations occur on the side slopes and in the intimate wooded valley of the North Tyne.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Broadleaved woodland and conifer plantations occur on the side slopes and in the intimate wooded valley of the North Tyne.


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable and cattle farming on the lower land merge into sheep farming on higher ground and moorland to the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Arable and cattle farming on the lower land merge into sheep farming on higher ground and moorland to the west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone, with gritstone at higher altitudes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone, with gritstone at higher altitudes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large reservoirs and ornamental lakes provide distinctive areas of open water.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large reservoirs and ornamental lakes provide distinctive areas of open water.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area has large rectilinear fields enclosed by stone walls or hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the area has large rectilinear fields enclosed by stone walls or hedgerows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Sandstone and dolerite crags (the latter associated with the Whin Sill) form local landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sandstone and dolerite crags (the latter associated with the Whin Sill) form local landscape features.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are frequent country houses and fortified defensive structures, typically set in landscaped parklands.
•	The ancient market town of Morpeth serves a surrounding medieval pattern of small, nucleated villages.
•	Villages are often centred on greens and surrounded by extensive medieval ridge and furrow and earthworks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are frequent country houses and fortified defensive structures, typically set in landscaped parklands.
•	The ancient market town of Morpeth serves a surrounding medieval pattern of small, nucleated villages.
•	Villages are often centred on greens and surrounded by extensive medieval ridge and furrow and earthworks.


JM KeyChar:
•	Riparian woodlands (often ancient in origin) and wet pasture are key habitats, and species-rich pastures and meadows are found along the course of Hadrian’s Wall.


FG KeyChar:
•	This intermediate upland fringe plateau comprises a series of ridges and intimate river valleys in the north, opening out to a broader, flatter landscape in the south and east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This intermediate upland fringe plateau comprises a series of ridges and intimate river valleys in the north, opening out to a broader, flatter landscape in the south and east.


FG KeyChar:
•	The valleys of the rivers Font, Wansbeck and Coquet are well-wooded.
•	In addition, there are mixed and ornamental woodlands and parklands within the country estates.
•	Small coniferous blocks and belts of trees occur on the more open farmland to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The valleys of the rivers Font, Wansbeck and Coquet are well-wooded.
•	In addition, there are mixed and ornamental woodlands and parklands within the country estates.
•	Small coniferous blocks and belts of trees occur on the more open farmland to the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone with pantile or slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone with pantile or slate roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	The coast and islands provide rich wildlife habitats, particularly for sea birds.
•	There are intertidal flats backed by saltmarsh with patches of coastal grazing marsh in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The coast and islands provide rich wildlife habitats, particularly for sea birds.
•	There are intertidal flats backed by saltmarsh with patches of coastal grazing marsh in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Aln, Coquet and Tweed, as well as smaller rivers, meander across the coastal plain to the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Aln, Coquet and Tweed, as well as smaller rivers, meander across the coastal plain to the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large rectilinear fields are enclosed by low-cut thorn hedges or fences, with sandstone walls in parts.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large rectilinear fields are enclosed by low-cut thorn hedges or fences, with sandstone walls in parts.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s heritage reflects ecclesiastical influences and the need for border defence, including prominent medieval castles, fortifications and structures, and religious buildings, often forming outstanding coastal landmarks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area’s heritage reflects ecclesiastical influences and the need for border defence, including prominent medieval castles, fortifications and structures, and religious buildings, often forming outstanding coastal landmarks.


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.
•	On the Whin Sill intrusions are rare, semi-natural whinstone grasslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.
•	On the Whin Sill intrusions are rare, semi-natural whinstone grasslands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement comprises dispersed farmsteads, small nucleated villages, fishing villages and small coastal resort towns.
•	The area south-west of Berwick-Upon-Tweed is affected by whinstone quarrying and opencast coal mining.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement comprises dispersed farmsteads, small nucleated villages, fishing villages and small coastal resort towns.
•	The area south-west of Berwick-Upon-Tweed is affected by whinstone quarrying and opencast coal mining.


FG KeyChar:
•	This narrow, low-lying, windswept coastal plain has wide views east to the sea and west to the Cheviots, with striking views along the coast itself.
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.
•	The Whin Sill intrusions produce dramatic landscape features, including the coastal cliffs at Bamburgh and the Farne Islands and distinctive inland outcrops.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This narrow, low-lying, windswept coastal plain has wide views east to the sea and west to the Cheviots, with striking views along the coast itself.
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.
•	The Whin Sill intrusions produce dramatic landscape features, including the coastal cliffs at Bamburgh and the Farne Islands and distinctive inland outcrops.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree and woodland cover is generally limited to clumps near farmhouses and settlements, some river valley woodlands, and occasional shelterbelts and blocks of coniferous trees.
•	Some local areas are more wooded, for example around Craster.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Tree and woodland cover is generally limited to clumps near farmhouses and settlements, some river valley woodlands, and occasional shelterbelts and blocks of coniferous trees.
•	Some local areas are more wooded, for example around Craster.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings were of sandstone and thatch, later replaced by stone slates and Welsh slates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings were of sandstone and thatch, later replaced by stone slates and Welsh slates.


FG KeyChar:
•	Wet peaty flushes, mires, loughs and small reservoirs occur throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Wet peaty flushes, mires, loughs and small reservoirs occur throughout the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmland comprises rectangular patterns of large open fields, bounded by drystone walls, dating from the time of the parliamentary enclosures.
•	However, blocks and belts of coniferous woodland often break up the patterns.
•	Varied moorland communities, dominated by heather and rough acid grassland mosaics, are found on the thin, sandy soils of the higher and steeper slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Farmland comprises rectangular patterns of large open fields, bounded by drystone walls, dating from the time of the parliamentary enclosures.
•	However, blocks and belts of coniferous woodland often break up the patterns.
•	Varied moorland communities, dominated by heather and rough acid grassland mosaics, are found on the thin, sandy soils of the higher and steeper slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.


FG KeyChar:
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.
•	This is an important prehistoric archaeological landscape, with ‘cup and ring’ marked rocks, Bronze Age burial cists, earthwork remains of Iron Age hillfort systems, standing stones, enclosures and cairns.
•	Remains of deserted medieval villages and ridge and furrow cultivation are common, especially on land to the east and south of the main plateau area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.
•	This is an important prehistoric archaeological landscape, with ‘cup and ring’ marked rocks, Bronze Age burial cists, earthwork remains of Iron Age hillfort systems, standing stones, enclosures and cairns.
•	Remains of deserted medieval villages and ridge and furrow cultivation are common, especially on land to the east and south of the main plateau area.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are scattered farmsteads and small hamlets, served by the market towns of Alnwick and Rothbury.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are scattered farmsteads and small hamlets, served by the market towns of Alnwick and Rothbury.


FG KeyChar:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.
•	They are highest in the south, where they reach over 400m AOD.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.
•	They are highest in the south, where they reach over 400m AOD.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a transition from heather and grass moor on the higher ground, through scrub and woodland, to improved farmland and parkland on the lower slopes.
•	Extensive plantations of coniferous woodland occur in some areas.
•	Broadleaved woodland is associated with rivers and scarp slopes.
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a transition from heather and grass moor on the higher ground, through scrub and woodland, to improved farmland and parkland on the lower slopes.
•	Extensive plantations of coniferous woodland occur in some areas.
•	Broadleaved woodland is associated with rivers and scarp slopes.
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.


FG KeyChar:
•	The flatter, more open arable farmland to the north contrasts with the strong patchwork of mixed farmland, hedgerows and hedgerow trees within the vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The flatter, more open arable farmland to the north contrasts with the strong patchwork of mixed farmland, hedgerows and hedgerow trees within the vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or sandstone rubble with clay tile or stone slate roofs (formerly thatch, which survives in pockets such as at Etal).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or sandstone rubble with clay tile or stone slate roofs (formerly thatch, which survives in pockets such as at Etal).


FG KeyChar:
•	Other rivers and streams are often tree-lined and meander between raised terraces and flat gravel benches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Other rivers and streams are often tree-lined and meander between raised terraces and flat gravel benches.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.


FG KeyChar:
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fortified castles, ‘bastle houses’, ‘tower houses’ and other defensive structures are common.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Fortified castles, ‘bastle houses’, ‘tower houses’ and other defensive structures are common.


JM KeyChar:
•	The River Tweed and its English tributaries form an outstanding example of a sandstone and limestone river.  There are also some areas of wet grassland (for example within the Millfield Plain) and fragments of broadleaved woodland on steep river banks.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small traditional villages are strategically sited at river bridging points and on the break of slope at the edge of the valley floor.
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small traditional villages are strategically sited at river bridging points and on the break of slope at the edge of the valley floor.
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	This tranquil, agricultural, valley and plain landscape drains northwards to the Tweed and eastwards to the North Sea.
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This tranquil, agricultural, valley and plain landscape drains northwards to the Tweed and eastwards to the North Sea.
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.


FG KeyChar:
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The open moorland plateaux are managed as grouse moors and for grazing by distinctive white-faced Cheviot and black-faced Border sheep; there are also elusive wild goats.
•	Better quality grassland on the lower slopes is grazed by both beef cattle and sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The open moorland plateaux are managed as grouse moors and for grazing by distinctive white-faced Cheviot and black-faced Border sheep; there are also elusive wild goats.
•	Better quality grassland on the lower slopes is grazed by both beef cattle and sheep.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are commonly of sandstone and slate; but clay pantile roofs are a distinctive feature of the northern valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings are commonly of sandstone and slate; but clay pantile roofs are a distinctive feature of the northern valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.


FG KeyChar:
•	The summit is characterised by mixed areas of blanket bog and heather and by the sculpted forms of granitic ‘tors’; the treeless upper hillsides have coarse ‘white’ grassland and heather moorland.
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The hills are largely open although the lower slopes have large regular fields defined by dry stone walls or ‘dykes’ dating from parliamentary enclosures.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The summit is characterised by mixed areas of blanket bog and heather and by the sculpted forms of granitic ‘tors’; the treeless upper hillsides have coarse ‘white’ grassland and heather moorland.
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The hills are largely open although the lower slopes have large regular fields defined by dry stone walls or ‘dykes’ dating from parliamentary enclosures.


FG KeyChar:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	The well-preserved remains of extensive tracts of prehistoric landscape (hillforts, settlements and prehistoric field systems) can be clearly seen; the hills are also criss-crossed by ancient Roman tracks and border drove roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	The well-preserved remains of extensive tracts of prehistoric landscape (hillforts, settlements and prehistoric field systems) can be clearly seen; the hills are also criss-crossed by ancient Roman tracks and border drove roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	There are rare arctic-alpine flora on the scree slopes and species-rich semi-natural grasslands and wet flushes in the valleys eg the Coquet valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	There are rare arctic-alpine flora on the scree slopes and species-rich semi-natural grasslands and wet flushes in the valleys eg the Coquet valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.
•	Perceptions of remoteness and solitude are affected by military training, as the south-western part of the Character Area lies within the Otterburn Training Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.
•	Perceptions of remoteness and solitude are affected by military training, as the south-western part of the Character Area lies within the Otterburn Training Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This smooth, sinuous cluster of hills of volcanic origin rises to over 800m AOD and forms a wild, open, windswept landscape with broad moorland horizons.
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	On the northern flanks of the hills are deep ravines and rocky outcrops with dramatic scree slopes, glacial meltwater channels and ice-gouged hollows.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This smooth, sinuous cluster of hills of volcanic origin rises to over 800m AOD and forms a wild, open, windswept landscape with broad moorland horizons.
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	On the northern flanks of the hills are deep ravines and rocky outcrops with dramatic scree slopes, glacial meltwater channels and ice-gouged hollows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coniferous woodland plantations occur on some upper valley slopes where they tend to interrupt the smooth lines of an otherwise open, rounded landscape.
•	Steep-sided valleys with fast-flowing burns radiate outwards and have relict semi-natural broadleaved woodland (oak, birch, alder and hazel) and gorse scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Coniferous woodland plantations occur on some upper valley slopes where they tend to interrupt the smooth lines of an otherwise open, rounded landscape.
•	Steep-sided valleys with fast-flowing burns radiate outwards and have relict semi-natural broadleaved woodland (oak, birch, alder and hazel) and gorse scrub.


FG KeyChar:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	The main agricultural land use is rough or semi-improved pasture for cattle and sheep rearing, with semi-improved or improved in-bye land in sheltered valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	The main agricultural land use is rough or semi-improved pasture for cattle and sheep rearing, with semi-improved or improved in-bye land in sheltered valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings comprise scattered farmhouses and cottages of Fell sandstone with slate roofs on the upper slopes, with a few hamlets in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings comprise scattered farmhouses and cottages of Fell sandstone with slate roofs on the upper slopes, with a few hamlets in the valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a network of small rivers and streams in narrow gorges with sandstone crags, loughs and mires.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a network of small rivers and streams in narrow gorges with sandstone crags, loughs and mires.


FG KeyChar:
•	In places these woodlands are broken up by isolated and enclosed valleys with pastures and settlements.
•	Fields are large, open, rectangular, windswept, often poorly drained and subdivided by dry stone walls or wire fences.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In places these woodlands are broken up by isolated and enclosed valleys with pastures and settlements.
•	Fields are large, open, rectangular, windswept, often poorly drained and subdivided by dry stone walls or wire fences.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are important archaeological landscapes with evidence of settlements, tracks, field systems, sheilings, burial areas and Roman forts and camps.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are important archaeological landscapes with evidence of settlements, tracks, field systems, sheilings, burial areas and Roman forts and camps.


FG KeyChar:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	There are numerous peaty mires and mosses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	There are numerous peaty mires and mosses.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is very sparsely populated overall.
•	Military training areas at Spadeadam Forest and Otterburn affect perceptions of remoteness and solitude.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is very sparsely populated overall.
•	Military training areas at Spadeadam Forest and Otterburn affect perceptions of remoteness and solitude.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a large-scale dissected landscape of high, rolling or undulating plateau with expanses of sweeping moorland, extensive coniferous woodlands, large reservoirs, and wide, long distance views.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a large-scale dissected landscape of high, rolling or undulating plateau with expanses of sweeping moorland, extensive coniferous woodlands, large reservoirs, and wide, long distance views.


FG KeyChar:
•	The treeless moorlands contrast with the vast areas of coniferous forest that dominate large parts of the area.
•	The extensive conifer plantations mainly consist of a patchwork of felled areas and different age-classes of non-native conifers.
•	There are few broadleaved trees, largely restricted to small woodland blocks, hedgerows and remnant semi-natural woodland in the more sheltered valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The treeless moorlands contrast with the vast areas of coniferous forest that dominate large parts of the area.
•	The extensive conifer plantations mainly consist of a patchwork of felled areas and different age-classes of non-native conifers.
•	There are few broadleaved trees, largely restricted to small woodland blocks, hedgerows and remnant semi-natural woodland in the more sheltered valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture grazed by dairy cattle and sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture grazed by dairy cattle and sheep.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.


FG KeyChar:
•	At the northern end of the area, the Solway Firth foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low soft river cliffs.
•	The southern part of the Solway coast is characterised by low cliffs formed by eroding coastal drumlins, sand and pebble beaches with sand dunes and raised beaches which were formed by changes in sea levels.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	At the northern end of the area, the Solway Firth foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low soft river cliffs.
•	The southern part of the Solway coast is characterised by low cliffs formed by eroding coastal drumlins, sand and pebble beaches with sand dunes and raised beaches which were formed by changes in sea levels.


FG KeyChar:
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields tend to be defined by drainage ditches, small streams, low hedgerows and stone faced hedgebanks or ‘kests’.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields tend to be defined by drainage ditches, small streams, low hedgerows and stone faced hedgebanks or ‘kests’.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is rich in archaeological remains, being located close to the English-Scottish Border and particularly in relation to Roman and medieval monastic remains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is rich in archaeological remains, being located close to the English-Scottish Border and particularly in relation to Roman and medieval monastic remains.


FG KeyChar:
•	Raised peat bogs, locally known as ‘mosses’ provide a contrast with the improved pasture which forms a large part of the coastal fringe area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Raised peat bogs, locally known as ‘mosses’ provide a contrast with the improved pasture which forms a large part of the coastal fringe area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.
•	Dispersed nucleated inland settlements have grown around the core of a set of farm buildings, and along the coast towns and villages, including Victorian coastal resorts, have followed a more linear pattern of growth.
•	New, sometimes large scale development, is particularly apparent on the Carlisle urban fringe and also on several former 1940s airfields.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.
•	Dispersed nucleated inland settlements have grown around the core of a set of farm buildings, and along the coast towns and villages, including Victorian coastal resorts, have followed a more linear pattern of growth.
•	New, sometimes large scale development, is particularly apparent on the Carlisle urban fringe and also on several former 1940s airfields.


FG KeyChar:
•	A flat, open landscape lying between more dramatic upland areas - the Cumbria High Fells and the Southern Uplands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A flat, open landscape lying between more dramatic upland areas - the Cumbria High Fells and the Southern Uplands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees and woodland are limited, with some broadleaved trees in river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Trees and woodland are limited, with some broadleaved trees in river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low undulating pasture inland from the coast.  Intensive grazing by sheep and cattle in the Derwent valley which is a flat, linear pastoral landscape

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low undulating pasture inland from the coast.  Intensive grazing by sheep and cattle in the Derwent valley which is a flat, linear pastoral landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area’s towns tend to be largely industrial, the use of local red sandstone is apparent in both urban and more rural settlements.  It is either used alone or in combination with render or red brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the area’s towns tend to be largely industrial, the use of local red sandstone is apparent in both urban and more rural settlements.  It is either used alone or in combination with render or red brick.


FG KeyChar:
•	Urban areas on the coast reflecting the area’s role as a coastal industry and communications centre, and characterised by barbed wire fencing, small waste dumps, derelict buildings and industrial wasteland, contrasting with the rich agricultural land and views of the high fells to the north and east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Urban areas on the coast reflecting the area’s role as a coastal industry and communications centre, and characterised by barbed wire fencing, small waste dumps, derelict buildings and industrial wasteland, contrasting with the rich agricultural land and views of the high fells to the north and east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Perceptions of the area are influenced by industrial development, coastal defence works, beach tipping or pylons, overhead lines and wind farms.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Perceptions of the area are influenced by industrial development, coastal defence works, beach tipping or pylons, overhead lines and wind farms.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium to large sized fields of improved pasture inland from the coast, are subdivided by a mix of hedgerows, hedgerow trees and wire fences.  Stone walls and hedges established on stone banks form boundaries along minor roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Medium to large sized fields of improved pasture inland from the coast, are subdivided by a mix of hedgerows, hedgerow trees and wire fences.  Stone walls and hedges established on stone banks form boundaries along minor roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Underlying geology of coal measures, Hensingham Group and Chief Limestone Groups of Carboniferous age to the north of St. Bees Head, and to the south, an outcrop of the Permo-Triassic rocks mainly composed of the Steerton Bees Sandstone, with some overlying mudstones.  Strikingly high coastal cliffs at St. Bees Head formed by dull red sandstone.
•	Intertidal flats, a mix of shingle and pebble beaches at the northern end of the area, red sea cliffs on the central coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Underlying geology of coal measures, Hensingham Group and Chief Limestone Groups of Carboniferous age to the north of St. Bees Head, and to the south, an outcrop of the Permo-Triassic rocks mainly composed of the Steerton Bees Sandstone, with some overlying mudstones.  Strikingly high coastal cliffs at St. Bees Head formed by dull red sandstone.
•	Intertidal flats, a mix of shingle and pebble beaches at the northern end of the area, red sea cliffs on the central coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman coastal forts form part of the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site.  The spread of monasticism in the 12th century had a key influence on patterns of agricultural activity in the area, as well as woodland management.  Perhaps most evident is the more recent industrial past of the area.  There are some historic landscapes and estates in the area including Fitz Park, Cockermouth and Curwen Park, and Workington.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Roman coastal forts form part of the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site.  The spread of monasticism in the 12th century had a key influence on patterns of agricultural activity in the area, as well as woodland management.  Perhaps most evident is the more recent industrial past of the area.  There are some historic landscapes and estates in the area including Fitz Park, Cockermouth and Curwen Park, and Workington.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi natural habitats include saltmarsh and sand dunes backing the beaches. There are areas of managed and unmanged moorland towards the south of the area and inland, which is used for rough grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Semi natural habitats include saltmarsh and sand dunes backing the beaches. There are areas of managed and unmanged moorland towards the south of the area and inland, which is used for rough grazing.


FG KeyChar:
•	The main towns are Maryport, Cockermouth, Workington, Whitehaven, Millom and Barrow.  Views within the landscape are affected by the visibility of ports, manufacturing industrial buildings and chemical works, as well as Sellafield nuclear power station.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The main towns are Maryport, Cockermouth, Workington, Whitehaven, Millom and Barrow.  Views within the landscape are affected by the visibility of ports, manufacturing industrial buildings and chemical works, as well as Sellafield nuclear power station.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Very few trees throughout the area, with the exception of small areas of semi-natural ancient woodland along the lowland river valleys and small woodlands and copses within fields.  Winds off the Irish Sea have an effect on both the growth rate and form of hedgerows and mature trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Very few trees throughout the area, with the exception of small areas of semi-natural ancient woodland along the lowland river valleys and small woodlands and copses within fields.  Winds off the Irish Sea have an effect on both the growth rate and form of hedgerows and mature trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	A decline in cattle and an increase in sheep numbers, a reduction in shepherding and an increase in the overwintering of stock on the fells has influenced the character of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A decline in cattle and an increase in sheep numbers, a reduction in shepherding and an increase in the overwintering of stock on the fells has influenced the character of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed of local stone with slate roofs

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Buildings are constructed of local stone with slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Glacial erosion and deposition has formed lakes and tarns in the area through over-deepening of valley floors, formation of rock basins and the creation of natural dams.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.
•	Linear watercourses are lined with broadleaved trees and shrubs.  Lakes are surrounded by relatively open land.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Glacial erosion and deposition has formed lakes and tarns in the area through over-deepening of valley floors, formation of rock basins and the creation of natural dams.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.
•	Linear watercourses are lined with broadleaved trees and shrubs.  Lakes are surrounded by relatively open land.


FG KeyChar:
•	Boundaries are formed by stone walls, with hedgerows and hedgerow trees in the valleys.  
•	There is largely unimproved rough grazing land in the higher areas, with semi-improved and improved pasture and rectilinear fields in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Boundaries are formed by stone walls, with hedgerows and hedgerow trees in the valleys.  
•	There is largely unimproved rough grazing land in the higher areas, with semi-improved and improved pasture and rectilinear fields in the valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.


JM KeyChar:
•	There is widespread evidence of prehistoric settlement (burial cairns, stone circles, enclosures); Roman influence (forts, roads such as High Street, farmstead sites); and early cultivation (ridge and furrow and lynchets).
•	Many farmhouses and other domestic buildings date from 1650-1750, a period of prosperity here.  18th and 19th century mining and processing is visible in the landscape in many areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	Mires, marshy grasslands and reed swamp in low lying areas are valued semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Mires, marshy grasslands and reed swamp in low lying areas are valued semi-natural habitats.


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural settlements are found in the valleys.  The valleys also contain market towns which have expanded in response to the area’s popularity for tourism and recreation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Agricultural settlements are found in the valleys.  The valleys also contain market towns which have expanded in response to the area’s popularity for tourism and recreation.


FG KeyChar:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.
•	U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys and corries higher on the mountains.  The sheltered U-shaped valleys have sloping sides and flat valley floors.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.
•	U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys and corries higher on the mountains.  The sheltered U-shaped valleys have sloping sides and flat valley floors.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are relatively few trees on the exposed higher land.  Large individual trees surround lakes.  On the more sheltered sites there are extensive areas of ancient, semi-natural broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are relatively few trees on the exposed higher land.  Large individual trees surround lakes.  On the more sheltered sites there are extensive areas of ancient, semi-natural broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.
•	Large, open, regular arable fields are interspersed with pastures grazed by sheep and cattle and urban fringe pony paddocks on the poorer, reclaimed soils.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.
•	Large, open, regular arable fields are interspersed with pastures grazed by sheep and cattle and urban fringe pony paddocks on the poorer, reclaimed soils.


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are generally of red brick and slate.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Buildings are generally of red brick and slate.


FG KeyChar:
•	Mudflats and saltmarshes are found within the river estuaries and there are expansive sandy beaches backed by dunes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Mudflats and saltmarshes are found within the river estuaries and there are expansive sandy beaches backed by dunes.


FG KeyChar:
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of open water and wetland occur in areas of mining subsidence and as features within restored landscapes; in places these have been developed as recreational landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Areas of open water and wetland occur in areas of mining subsidence and as features within restored landscapes; in places these have been developed as recreational landscapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are bounded by post and wire fences or by hedges.
•	Hedgerows are generally low and gappy, with no hedgerow trees, although hedgerow condition tends to be better in the more rural, northern areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Fields are bounded by post and wire fences or by hedges.
•	Hedgerows are generally low and gappy, with no hedgerow trees, although hedgerow condition tends to be better in the more rural, northern areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Sweeping sandy beaches and rocky headlands remain although much of the coast is developed.
•	It is heavily influenced by large-scale opencast coal mining sites, deep mine spoil heaps and colliery restoration.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sweeping sandy beaches and rocky headlands remain although much of the coast is developed.
•	It is heavily influenced by large-scale opencast coal mining sites, deep mine spoil heaps and colliery restoration.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are prominent blocks of mixed and coniferous woodland, many of which are still maturing, mainly on reclaimed colliery sites.
•	Broadleaved woods occur on steeper valley sides and within estate parkland.
•	The coast is open, largely treeless and windswept.
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are prominent blocks of mixed and coniferous woodland, many of which are still maturing, mainly on reclaimed colliery sites.
•	Broadleaved woods occur on steeper valley sides and within estate parkland.
•	The coast is open, largely treeless and windswept.
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Gently rolling terraces of open arable and mixed farmland with low hedges and few trees or woodlands occupy much of the area.
•	On land restored from spoil heaps or opencast mining, pastures for sheep grazing are divided by fences or strips of mixed or coniferous plantation; these landscapes lack maturity.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Gently rolling terraces of open arable and mixed farmland with low hedges and few trees or woodlands occupy much of the area.
•	On land restored from spoil heaps or opencast mining, pastures for sheep grazing are divided by fences or strips of mixed or coniferous plantation; these landscapes lack maturity.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are scattered ‘green’ villages with buildings of local sandstone and roofs of red clay pantile or slate, as well as numerous mining and industrial terraces of Victorian brick and slate, and later estate housing.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are scattered ‘green’ villages with buildings of local sandstone and roofs of red clay pantile or slate, as well as numerous mining and industrial terraces of Victorian brick and slate, and later estate housing.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.
•	Coal mining has resulted in locally-prominent opencast extraction areas, spoil heaps and recently restored sites.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.
•	Coal mining has resulted in locally-prominent opencast extraction areas, spoil heaps and recently restored sites.


JM KeyChar:
•	Most field systems have their origins in town field enclosures of the 16th and 17th centuries and have suffered in varying degrees from field enlargement in the 20th century.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.


FG KeyChar:
•	Higher ground offers panoramic views within which the Tyne bridges and Durham Cathedral are prominent landmarks.
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Higher ground offers panoramic views within which the Tyne bridges and Durham Cathedral are prominent landmarks.
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.


JM KeyChar:
•	Ancient oak woods are found in denes and gorges and on steep river bluffs, and there are some remnant heaths and valley mires.


FG KeyChar:
•	Urban fringe land uses such as pony grazing are also found around settlements.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Urban fringe land uses such as pony grazing are also found around settlements.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.
•	Steep gorges and denes open up in places into broad floodplains overlooked by steep bluffs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.
•	Steep gorges and denes open up in places into broad floodplains overlooked by steep bluffs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse but the valley sides and bluffs are well wooded (sometimes with ancient oak woods).
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse but the valley sides and bluffs are well wooded (sometimes with ancient oak woods).
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.
•	The land around the larger settlements shows strong urban fringe influences such as pony paddocks, sheds and allotments.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.
•	The land around the larger settlements shows strong urban fringe influences such as pony paddocks, sheds and allotments.


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is varied coastal topography of low limestone cliffs and clay slopes, sandy bays and rocky headlands, despoiled in places by tipping of colliery wastes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is varied coastal topography of low limestone cliffs and clay slopes, sandy bays and rocky headlands, despoiled in places by tipping of colliery wastes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Limestone quarries are prominent on the escarpment and areas of derelict or recently restored colliery land lie close to settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Limestone quarries are prominent on the escarpment and areas of derelict or recently restored colliery land lie close to settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	Remnants of Magnesian Limestone grassland occur on thin calcareous soils on steeper escarpment slopes and drift-free ridges and there are limestone plant communities in old quarries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Remnants of Magnesian Limestone grassland occur on thin calcareous soils on steeper escarpment slopes and drift-free ridges and there are limestone plant communities in old quarries.


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.


FG KeyChar:
•	This gently rolling low plateau of soft Magnesian Limestones, overlain by thick glacial boulder clays, dips south-eastwards and is incised by steep-sided denes at the coast.
•	A low west-facing escarpment is dissected in the north by minor valleys separated by spurs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This gently rolling low plateau of soft Magnesian Limestones, overlain by thick glacial boulder clays, dips south-eastwards and is incised by steep-sided denes at the coast.
•	A low west-facing escarpment is dissected in the north by minor valleys separated by spurs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is low, but ancient ash woods are found in steep-sided limestone denes towards the coast and on the escarpment, and occasional broadleaved woodlands occur within parkland and country estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Woodland cover is low, but ancient ash woods are found in steep-sided limestone denes towards the coast and on the escarpment, and occasional broadleaved woodlands occur within parkland and country estates.


FG KeyChar:
•	On the ridges, most farmland is used for sheep and cattle grazing; in the valleys there is a mixture of arable fields and improved pastures.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	On the ridges, most farmland is used for sheep and cattle grazing; in the valleys there is a mixture of arable fields and improved pastures.


FG KeyChar:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.


FG KeyChar:
•	Recently reclaimed land and ongoing opencast coal mining are locally prominent in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Recently reclaimed land and ongoing opencast coal mining are locally prominent in the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The ridges are characterised by large, regular grids of dry stone walls and gappy thorn hedges, crossed by straight enclosure roads and lanes.
•	Fields in the valleys are generally smaller and bounded by hawthorn hedges with scattered hedgerow oak and ash.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The ridges are characterised by large, regular grids of dry stone walls and gappy thorn hedges, crossed by straight enclosure roads and lanes.
•	Fields in the valleys are generally smaller and bounded by hawthorn hedges with scattered hedgerow oak and ash.


FG KeyChar:
•	Soft and thinly bedded sandstones, shales and coals give rise to gently rounded ridges with occasional steeper bluffs; boulder clay on lower valley slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soft and thinly bedded sandstones, shales and coals give rise to gently rounded ridges with occasional steeper bluffs; boulder clay on lower valley slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are numerous relics of the mining industry.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are numerous relics of the mining industry.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fragments of heathland and scrub occur on infertile acidic soils on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Fragments of heathland and scrub occur on infertile acidic soils on higher ground.


FG KeyChar:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.
•	Mining villages with Victorian terraced housing of brick or stone and slate and later estate housing are scattered across the landscape, contributing an urban fringe character, particularly in the north-eastern part of the Character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.
•	Mining villages with Victorian terraced housing of brick or stone and slate and later estate housing are scattered across the landscape, contributing an urban fringe character, particularly in the north-eastern part of the Character.


FG KeyChar:
•	This rolling low upland landscape of ridges and valleys has a strong east-west grain with panoramic views from higher ground.
•	The valleys are broad with moderate slopes and occasional narrow flood plains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This rolling low upland landscape of ridges and valleys has a strong east-west grain with panoramic views from higher ground.
•	The valleys are broad with moderate slopes and occasional narrow flood plains.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coniferous plantations are found on the higher valley sides and ridges.
•	Ancient oak woods are found in narrow steep-sided denes and along the banks of rivers and streams.
•	Occasional parklands and wooded estates surround small country houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Coniferous plantations are found on the higher valley sides and ridges.
•	Ancient oak woods are found in narrow steep-sided denes and along the banks of rivers and streams.
•	Occasional parklands and wooded estates surround small country houses.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers through the area include the River Lune along the southern edge, River Lyennet and River Lowther.  These are generally slow flowing as a result of their permeable limestone bedrock.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers through the area include the River Lune along the southern edge, River Lyennet and River Lowther.  These are generally slow flowing as a result of their permeable limestone bedrock.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has a strong field pattern with high limestone walls and isolated ash trees forming the field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has a strong field pattern with high limestone walls and isolated ash trees forming the field boundaries.


FG KeyChar:
•	A distinctive block of rolling upland farmland with limestone outcrops, scars and pavements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A distinctive block of rolling upland farmland with limestone outcrops, scars and pavements.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are rich archaeological resources in the area.

JM KeyChar:
•	This area has very rich archaeological and historic resources including stone circles, evidence of prehistoric settlement and cultivation, Roman roads, monastic granges, planned medieval limestone villages, associated field patterns and droveways, tower houses and deer parks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are rich archaeological resources in the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Landcover is predominantly moorland with remnant heather in the upland areas, together with limestone upland.  There are extensive limestone pavement areas and scars.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Landcover is predominantly moorland with remnant heather in the upland areas, together with limestone upland.  There are extensive limestone pavement areas and scars.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.
•	Development has mainly included limestone quarrying and stone extraction for rockeries from limestone pavements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.
•	Development has mainly included limestone quarrying and stone extraction for rockeries from limestone pavements.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is limited woodland, with sheltering clumps around farmsteads, small copses of semi-natural broadleaved trees, coniferous and mixed woodlands.  The fields have scattered individual ash trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is limited woodland, with sheltering clumps around farmsteads, small copses of semi-natural broadleaved trees, coniferous and mixed woodlands.  The fields have scattered individual ash trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is largely rough grazing for both sheep and cattle.  The higher areas have open moorland, whilst the slopes have rough grassland, heather and bracken and are used for grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is largely rough grazing for both sheep and cattle.  The higher areas have open moorland, whilst the slopes have rough grassland, heather and bracken and are used for grazing.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has few settlements due to the inaccessible and exposed landform.  There are limited, small hamlets and farmsteadings scattered across the area.  Traditional materials used are gritstone or sandstone with flagged roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has few settlements due to the inaccessible and exposed landform.  There are limited, small hamlets and farmsteadings scattered across the area.  Traditional materials used are gritstone or sandstone with flagged roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some small streams flow down the gills, extending from the centre of the area outwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Some small streams flow down the gills, extending from the centre of the area outwards.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pastures are bounded by stone walls, and confined to the lower areas, whilst the higher areas and moorland are largely unenclosed.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Pastures are bounded by stone walls, and confined to the lower areas, whilst the higher areas and moorland are largely unenclosed.


FG KeyChar:
•	The hills have complex underlying geology which is resistant to erosion and has thus resulted in the hills having a smooth rounded shape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The hills have complex underlying geology which is resistant to erosion and has thus resulted in the hills having a smooth rounded shape.


JM KeyChar:
•	Fells utilised since prehistoric times for summer grazing, peat, heather and bracken and continue to support commoning.  Medieval trackways and shielings can be found in many places, especially on the lower western slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	In terms of semi-natural areas, the moorland is poorly drained and has blanket bog underlain by deep peat which forms an important habitat.  Most of the area is covered with acidic grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In terms of semi-natural areas, the moorland is poorly drained and has blanket bog underlain by deep peat which forms an important habitat.  Most of the area is covered with acidic grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steep sided distinctive smooth hills and pronounced ridges and valleys and incised by a number of narrow inaccessible gills.  The hills have steep scree slopes and occasional waterfalls and crags, and they reach heights of 600m.
•	The River Lune Valley provides a contrast with the upland landscape of the Howgill Fells.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Steep sided distinctive smooth hills and pronounced ridges and valleys and incised by a number of narrow inaccessible gills.  The hills have steep scree slopes and occasional waterfalls and crags, and they reach heights of 600m.
•	The River Lune Valley provides a contrast with the upland landscape of the Howgill Fells.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has very limited tree cover although there are some blocks of coniferous woodland on the lower slopes near Sedbergh.  Trees are prominent around villages and farmsteads and along water courses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has very limited tree cover although there are some blocks of coniferous woodland on the lower slopes near Sedbergh.  Trees are prominent around villages and farmsteads and along water courses.


FG KeyChar:
•	A pastoral landscape, with improved undulating pastures and some areas being particularly well managed to provide a parkland character, particularly around the edges of the lakes (e.g. adjacent to Windermere and Coniston), on the valley bottoms and within estates.  Semi improved pasture with ridges and hollows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly improved/ semi-improved undulating pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	Building materials include local limestone and slate (Silurian) in the south, and local sandstone elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
Building materials of local limestone and slate (Silurian) in the south and local sandstone elsewhere
Redundant barns at risk


FG KeyChar:
•	Large lakes, including Lake Windermere and Coniston Water, streams and minor river valleys are characteristic features of the area.  Rivers are fast flowing over rocky beds.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large lakes, including Lake Windermere and Coniston Water, streams and minor river valleys are characteristic features of the area.  Rivers are fast flowing over rocky beds.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are generally dry stone walls (local sandstone, or limestone in the south) and field sizes in the lower areas are generally small to medium, increasing towards the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dry stone walls (local sandstone, or limestone in the south)
Small to medium size hedged fields in lower areas, increasing to east (hedgerow loss in Lune valley)


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic field systems date from medieval times and there are several deer parks in the area. Sheep walks, established on the fells from the 13th century, are also historic landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic medieval field systems, sheep walks and deer parks
Some areas of parkland  character, particularly around lakes, on valley bottoms and within estates


FG KeyChar:
•	The low fells include heathland, tarns and becks, small wetlands and mires, rough grassland and bracken. Undulating fields of species-rich grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich grassland
Heathland
Small lowland bogs, wetlands and mires
Traditional cattle grazing on moorland commons


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is largely in small hamlets and villages on the lower slopes, linked by a network of minor roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is largely in small hamlets and villages on the lower slopes, linked by a network of minor roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.
•	Glacial erosion formed long, straight U-shaped valleys with lakes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.
•	Glacial erosion formed long, straight U-shaped valleys with lakes.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes substantial woodland and large mature trees.  Small broadleaved and coniferous copses are found on the rugged fells and coniferous and broadleaved woodland on the small valley slopes and ridges.  At higher levels, tree cover is much more limited.

Edited_KeyChars:
Substantial woodland and large mature trees, including many in-field trees
Broadleaved woodland on the slopes and ridge
Small broadleaved copses on the fells - in need of protection and renewal
Tree cover more limited at higher levels
Remnant traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Sheep and cattle graze the coastal pasture and intertidal commons.  Lowland raised mires surrounding the limestone outcrops have been reclaimed for agriculture.  Rough grazing is a feature of the higher grounds on unimproved limestone grassland or rough fell vegetation.

Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal pasture and intertidal commons with sheep and cattle
Lowland raised mires reclaimed for agriculture
Unimproved rough grazing on limestone outcrops and fells


FG KeyChar:
•	The coastline consists of shifting intertidal sandflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools. Areas of scaurs and pebble patches, mudflats, sandy beaches, bedrock and pebble and shingle beaches are exposed at low tide.  The Rivers Leven and Kent flow into Morecambe Bay.

Edited_KeyChars:
Shifting intertidal sandflats, mudflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools
Sand, pebble and shingle beaches exposed at low tide


Edited_KeyChars:
•	The coastline consists of shifting intertidal sandflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools. Areas of scaurs and pebble patches, mudflats, sandy beaches, bedrock and pebble and shingle beaches are exposed at low tide.  The Rivers Leven and Kent flow into Morecambe Bay.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are generally enclosed by limestone walls or hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields generally enclosed by limestone walls or hedges
Ditches or dykes locally characteristic in low-lying areas such as Lyth valley


FG KeyChar:
•	The margins of Morecambe Bay have been formed by faulted outcrops of Lower Carboniferous limestone, forming upstanding blocks and bare limestone scars, pavements and cliffs.  Low limestone beaches are found at Arnside and Silverdale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The margins of Morecambe Bay have been formed by faulted outcrops of Lower Carboniferous limestone, forming upstanding blocks and bare limestone scars, pavements and cliffs.  Low limestone beaches are found at Arnside and Silverdale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic features include burial mounds and stone circles on higher grounds, prehistoric settlements and enclosures on Birkrigg Common and medieval field patterns. Coppice woodlands are a further feature of the area which reflect past traditional management practices.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic features that include burial mounds, stone circles, prehistoric settlements and enclosures and medieval field patterns
Stately homes set in parkland landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi natural areas include a mosaic of species rich grassland, limestone pavements, scrub, semi-natural coppice woodland, herb-rich grasslands, peaty fenlands and mosslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of species-rich grassland and limestone pavements
Peaty fenlands and mosslands - affected by drainage and scrub encroachmen


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are generally dispersed and rural in character, having usually grown around large farmsteads.  
•	Larger centres include Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale and Milnthorpe which have a seaside resort character, reflecting the growth in the use of the area for recreation from the 18th Century onwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are generally dispersed and rural in character, having usually grown around large farmsteads.  
•	Larger centres include Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale and Milnthorpe which have a seaside resort character, reflecting the growth in the use of the area for recreation from the 18th Century onwards.


FG KeyChar:
•	Lower lying undulating pastoral areas are found between the hills and the coast, including a larger scale rolling landscape to the west and a smaller scale landscape of contrasts with the surrounding limestone hills to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Lower lying undulating pastoral areas are found between the hills and the coast, including a larger scale rolling landscape to the west and a smaller scale landscape of contrasts with the surrounding limestone hills to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some scrub and broadleaved woodland is found in the inland areas, with some areas of ancient and semi-natural woodland.   There are relatively few trees on the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scrub and broadleaved woodland including ancient and semi-natural woodland and traditional coppice
Relatively few trees on the coast
Remnant traditional orchards (damsons in Lyth valley)


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture is based on upland sheep farming and cattle grazing.  Rough grazing on the upper hill slopes gives way to permanent pastures on the dales sides and hay meadows and silage fields on the more fertile dale floor.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Agriculture is based on upland sheep farming and cattle grazing.  Rough grazing on the upper hill slopes gives way to permanent pastures on the dales sides and hay meadows and silage fields on the more fertile dale floor.


FG KeyChar:
•	The dales are characterised by distinctive stone-built barns, often roofed with large slabs of stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The dales are characterised by distinctive stone-built barns, often roofed with large slabs of stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are few naturally occurring waterbodies, reflecting the predominance of limestone.  The principal exceptions occur where carboniferous rocks have been eroded away to reveal impermeable rocks below, such as at Malham Tarn.  Reservoirs and associated water gathering grounds influence the landscape in Nidderdale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are few naturally occurring waterbodies, reflecting the predominance of limestone.  The principal exceptions occur where carboniferous rocks have been eroded away to reveal impermeable rocks below, such as at Malham Tarn.  Reservoirs and associated water gathering grounds influence the landscape in Nidderdale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries comprise distinctive drystone walls, enclosing large, rectilinear fields on the higher fells and smaller, older and irregular fields within the dales and particularly around villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Field boundaries comprise distinctive drystone walls, enclosing large, rectilinear fields on the higher fells and smaller, older and irregular fields within the dales and particularly around villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Dales are underlain by Millstone Grit in the east, the Yoredale Series (comprising alternating limestone, sandstone and shales) in the north and west and Great Scar Limestone in the south and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Dales are underlain by Millstone Grit in the east, the Yoredale Series (comprising alternating limestone, sandstone and shales) in the north and west and Great Scar Limestone in the south and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an historic landscape with remnants of strip lynchet field systems and the sites of Norse settlements.  The networks of stone field boundaries, barns and lanes are perhaps the most visible components of the historic landscape. Extensive remains from the lead mining industry, and the Settle to Carlisle Railway with its famous Ribblehead viaduct, are also prominent historic features within the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an historic landscape with remnants of strip lynchet field systems and the sites of Norse settlements.  The networks of stone field boundaries, barns and lanes are perhaps the most visible components of the historic landscape. Extensive remains from the lead mining industry, and the Settle to Carlisle Railway with its famous Ribblehead viaduct, are also prominent historic features within the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The fells comprise a mixture of heather moorland in the drier east and cotton grass bog in the wetter west.  In the south west, there are limestone outcrops in the form of pavements, scars and screes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The fells comprise a mixture of heather moorland in the drier east and cotton grass bog in the wetter west.  In the south west, there are limestone outcrops in the form of pavements, scars and screes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area is predominantly rural in nature, it has a number of limestone and sandstone quarries.
•	Stone villages tend to be nucleated and focused on key transport routes and at bridging points.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the area is predominantly rural in nature, it has a number of limestone and sandstone quarries.
•	Stone villages tend to be nucleated and focused on key transport routes and at bridging points.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Millstone Grit gives rise to a plateau of high moorland.  The Yoredale Series gives rise to typically stepped profiles along dales sides.  The Great Scar Limestone gives rise to classic glacio-karst landscapes with limestone pavements, gorges, gills, scars, outcrops and cave systems.
•	The high moorland, which rises in places to over 600m AOD, contrasts with deep, glacially enlarged dales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Millstone Grit gives rise to a plateau of high moorland.  The Yoredale Series gives rise to typically stepped profiles along dales sides.  The Great Scar Limestone gives rise to classic glacio-karst landscapes with limestone pavements, gorges, gills, scars, outcrops and cave systems.
•	The high moorland, which rises in places to over 600m AOD, contrasts with deep, glacially enlarged dales.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Dales have limited tree cover.  Woodland tends to be limited to woods planted around villages and farmsteads to provide shelter, and sparse ancient and semi-natural woodlands on steeper slopes along gills and dalesides.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Dales have limited tree cover.  Woodland tends to be limited to woods planted around villages and farmsteads to provide shelter, and sparse ancient and semi-natural woodlands on steeper slopes along gills and dalesides.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly pastoral though some arable farming is found on lighter soils in the north and east of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is predominantly pastoral though some arable farming is found on lighter soils in the north and east of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages, farms and larger settlements are built of local stone, complementing stone walls where they occur.  Most buildings are of Millstone Grit, but Magnesian Limestone is also used in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Villages, farms and larger settlements are built of local stone, complementing stone walls where they occur.  Most buildings are of Millstone Grit, but Magnesian Limestone is also used in the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers such as the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf are often important landscape features, flowing through broad, glacially widened valleys.  Smaller rivers, such as the Burn, Laver, Kex Beck and the Skell flow through steep sided valleys following courses cut by glacial meltwaters.  The River Washburn, a tributary of the Wharf, has been dammed to create a series of reservoirs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers such as the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf are often important landscape features, flowing through broad, glacially widened valleys.  Smaller rivers, such as the Burn, Laver, Kex Beck and the Skell flow through steep sided valleys following courses cut by glacial meltwaters.  The River Washburn, a tributary of the Wharf, has been dammed to create a series of reservoirs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries include stone walls on higher ground and hedges in lower areas.  Around villages, fields are often small, reflecting their medieval origins and the combination of dairy farming with textile weaving.  Fields on higher ground tend to be larger and more regular, dating from parliamentary enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Field boundaries include stone walls on higher ground and hedges in lower areas.  Around villages, fields are often small, reflecting their medieval origins and the combination of dairy farming with textile weaving.  Fields on higher ground tend to be larger and more regular, dating from parliamentary enclosure.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.


JM KeyChar:
•	In the north of this area, landscape patterns have been influenced by Roman settlement along Dere Street (A1).  Medieval abbeys and castles, packhorse and masonry bridges across the area’s many rivers, and country houses and parks (often former medieval deer parks) are distinctive historic landscape features.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats are generally confined to the upper fringes in the north and west where improved grassland gives way to rough moorland grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Semi-natural habitats are generally confined to the upper fringes in the north and west where improved grassland gives way to rough moorland grazing.


FG KeyChar:
•	Catterick military camp, developed in the twentieth century, together with the ‘golf balls’ of the military installation at Menwith Hill, are prominent features.
•	The area has a number of small, historic market towns including Kirkby Malzeard, Middleham, Masham, Richmond and Barnard Castle, as well as the spa town of Harrogate.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Catterick military camp, developed in the twentieth century, together with the ‘golf balls’ of the military installation at Menwith Hill, are prominent features.
•	The area has a number of small, historic market towns including Kirkby Malzeard, Middleham, Masham, Richmond and Barnard Castle, as well as the spa town of Harrogate.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.
•	The area is generally orientated eastwards, the moorlands of the Pennines forming a physical and visual barrier to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.
•	The area is generally orientated eastwards, the moorlands of the Pennines forming a physical and visual barrier to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is comparatively well-wooded in contrast to the open landscapes to the west.  Woodland is found along valley slopes, in copses and plantations in the lower agricultural landscape and along hedgerows. Many of the larger coniferous and mixed woodlands are found on estates.  Some lower lying, arable areas in the north east of the area have lower levels of tree cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is comparatively well-wooded in contrast to the open landscapes to the west.  Woodland is found along valley slopes, in copses and plantations in the lower agricultural landscape and along hedgerows. Many of the larger coniferous and mixed woodlands are found on estates.  Some lower lying, arable areas in the north east of the area have lower levels of tree cover.


FG KeyChar:
•	To the west is a broad area of open arable and mixed farmland, large in scale, with limited hedgerow trees of ash and sycamore.
•	To the north the land rises gently and is more undulating with permanent pastures and leys grazed by sheep and cattle.
•	To the south is an attractive, rolling, mixed farming landscape on the edge of the Vale of Mowbray and the North York Moors National Park.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	To the west is a broad area of open arable and mixed farmland, large in scale, with limited hedgerow trees of ash and sycamore.
•	To the north the land rises gently and is more undulating with permanent pastures and leys grazed by sheep and cattle.
•	To the south is an attractive, rolling, mixed farming landscape on the edge of the Vale of Mowbray and the North York Moors National Park.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or brick with red pantiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or brick with red pantiles.


FG KeyChar:
•	At the mouth of the River Tees are extensive mud flats, saltmarshes, wetlands, beaches and dunes such as Seal Sands, Cowpen Marshes and Seaton Sands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	At the mouth of the River Tees are extensive mud flats, saltmarshes, wetlands, beaches and dunes such as Seal Sands, Cowpen Marshes and Seaton Sands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large-scale chemical and oil refining works, docks and other heavy industries along the estuary form a distinctive skyline, and transport and infrastructure corridors are also prominent.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large-scale chemical and oil refining works, docks and other heavy industries along the estuary form a distinctive skyline, and transport and infrastructure corridors are also prominent.


FG KeyChar:
•	Skerne Carrs, near Sedgefield, is an extensive and distinctive area of essentially flat, peaty fenland and carrs with frequent watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Skerne Carrs, near Sedgefield, is an extensive and distinctive area of essentially flat, peaty fenland and carrs with frequent watercourses.


FG KeyChar:
•	Minor valleys and linear strips of open land extend as green corridors from rural farmland into the heart of the conurbation.
•	Field boundaries are hawthorn hedges, usually low-cut
•	The semi-regular patterns of old (17th century) enclosures have been fragmented by field amalgamation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Minor valleys and linear strips of open land extend as green corridors from rural farmland into the heart of the conurbation.
•	Field boundaries are hawthorn hedges, usually low-cut
•	The semi-regular patterns of old (17th century) enclosures have been fragmented by field amalgamation.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a nucleated pattern of small green villages connected by winding lanes, and scattered farms.
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a nucleated pattern of small green villages connected by winding lanes, and scattered farms.
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.
•	The meandering, slow-moving river Tees flows through the heart of the area, with distinctive incised meanders in its middle reaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.
•	The meandering, slow-moving river Tees flows through the heart of the area, with distinctive incised meanders in its middle reaches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, with exceptions such as the steep banks of the middle Tees and Leven, semi-natural woodland on heathy soils north of Billingham, and parkland and managed estates.
•	Orchards historically were important in the area south of the river Tees

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, with exceptions such as the steep banks of the middle Tees and Leven, semi-natural woodland on heathy soils north of Billingham, and parkland and managed estates.
•	Orchards historically were important in the area south of the river Tees


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture is a combination of arable and mixed dairy and cropping with some poultry and pig rearing.  Agriculture tends to be more intensive in the south and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Agriculture is a combination of arable and mixed dairy and cropping with some poultry and pig rearing.  Agriculture tends to be more intensive in the south and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmsteads and cottages, which are frequently prominent in this open landscape, tend to be built in local brick with pantile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Farmsteads and cottages, which are frequently prominent in this open landscape, tend to be built in local brick with pantile roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is drained by the River Swale and its tributaries the River Wiske and the Cod Beck.  These watercourses meander within narrower valleys in the north and broader floodplains in the south.  The rivers are sometimes confined within flood defence embankments, particularly in the lower lying southern part of the Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is drained by the River Swale and its tributaries the River Wiske and the Cod Beck.  These watercourses meander within narrower valleys in the north and broader floodplains in the south.  The rivers are sometimes confined within flood defence embankments, particularly in the lower lying southern part of the Vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most fields are medium sized, though they tend to be larger in the south and west.  Boundaries are defined by low hedges or post and wire fences.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most fields are medium sized, though they tend to be larger in the south and west.  Boundaries are defined by low hedges or post and wire fences.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Vale of Mowbray is a low lying area underlain by Triassic sandstones and mudstones blanketed by a thick layer of glacial boulder clay with moraines and ridges of sands and gravels.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Vale of Mowbray is a low lying area underlain by Triassic sandstones and mudstones blanketed by a thick layer of glacial boulder clay with moraines and ridges of sands and gravels.


FG KeyChar:
•	Unlike surrounding upland areas where change has been slow and many historic sites have survived, the Vale of Mowbray has comparatively few historic sites, reflecting the processes of enclosure and drainage that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Unlike surrounding upland areas where change has been slow and many historic sites have survived, the Vale of Mowbray has comparatively few historic sites, reflecting the processes of enclosure and drainage that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats are few, tending to be limited to areas of riparian rough grazing, particularly in rivers’ more northerly sections.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Semi-natural habitats are few, tending to be limited to areas of riparian rough grazing, particularly in rivers’ more northerly sections.


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages, which are often located on higher ground, tend to be linear in form.  Some have village greens and many have churches with spire or towers, providing landmarks in the wider landscape.
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Villages, which are often located on higher ground, tend to be linear in form.  Some have village greens and many have churches with spire or towers, providing landmarks in the wider landscape.
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is flatter in the south and west (formed on glacial lake deposits) and more undulating in the east, marking the transition to the North Yorkshire Moors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is flatter in the south and west (formed on glacial lake deposits) and more undulating in the east, marking the transition to the North Yorkshire Moors.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is generally sparse, comprising small woodlands (many associated with hunting) and a number of parklands.  The eastern part of the area is more wooded

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Tree cover is generally sparse, comprising small woodlands (many associated with hunting) and a number of parklands.  The eastern part of the area is more wooded


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture comprises rough grazing on the higher moorlands, mixed, predominantly pastoral farming in the Dales and arable on the lighter soils of lower areas to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Agriculture comprises rough grazing on the higher moorlands, mixed, predominantly pastoral farming in the Dales and arable on the lighter soils of lower areas to the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most historic buildings are constructed in rubble limestone or dressed sandstone with red pantile or slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most historic buildings are constructed in rubble limestone or dressed sandstone with red pantile or slate roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	The upland reaches the coast to form one of the highest stretches of cliffs in England.  These cliffs are punctuated by sandy or rocky bays.   Most rivers flow south, east or north east, radiating out from the upland mass.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The upland reaches the coast to form one of the highest stretches of cliffs in England.  These cliffs are punctuated by sandy or rocky bays.   Most rivers flow south, east or north east, radiating out from the upland mass.


FG KeyChar:
•	The pattern of field boundaries varies across the area with a combination of stone walls in the Dales (smaller around villages, larger on the hillslopes) and hedges in lower areas.  Many have deteriorated and have been replaced or supplemented by fences.  The higher moorland areas are largely unenclosed.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The pattern of field boundaries varies across the area with a combination of stone walls in the Dales (smaller around villages, larger on the hillslopes) and hedges in lower areas.  Many have deteriorated and have been replaced or supplemented by fences.  The higher moorland areas are largely unenclosed.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by sandstones and mudstones from the Middle Jurassic in the north and sandstones and limestone from the Upper Jurassic in the south.  Shales from the Lower Jurassic (with alum, jet and cement stone) are revealed along the coast and where rivers have eroded deep valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by sandstones and mudstones from the Middle Jurassic in the north and sandstones and limestone from the Upper Jurassic in the south.  Shales from the Lower Jurassic (with alum, jet and cement stone) are revealed along the coast and where rivers have eroded deep valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The higher moorland represents the most extensive area of heather moorland in England and Wales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The higher moorland represents the most extensive area of heather moorland in England and Wales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the upland dales and along the coast, settlement tends to be nucleated.  Elsewhere it is typically more dispersed with a scatter of farmsteads and roadside cottages.  Small fishing villages cling to steep valley sides.
•	The area includes industrial facilities such as the potash works at Boulby and the military communications infrastructure at Fylingdales.  Large caravan parks are found along the coast and tourism is an important part of the economy of settlements such as Whitby, Scarborough and Saltburn.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Within the upland dales and along the coast, settlement tends to be nucleated.  Elsewhere it is typically more dispersed with a scatter of farmsteads and roadside cottages.  Small fishing villages cling to steep valley sides.
•	The area includes industrial facilities such as the potash works at Boulby and the military communications infrastructure at Fylingdales.  Large caravan parks are found along the coast and tourism is an important part of the economy of settlements such as Whitby, Scarborough and Saltburn.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landform is dominated by a high moorland plateau which is tilted to the south, creating a steep escarpment along its northern edge and more gentle, though still pronounced slopes along the Vale of Pickering to the south.  The Cleveland Hills blend into the Hambledon Hills to the south and the North York Moors to the east.  Outlying hills to the north include the distinctive landmark of Roseberry Topping.
•	The high moorland is dissected by a series of dales, deepened by glacial meltwaters.  These dales are generally broad and sweeping but are steep sided in places.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landform is dominated by a high moorland plateau which is tilted to the south, creating a steep escarpment along its northern edge and more gentle, though still pronounced slopes along the Vale of Pickering to the south.  The Cleveland Hills blend into the Hambledon Hills to the south and the North York Moors to the east.  Outlying hills to the north include the distinctive landmark of Roseberry Topping.
•	The high moorland is dissected by a series of dales, deepened by glacial meltwaters.  These dales are generally broad and sweeping but are steep sided in places.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst the higher moors are mainly treeless, broadleaf woodlands are found in the sheltered dales and lower areas to the south.  Extensive areas of coniferous plantations are located on the lower areas of moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Whilst the higher moors are mainly treeless, broadleaf woodlands are found in the sheltered dales and lower areas to the south.  Extensive areas of coniferous plantations are located on the lower areas of moorland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture reflects the difference in soils within the vale.  To the east, arable farming dominates, with large rectilinear fields enclosed by low hedges having been created as the wetlands were drained.  Pastures are found along some of the river floodplains.  The west is characterised by mixed farming with a higher proportion of pastures.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Agriculture reflects the difference in soils within the vale.  To the east, arable farming dominates, with large rectilinear fields enclosed by low hedges having been created as the wetlands were drained.  Pastures are found along some of the river floodplains.  The west is characterised by mixed farming with a higher proportion of pastures.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of brick or sandstone imported from surrounding uplands.  Most historic buildings are roofed using pantiles, though many were originally thatched.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of brick or sandstone imported from surrounding uplands.  Most historic buildings are roofed using pantiles, though many were originally thatched.


JM KeyChar:
•	The coastal landscape along the eastern edge of the area has a different character from the rest of the vale, with beaches, cliffs, short coastal stream valleys and the rock spit of Filey Brig.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers include the River Derwent which flows south westwards along the Vale, cutting through the Howardian Hills to the south.  A series of tributaries drain higher ground to the north and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers include the River Derwent which flows south westwards along the Vale, cutting through the Howardian Hills to the south.  A series of tributaries drain higher ground to the north and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries comprise a combination of low hedges and, particularly in lower parts of the eastern Vale, drained ditches and dykes.  Fences are common where hedges have declined or been lost.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Field boundaries comprise a combination of low hedges and, particularly in lower parts of the eastern Vale, drained ditches and dykes.  Fences are common where hedges have declined or been lost.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the Vale of Pickering is underlain by Kimmeridge Clay, buried deeply beneath layers of glacial and fluvial clays and sands.  The flatter and more low lying areas, with peaty soils, are found in the eastern part of the Vale.  The western part is more undulating in nature with clay soils.  An area of glacial moraine along the coast forms a further area of undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the Vale of Pickering is underlain by Kimmeridge Clay, buried deeply beneath layers of glacial and fluvial clays and sands.  The flatter and more low lying areas, with peaty soils, are found in the eastern part of the Vale.  The western part is more undulating in nature with clay soils.  An area of glacial moraine along the coast forms a further area of undulating land.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Vale is rich in historic features including the remains of Mesolithic settlements where archaeological finds have been preserved in waterlogged conditions.  The Vale also includes Neolithic sites (earthen long barrows) and Bronze and Iron Age sites around the fringes.  Medieval sites include castles, fortified manor houses and churches, together with medieval strip fields.  17th and 18th century country houses and designed landscapes are also key features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Vale is rich in historic features including the remains of Mesolithic settlements where archaeological finds have been preserved in waterlogged conditions.  The Vale also includes Neolithic sites (earthen long barrows) and Bronze and Iron Age sites around the fringes.  Medieval sites include castles, fortified manor houses and churches, together with medieval strip fields.  17th and 18th century country houses and designed landscapes are also key features.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic linear settlements are located above the flood level close to springs and shallow wells, with long thin burgage plots running back from the main street.  On the higher ground, settlement is a dispersed pattern of cottages, small hamlets and farmsteads.  Villages are linked by a network of straight roads and tracks.
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Historic linear settlements are located above the flood level close to springs and shallow wells, with long thin burgage plots running back from the main street.  On the higher ground, settlement is a dispersed pattern of cottages, small hamlets and farmsteads.  Villages are linked by a network of straight roads and tracks.
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is limited in the lower lying eastern part of the Vale, but is more extensive in western areas and around the fringes with copses and more field boundary trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Woodland cover is limited in the lower lying eastern part of the Vale, but is more extensive in western areas and around the fringes with copses and more field boundary trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The fertile, chalky soils support mainly arable farming, though there are remnants of unimproved or semi-improved chalk grassland in steep side dry valleys defined by a hedge at the break of slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The fertile, chalky soils support mainly arable farming, though there are remnants of unimproved or semi-improved chalk grassland in steep side dry valleys defined by a hedge at the break of slope.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a generally lightly settled landscape with predominantly brick - but sometimes chalk and pantile - buildings, large scattered farmsteads on high ground, small villages in valleys, and small market towns at the fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a generally lightly settled landscape with predominantly brick - but sometimes chalk and pantile - buildings, large scattered farmsteads on high ground, small villages in valleys, and small market towns at the fringes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers and streams are few on the permeable in chalk, being limited to a number of short streams draining steep valleys along the escarpment and the Gypsey Race which runs through the Great Wolds Valley near Bridlington.  The Wolds rise from the Humber estuary in the south and form high chalk cliffs where they reach the coast at Flamborough Head.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers and streams are few on the permeable in chalk, being limited to a number of short streams draining steep valleys along the escarpment and the Gypsey Race which runs through the Great Wolds Valley near Bridlington.  The Wolds rise from the Humber estuary in the south and form high chalk cliffs where they reach the coast at Flamborough Head.


FG KeyChar:
•	A combination of hedges and fences enclose large, regular shaped fields dating back to Parliamentary enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A combination of hedges and fences enclose large, regular shaped fields dating back to Parliamentary enclosure.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.


JM KeyChar:
•	Notable historic landscape features include extensive evidence of prehistoric settlement, high concentrations of deserted medieval villages such as Wharram Percy, and large estates and parks such as Sledmere developed from the 18th century onwards.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.
•	This is a large-scale landscape with big skies and long views from the escarpment and plateaux which contrast with the more enclosed chalk valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.
•	This is a large-scale landscape with big skies and long views from the escarpment and plateaux which contrast with the more enclosed chalk valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is limited in extent, particularly on the chalk.  Most woodland is confined to steeper slopes, including escarpments and on the hills formed from Jurassic rocks.  Woodland is also associated with historic parklands.  Most woodland is broadleaf.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Woodland is limited in extent, particularly on the chalk.  Most woodland is confined to steeper slopes, including escarpments and on the hills formed from Jurassic rocks.  Woodland is also associated with historic parklands.  Most woodland is broadleaf.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas of heathland remain on poorer, sandy soils where agricultural improvement has not occurred.  Some of these heathy areas have been afforested.  Washlands and hay meadows are found along the river floodplains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Some areas of heathland remain on poorer, sandy soils where agricultural improvement has not occurred.  Some of these heathy areas have been afforested.  Washlands and hay meadows are found along the river floodplains.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Vale of York includes the floodplains of several major rivers, notably the Ouse, the Derwent and the Wharfe, but also the Ure, Nidd and Foss.  Most historic buildings are constructed in mottled brick with pantile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Vale of York includes the floodplains of several major rivers, notably the Ouse, the Derwent and the Wharfe, but also the Ure, Nidd and Foss.  Most historic buildings are constructed in mottled brick with pantile roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, flailed and intermittent hedges enclose medium to large sized fields.  There are scattered field boundary trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low, flailed and intermittent hedges enclose medium to large sized fields.  There are scattered field boundary trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The solid geology of the Vale of York comprises Triassic sandstone and mudstone and Lower Jurassic mudstone completely buried beneath glacial till, sand, gravel and moraines. These moraines form a number of curving ridges across the Vale.  The northern part of the Vale is underlain by glacial clay, sand and gravel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The solid geology of the Vale of York comprises Triassic sandstone and mudstone and Lower Jurassic mudstone completely buried beneath glacial till, sand, gravel and moraines. These moraines form a number of curving ridges across the Vale.  The northern part of the Vale is underlain by glacial clay, sand and gravel.


JM KeyChar:
•	Key historic landscape features include Roman remains, early timber frame buildings, designed parklands and fine masonry bridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are distinctive with a linear form with buildings set back behind wide grass verges.  The Vale is scattered with large, brick built farmsteads.
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are distinctive with a linear form with buildings set back behind wide grass verges.  The Vale is scattered with large, brick built farmsteads.
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered small woods with more extensive conifer plantations are found on sandy soils, together creating the impression of more wooded farmland in some areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Scattered small woods with more extensive conifer plantations are found on sandy soils, together creating the impression of more wooded farmland in some areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly under arable cultivation with some areas of pastures and improved grassland.  The latter are most common on steeper slopes and damper valley floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is predominantly under arable cultivation with some areas of pastures and improved grassland.  The latter are most common on steeper slopes and damper valley floors.


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed in local limestone and sandstone with red pantile roofs.  The stones vary in colour from rich reds to pale creams.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Buildings are constructed in local limestone and sandstone with red pantile roofs.  The stones vary in colour from rich reds to pale creams.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the headwaters of rivers draining the Vale of Pickering, to the east and the Vale of York to the west.  The river Derwent cuts a deep gorge through the hills to the south west of Malton.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the headwaters of rivers draining the Vale of Pickering, to the east and the Vale of York to the west.  The river Derwent cuts a deep gorge through the hills to the south west of Malton.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are predominantly hedges with some fences and some areas of walls in higher areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Field boundaries are predominantly hedges with some fences and some areas of walls in higher areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Howardian Hills are formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic period and the calcareous sandstone and limestone of the Upper Jurassic.  Numerous east west faults cross the hills, giving rise to irregular ridges and valleys.  Prominent scarps of limestone are notable features along the outermost ridges.  Glacial drift deposits contribute to the more undulating landform in the south and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Howardian Hills are formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic period and the calcareous sandstone and limestone of the Upper Jurassic.  Numerous east west faults cross the hills, giving rise to irregular ridges and valleys.  Prominent scarps of limestone are notable features along the outermost ridges.  Glacial drift deposits contribute to the more undulating landform in the south and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic sites date back the Bronze Age. 17th and 18th century enclosure created the straight sided, rectangular fields characteristic to the area. 18th century country houses and ornamental houses, such as Castle Howard, are key historic features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Historic sites date back the Bronze Age. 17th and 18th century enclosure created the straight sided, rectangular fields characteristic to the area. 18th century country houses and ornamental houses, such as Castle Howard, are key historic features.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats principally comprise areas of woodland and unimproved grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Semi-natural habitats principally comprise areas of woodland and unimproved grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many villages are linear in form with wide verges forming village greens.  In other villages, houses are clustered around a single village green. The simplicity and scale of these villages contrasts with the grandeur of the area’s many stately homes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many villages are linear in form with wide verges forming village greens.  In other villages, houses are clustered around a single village green. The simplicity and scale of these villages contrasts with the grandeur of the area’s many stately homes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Varied patterns of woodland create a contrasting landscape, the principal contrast being between the sheltered valleys with their extensive areas of broadleaved woodlands and parkland landscapes, and the much more open plateau areas characterised by woodland blocks and large scale plantations.  Alder woodlands remain a feature of damper valley bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Varied patterns of woodland create a contrasting landscape, the principal contrast being between the sheltered valleys with their extensive areas of broadleaved woodlands and parkland landscapes, and the much more open plateau areas characterised by woodland blocks and large scale plantations.  Alder woodlands remain a feature of damper valley bottoms.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the farming in the area is intensive and arable.  Small areas of permanent pasture exist, especially on steeper slopes or in the narrow valley bottoms, comprising a characteristic component of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly intensive arable
Distinctive small areas of permanent pasture on steeper slopes and in narrow valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	The creamy white Magnesium Limestone is widely used in local buildings,occasionally combined with brick or stone cobbles, and the roofing material is commonly red pantiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Creamy white Magnesian Limestone widely used locally, occasionally with brick or stone cobbles
Roofing material commonly red pantiles


FG KeyChar:
The ridge is cut in several places along its length by a series of rivers, some with dramatic river gorges, including Nidd Gorge at Knaresborough.  The waterbodies of recently restored mineral workings form a feature in the landscape south of Ripon.

Edited_KeyChars:
The ridge is cut in several places along its length by a series of rivers, some with dramatic river gorges, including Nidd Gorge at Knaresborough.  The waterbodies of recently restored mineral workings form a feature in the landscape south of Ripon.


FG KeyChar:
•	The field boundaries are usually low, flailed thorn hedges, although stone walls also occur in many places.  Hedges often follow the topography and serve to emphasise the smooth, rolling landform.  Hedgerow trees are relatively sparse which adds to the open character of farmed landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low, flailed thorn hedges with few hedgerow trees
Hedges that follow landform, emphasising smooth, rolling form
Stone walls also common


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by predominantly Magnesium Limestone geology which is covered in many places by drift deposits.  This forms an escarpment in the west and a gently dipping landform in the east.  Coal deposits are found in the west along with the associated spoil tips, mineral lines and stocking areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by predominantly Magnesium Limestone geology which is covered in many places by drift deposits.  This forms an escarpment in the west and a gently dipping landform in the east.  Coal deposits are found in the west along with the associated spoil tips, mineral lines and stocking areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Roman influence of Ermine Street and Dere Street, basis of much of modern A1
Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge
Water features - unknown but possibly farm ponds or features within parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural ancient woodlands are key habitats, found on the ridge, hill tops, steeper slopes and along small valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant limestone grasslands at risk from agricultural intensification
Remnant valley wetlands


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.
•	The settlement pattern varies from large scattered farmsteads and small nucleated villages to larger towns on the plateau. The area is more heavily settled near Nottingham, where there is also a greater intensity of industrial activity. 
•	Limestone quarrying influences the landscape, especially in the central and southern parts of the ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.
•	The settlement pattern varies from large scattered farmsteads and small nucleated villages to larger towns on the plateau. The area is more heavily settled near Nottingham, where there is also a greater intensity of industrial activity. 
•	Limestone quarrying influences the landscape, especially in the central and southern parts of the ridge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is significant - mainly due to the presence of a number of large country houses and their managed estates - with extensive areas of estate woodlands, plantations and game coverts.  There are also a number of semi-natural, sometimes ancient woodlands on the ridge, sometimes on hill tops or steeper slopes and also along small valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of estate woodland, plantation and game covert
Semi-natural/ ancient woodlands on ridge, hilltops and steeper slopes and along small valleys
In-field trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture which is grazed by dairy cattle.  The poorer draining clays and coastal marsh areas are grazed by cattle and sheep.  Drained areas of moss and coastal plain are under arable cultivation or intensive market gardening.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sheep and cattle grazing on poorly drained clays/ coastal marsh
Arable and market gardening on drained mosses/ coastal plain
Dairy cattle on improved pasture inland


FG KeyChar:
•	Most traditional buildings are constructed of red brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings mainly of red brick


FG KeyChar:
•	Along the coast, the foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats and sand banks, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low cliffs
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive intertidal mudflats and sand banks, backed by saltmarsh, dendritic creeks and low cliffs


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are scarce in this low landscape, generally confined to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries.  
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields are defined by drainage ditches, low hedgerows and, in some higher areas, drystone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear pastures enclosed by drainage ditches and low hedgerows
Drystone walls in some higher areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones which are buried beneath glacial deposits of boulder clay and marine alluvium.  A carboniferous Millstone Grit Sandstones outcrop is found at Heysham Head, creating cliffs and a rocky foreshore.  Drumlins characterise much of the area - drowned in places where they meet the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones which are buried beneath glacial deposits of boulder clay and marine alluvium.  A carboniferous Millstone Grit Sandstones outcrop is found at Heysham Head, creating cliffs and a rocky foreshore.  Drumlins characterise much of the area - drowned in places where they meet the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.

JM KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include early churches, drainage works and canals.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic landscape features that include early churches, drainage works and canals


FG KeyChar:
•	Most areas of moss have been drained and improved for agriculture, though some areas of moss, comprising raised mire, remain near Heysham and are valued semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some surviving areas of moss (raised mire) near Heysham


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are scarce in this low landscape, generally confined to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree cover limited to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium to large fields form an open, large-scale agricultural landscape with a rich patchwork of lush pasture and arable land.  Localised areas of intensive market gardening provide seasonally varied colours and textures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patchwork of lush pasture and arable land
Issue of loss of permananent grassland
Seasonally varied colours and textures from market gardening


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a high density of field ponds, salt marshes are prominent at the heads of estuaries and sand dunes occur along some sections of the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Salt marshes prominent at the heads of estuaries
Sand dunes along some sections of the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	The complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes with localised reedbeds is a reminder of the area’s heritage of wetland reclamation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes with localised reedbeds is a reminder of the area’s heritage of wetland reclamation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	A rectilinear network of lanes and tracks, usually without fences or hedges, subdivides the landscape.
•	Medium to large fields form an open, large-scale agricultural landscape with a rich patchwork of lush pasture and arable land.  Localised areas of intensive market gardening provide seasonally varied colours and textures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medium to large rectilinear fields usually without fences or hedges
Issue of hedgerow neglect and removal
Complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes


FG KeyChar:
•	It is thickly blanketed by glacial till, with poorly-drained peat-filled hollows that give rise to mosses and meres.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	It is thickly blanketed by glacial till, with poorly-drained peat-filled hollows that give rise to mosses and meres.


Edited_KeyChars:
Heritage of wetland reclamation
Designed landscapes associated with large houses locally common in south
Many meres and field ponds (former brick and marl pits) - at risk of drainage


FG KeyChar:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.
•	Urban settlement is concentrated in the planned Victorian coastal resorts and inland towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.
•	Urban settlement is concentrated in the planned Victorian coastal resorts and inland towns.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a relatively flat and gently rolling plain, broken by isolated hills such as Parbold Hill, Beacon Park and Ashurst’s Beacon.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a relatively flat and gently rolling plain, broken by isolated hills such as Parbold Hill, Beacon Park and Ashurst’s Beacon.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are extensive views across the plain, within which small to medium blocks of mixed woodland (wind-sculpted near coast) provide punctuation and vertical accents.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open landscape with prominent small to medium blocks of mixed woodland (wind-sculpted near coast) that are important landmarks
Occasional hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Land use is mainly permanent, improved pasture for dairy and livestock farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Land use is mainly permanent, improved pasture for dairy and livestock farming.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional stone barns are commonplace on higher ground and are of stone with stone flag or slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Traditional stone barns are commonplace on higher ground and are of stone with stone flag or slate roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.
•	Metal railings around estate boundaries are characteristic of the southern and western edges of the Character Area.
•	Medium- to small-scale fields are defined by hedgerows with mature hedgerow trees, growth of which is particularly vigorous in the north. Dry stone walls are also common in some areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.
•	Metal railings around estate boundaries are characteristic of the southern and western edges of the Character Area.
•	Medium- to small-scale fields are defined by hedgerows with mature hedgerow trees, growth of which is particularly vigorous in the north. Dry stone walls are also common in some areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys

Edited_KeyChars:
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.

JM KeyChar:
•	Country house estates, often with well wooded parkland, are commonplace.  Small mill settlements, lead mining remains and derelict lime kilns along the Ribble Valley are also characteristic features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural woodland, much of which is ancient, occurs on the main valley bottoms, side valleys and ridges, and is dominated by oak, ash and alder.
•	There are lush hay meadows and some rough grazing at higher elevations.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Semi-natural woodland, much of which is ancient, occurs on the main valley bottoms, side valleys and ridges, and is dominated by oak, ash and alder.
•	There are lush hay meadows and some rough grazing at higher elevations.


