# NCA_GIS

NAME:
SALISBURY PLAIN AND WEST WILTSHIRE DOWNS


NAME:
NORTH YORKSHIRE MOORS AND CLEVELAND HILLS


NAME:
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, DERBYSHIRE AND YORKSHIRE COALFIELD


NAME:
NORTHERN LINCOLNSHIRE EDGE WITH COVERSANDS


NAME:
DERBYSHIRE PEAK FRINGE AND LOWER DERWENT


NAME:
SHROPSHIRE, CHESHIRE AND STAFFORDSHIRE PLAIN


NAME:
LEICESTERSHIRE AND SOUTH DERBYSHIRE COALFIELD


NAME:
SOUTH NORFOLK AND HIGH SUFFOLK CLAYLANDS


# Tbl_Assessment

Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  1,653ha fens, 894ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These may be having an adverse effect on the landscape if on a slope


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are likely to be associated with restored gravel workings adjacent to the River Ouse, and water bodies in the Marston Vale resulting from clay extraction ie more associated with nature conservation objectives


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,028ha lowland meadows, 112ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Just over 50% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,187 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
28% of uptake is for more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 13,969 ha of fen (15% of the area of the NCA) taken from NCA Key Facts and Data - needs checking


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These options particularly important because of presence of ridge and furrow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for the more beneficial options for removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 230 ha lowland meadows, 104 ha calcareous grassland, 62 ha limestone pavement. Level of uptake addresses the area of these habitats but may also include areas of floodplain grazing marsh (see F6 below)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for more beneficial options for removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 74 ha lowland heathland.  Some uptake for this habitat would be  beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake may well largely relate to the   conservation management of wet gravel pits


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,007ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting uptake is not meeting the threshold. Over 90% of uptake is for wet grassland management and restoration (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake relates to  management of parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of  uptake is for the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/12). Plus 40 km of capital items for  hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
51%  of uptake for the more beneficial very low input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No wetland BAP Habitats identified. The minimal uptake is for fen and reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
majority of uptake is for non-invasive cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potentially associated with scrub management  on the heathlands of the NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 209ha lowland meadows. Majority of uptake for the management of existing species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
None of the uptake is for the protection of ancient pollards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 715ha lowland dry acid grassland, 174ha lowland heathland. Majority of uptake for the restoration of heathland from conifer plantation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 137 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh derived from acidic waters rising from the Greensand aquifers


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very low level of uptake compared to the importance of parkland and wood pasture in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of uptake for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
36% of uptake is for the more beneficial pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  21ha fen.  Some uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 14ha lowland calcareous grasslands, 11ha lowland meadows. Majority of uptake for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Only two trees under HC2 (protection of ancient trees)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 199 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Assessed as positive on this basis, assuming uptake carefully targetted


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very small level of uptake relative to the total area and importance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high level of uptake compared to many of the other lowland NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
50% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture management with very low inputs (E/HK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Area of fen and reed bed not certain.  Majority of uptake relates to management /restoration of fen (HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial (ED2/HD7) that take archaeological sites out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May be negative in the landscape if plots are on sloping ground and therefore visible


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial (ED2/HD7) that take archaeological sites


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Water features likely to be associated with parklands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315 ha lowland meadows, 31ha lowland calcareous grassland. 50% of uptake for restoration /  creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,465 ha of floodplain grazing marsh. LCM may be over-estimating the areas of wet grassland. Almost all uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9 - 14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
44 Registered Parks and Gardens covering 3,004 ha.  Main emphasis of uptake on maintenance of parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This may be being applied to areas of floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 51 ha lowland acid grassland, 5 ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number of agreements for a single NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Where there is a relatively small-scale and irregular field pattern wide buffer strips can detract from the field pattern.  In larger rectilinear fields their presence will help define field pattern


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake under the more beneficial options of (EB3, HB11/12) enhanced hedgerow management.  Plus 21 km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 215ha fen, 158 ha reed bed. 25ha pf uptake for the maintenance of reed bed, remainder for the maintenance and restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for options for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Likely to be associated with the management of chalk grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again the stock is greater than that indicated by LCM


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1276ha lowland calcareous grassland, 338ha lowland meadows. As indicated by the BAP Priority Habitats, the stock is greater than that identified by LCM, as a result the threshold is not met.  Uptake roughly split between the maintenance and restoration / creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 390ha coastal and grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is largely for the creation of new orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
19% of this uptake for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high  environmental quality (EB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  43ha fen. As indicated under Agriculture may be a case for greater support of wetland habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 382 ha lowland calcareous grassland, 253 ha lowland meadows;


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most uptake is on grassland.  Greater uptake on arable land (C1) would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 347ha  floodplain grazing marsh. Low uptake suggests that characteristic wet valley grasslands are not being well-targeted.  More uptake of HK9-14 would help


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 29ha Lowland calcareous grassland, 20ha lowland meadows.  Half of total uptake is for the restoration/creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Compared to other NCAs this is a high percentage uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitats:  62ha lowland heathland, 58ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 445ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh mainly found in the valley of the River Welland in the south and east of the NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high percentage level of uptake compared to other NCAs. Uptake fairly evenly split between maintenance and restoration / creation of parkland / wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Given the very great importance of hedgerow trees in the landscape much higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high level of hedgerow uptake. 8% of uptake for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake is for the more beneficial removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 37ha lowland dry acid grassland, 15ha lowland meadows. With careful targeting area of uptake could be benefiting the BAP Priority Habitats. 65 ha of uptake is for the restoration/creation of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 32ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Area of BAP Priority Habitat suggests that if targeted this uptake may be benefitting areas of remaining BAP Priority Habitat.  Uptake entirely relates to wet grasslands rather than rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
6% of uptake for more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  21ha reed bed.  Greater uptake of these options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of D5 would be beneficial as archaeology on grass is a very important characteristic of this area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 394ha lowland meadow, 247 ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 69 ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 925ha floodplain grazing marsh. With careful targeting the area of uptake may be benefiting this BAP habitat. Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May be positive if focused on coast but no information on this


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake but could be better given size and landscape importance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of capital items would be good as this is an important landscape element


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake given that the NCA is small


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake given that ditches are not characteristic of whole NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake given that ditches occur in only parts of this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive on basis that ditches only occur in valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive on basis that ditches are characteristic of valley floors only


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Rated positive although below threshold as ditches occur only in valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively low level of uptake given importance of ditches and dykes in the landscape.  Main uptake  EB6 / EB7 plus 12km of capital items for ditch restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Associated with low lying areas and grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive on basis that ditches characteristic only of valley floors


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Rated positive as ditches characteristic of valleys only


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 45ha Upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 480ha upland calcareous grassland.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 55ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,637ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Actual resource appears from mapping to be very limited so objective not selected


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 815ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 31ha Upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 888ha upland calcareous grassland, 776ha limestone pavement.  Likely to be covered by options under F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 7,644ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 55ha upland calcareous grassland.  Positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 92ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 268ha lowland meadows, 119ha lowland calcareous grassland; 80ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 71ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake should be higher given importance of parkland in this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all, although parkland is not especially extensive in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at although this is a key landscape feature


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all although parkland is perhaps the key historic landscape feature


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all although parkland is a key landscape feature


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake although parkland is a key characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Probably restoration of wood pasture - positive although only a small area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very poor uptake indeed - target for improvement


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not identified as a key characteristic but considerable stock.  Low uptake - may need improved targeting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake for this key landscape element - better targeting needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mostly maintenance not restoration of parkland ie need more C13


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not really a key characteristic.  However considerable stock with no uptake at all suggesting need for greater tageting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not really a key characteristic.  However considerable stock with no uptake at all


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake but not a key characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake although not identified as a key characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake surprisingly low.  Improvement would yield landscape benefits


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Disappointingly low.  Valley/riparian woodlands probably especially vulnerable and would benefit from improved uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A key objective with disappointingly low uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More C5 sheep fencing around small woodlands would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake indeed - woodlands therefore vulnerable to grazing


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake even though grazing is a key threat to semi-natural woodland here


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Avoid fencing along watercourses where possible


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Considerable uptake although below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Locate fallow plots with care in landscape to avoid negative effects (may not be too prominent though in this relatively flat landscape)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Quite high uptake although still below threshold but unlikely to be prominent in this flat landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively high uptake but unlikely to have negative effect in this low-lying landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Considerable uptake although below threshold.  Could have some negative impact as plots very visible in rolling landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake but unlikely to be intrusive in this flat  and intensively farmed landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This uptake likely to relate to the conservation management of meres rather than the management of historic water bodies


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 205ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 37ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP priority Habitats:  107ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 48ha lowland meadow, 40ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  97ha lowland meadows, 51ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 54ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 68ha lowland meadows, 54ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Rated positive on this basis but not enough to justify strongly positive for theme as whole


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 33ha lowland meadows;  29ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake considered neutral only in light of BAP Priority Habitat figures.  BAP Priority Habitats: 504ha lowland calcareous grassland, 336ha lowland meadows, 250ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 106ha lowland calcareous grassland, 54ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 65ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1246 lowland calcareous grassland, 164 lowland meadows but uptake is insufficient to also cover the areas of upland calcareous and limestone grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 5,987ha lowland calcareous grassland, 617ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  95ha lowland meadows, 78ha lowland calcareous grassland; 219ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 76ha lowland calcareous grassland, 60ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1073ha lowland calcareous grassland, 194ha lowland meadows, 113ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  301ha lowland meadows;  604ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 904ha lowland calcareous grassland, 222ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,749ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 343 ha lowland meadows.  More uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 363ha lowland meadows, 132ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Rate as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 381ha lowland meadows; 91ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 721ha lowland dry acid grassland; 88ha upland calcareous grassland; 733ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 122ha lowland meadows; 308ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 539ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 877ha lowland meadow.  Assessed as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 50ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake tiny.  BAP Priority Habitats: 233ha lowland meadows; 96ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 39ha lowland meadows, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 286ha lowland meadows, 157ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 170ha lowland meadows; , 60ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake of K7 for restoration.  BAP Priority Habitats: 131ha lowland calcareous grassland; 297ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitast: 4,086ha lowland meadows, 49ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 85ha lowland meadows, 49ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Assessed as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 226ha lowland meadows, 49ha of calcareous grassland.   Rated as positive on this basis. Of total uptake 73% for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 37ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 163ha lowland meadows; 344ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 8,272ha lowland dry acid grassland; 377ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,010ha lowland dry acid grassland; 2,843ha lowland calcareous grassland, 2,360ha upland calcareous grassland; 1,716ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 136 ha upland calcareous grassland; 2,186 ha lowland dry acidic grassland; 58ha lowland meadows.  Identified as positive on this basis. 72% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 133ha lowland dry acid grassland, 125ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 47ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 49ha lowland meadows.  Uptake is mainly for restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 162ha lowland meadows; 1,506ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 35ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 32ha lowland meadows; 80ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315ha lowland meadows, 88ha lowland calcareous grassland; 57 ha lowland acidic grassland.  Rated positive on this basis. 68% of uptake for the restoration/ creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 103 ha lowland meadow.  Identified as neutral as very low areas of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake (around 70%) is K7, restoration.  BAP Priority Habitat: 51ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Almost 80% of uptake is for restoration.  BAP Priority Habitat: 98ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 126ha lowland meadows; 99ha lowland acidic grassland. 72%  of uptake relates to the restoration and creation of species-rich  grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  149ha lowland meadow; 75ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 240 ha lowland meadow; 105ha lowland acidic grassland.  69% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is mainly for restoration and creation (K7 and K8).  BAP Priority Habitat: 40ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 125ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough to justify positive on theme as a whole. Mainly restoration (K7) and creation (K8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
22% of uptake is for the more beneficial management with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 99ha reedbeds, 65ha fens. 34ha of uptake is for reed beds and 21 ha for fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater part of uptake is for taking archaeological features out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake more likely to be associated with areas of gravel workings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 459ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  If carefully targeted uptake may be assisting the areas of floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake justifies strongly positive assessment for this theme. 16% of uptake is for the moor beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
21% of uptake under more beneficial options for very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  82ha fen, , 45ha reed bed.  Nearly all uptake relates to the management /restoration of fen (HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake for protection of the archaeological resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 401ha lowland meadows.  68% of total uptake for restoration / creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 44ha acidic grassland, 10ha lowland heathland.  All uptake for  restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 592ha floodplain grazing marsh.  If carefully targeted uptake may be benefiting areas of BAP Priority Habitat.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9 - 14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The primary focus of uptake is on restoration of parkland (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake is more beneficial (EB3, HB11/12) for enhanced hedgerow management .  Plus  35 km of capital items for  hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake under more beneficial  EK3/UL3 for very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 311 ha upland heathland. Assessed as positive to reflect this. 38% of uptake is for  restoration of moorland HL10


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 42 ha lowland meadows, 123ha upland calcareous grassland.  76% of uptake for restoration /  creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake under more beneficial  ED2/HD7 taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important as significant lengths of hedgerow have been lost in the past


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 44ha lowland acidic grassland and 17ha lowland heathland. Uptake may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 166 ha floodplain grazing marsh, 81ha rush pasture.  Careful targeting of uptake could be benefitting areas of BAP Priority Habitat. Vast majority of current uptake is for wet grassland management and creation (HK9, 11, 12, 13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake dominated by HC12 for parkland management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31%  of uptake for more beneficial EB3, HB11/12 , UB14. Plus 94km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
10% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
45% of uptake is for the restoration of moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough uptake to influence overall assessment for the theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial, with cultivation on the floodplains which are likely to be areas of former human activity


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 19ha lowland meadows. With careful targeting uptake may be benefitting areas of BAP Priority Habitat.  The majority of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,158ha blanket bog. Missed opportunity that there is no uptake for moorland re-wetting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low stock and uptake so given little weight


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 449ha lowland heathland.  Reflecting the BAP Priority Habitats greater uptake would be beneficial but may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12) - e.g. as should be applied to the ancient hedgerows of the road verges


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake valuable in conserving areas of permanent pasture - will be particularly valuable if located on the floodplains


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial, especially in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number of protected trees compared to many NCAs.  Valuable in an area where hedgerow trees have been lost


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 74ha lowland meadows. 264ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 211ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  If carefully targeted these may be benefitting the areas of BAP Priority Habitat.  Greater uptake would be valuable especially where this reinstates traditional wet meadows.  Approx. 110ha of uptake is for the restoration/creation of wet grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial.  Majority of current uptake for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high percentage of uptake compared to other NCAs. 91ha of uptake is for the maintenance of traditional orchards and 139ha for their restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Particularly beneficial that hedgerows have been brought under ES management, encouraging them to grow thicker and higher


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake is for the more beneficial vey low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 23ha lowland meadows. 255ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some areas of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake split between restoration and maintenance of grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high percentage uptake compared to most NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
10% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management and hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high percentage of uptake relative to many NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake levels not enough to influence overall assessment for this theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 64ha lowland meadows.  Majority of uptake is for species-rich grassland restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very significant % area of uptake compared to other NCAs and a highly characteristic feature of this NCA.  Roughly 70% of uptake is for the maintenance of traditional orchards and 30% for their restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of  uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 29ha lowland meadow.  77% of uptake  for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 38ha lowland heathland.  Uptake for lowland heathland  would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 527ha blanket bog.  Uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 52,734ha blanket bog.  Uptake better than in other NCAs but still small


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,979ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 6,260ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 28,702ha blanket bog.  Almost no uptake although blanket bog is a key habitat


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 129ha blanket bog.  Rated positive but the actual area involved is very small


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Extremely low uptake.  BAP Priority Habitat: 20,965ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,958ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake could be improved - very small given intensive arable character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Could be applied more widely in this landscape, which has a significant arable component


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These options could add interest to this largely arable landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of F6 options could help diversify this mainly arable landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Overwintering stubbles could be applied much more widely


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very little uptake although there could be significant benefit to landscape character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
4% of uptake for the more beneficial very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 for pasture under very low inputs (E(H)K3) - helpin retain the areas of permanent pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake under the more beneficial options for pasture under very low inputs (E(H)K3/E(H)L3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
40% of uptake under the more beneficial option for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EK3/EL3 pasture with very low  inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
26% of uptake is for the more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reduction in permanent pasture is an issue in this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake although below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
65% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 for very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Notable that 76% of uptake is for the more beneficial pasture with very low inputs (EK3) - one of the  highest percentages across all NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Target to river valleys and coastal grazing marsh.  BAP Priority Habitat: 205ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 65ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1767ha (1931ha) lowland heathland, 142ha lowland dry acidic grassland. Majority of uptake for the restoration of heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 565 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  This suggests that with careful targeting current uptake is having a positive effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake would be beneficial in this landscape where parkland and wood pasture is a defining characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake relative to the importance of ponds in this medieval landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There is no accurate measure of the length of dykes.  Compared to the Broads a comparable length of uptake would be 561 km, suggesting that even allowing for the small size of this NCA (36,680ha)the length of uptake of ditches is falling below the threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 97ha Lowland calcareous grassland.  All uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: Reed bed area currently under investigation and so stock data is uncertain .  Uptake evenly spread between reed bed management , reed bed restoration and fen restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,961 ha Coastal vegetated shingle; 243ha sand dunes.  Roughly 75% of uptake is for the maintenance of sand dunes and 25% for their restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 32ha Lowland heathland; 11ha lowland dry acidic grassland. Some uptake might be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,732ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
76% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EK3 Very low fertiliser inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake, 18 ha (HD3) reduced depth of cultivation and 12 ha for taking archaeology out of cultivation (HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
63% of uptake relates to HK7 Restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  13ha reed bed. Uptake largely relates to the creation of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake of deer fencing may have negative impact but also protects woodlands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Rare example of significant uptake, with potentially negative landscape impact


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively high uptake although below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively high uptake and close to threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May detract from the landscape if fence lines are highly visible and views to water obscured


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 273ha upland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 23ha  upland calcareous grassland. Likely to be covered under the uptake for F1


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  527 lowland raised bog, suggesting with careful targetting uptake may be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 888ha lowland raised bog. Uptake distributed across lowland raised bog, reedbed and fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 765ha fens.  Appears to be significant resource, so selected even though this is an 'upland' area.  Threshold not met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 786ha floodplain grazing marsh, 268ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 338ha floodplain grazing marsh, 139ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,965ha reedbeds.  Little uptake, may need better targeting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 3,688ha floodplain grazing marsh, 197ha fens, 160ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 96ha fens, 96ha reedbeds.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 103ha fens.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake very low given size of stock and key landscape role.  Priority habitats: 414ha fens, 182ha floodplain grazing marsh, 38ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  482ha fens, 246ha reedbed. More Q5 and Q8 (habitat creation) would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 10ha lowland raised bog (this seems a low total compared to the historic significance of this habitat)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 388 ha lowland raised bog.  More uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 103ha fens, 82ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 348ha fens, 99ha floodplain grazing marsh.  No uptake despite evidence of stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 258ha fen, 164ha reedbed. Uptake mainly of fen and reedbed options - appropriate


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 3,103ha lowland raised bog, 2,032ha reed beds, 512ha fen. Rated neutral on this basis.  Uptake covers fen (mainly) reedbeds and lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 483ha reedbeds, 213ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake.  BAP Priority Habitat: 349ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Fen appears rare although mentioned as a key characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 5,789ha fens, 1,249ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 674ha fen, 294ha  reedbeds.  Higher uptake of relevant options desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 69ha flood plain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 126ha lowland raised bog, 32ha reedbeds.  Rated as positive on this basis.  Significant uptake for restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Apparently no BAP Priority Habitat of fen as such


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 90ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 33ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake for restoration of lowland raised bog (Q10).  BAP Priority Habitat: 341ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 717ha lowland raised bog.  Rated positive on this basis. Uptake primarily relates to fen (HQ6 - 8).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Identified as neutral as very low areas of uptake.  Current uptake is for restoration of fen (HQ7) and management / restoration of lowland raised bog (HQ9/10).  Insufficient area of uptake to  change the 'Neutral'  assessment for the theme overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake mainly restoration of fen.  BAP Priority Habitat: 43ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 619ha fen, 453ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 134ha reedbed.   Greater uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly restoration of fen (Q7).  BAP Priority Habitat: 28ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 44ha fen, 8ha reedbed.  Most uptake for restoration of fen (HQ7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 44ha fens, 43ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 189ha fens, 135ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all.  BAP Priority Habitats: 161ha reedbeds, 121ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake, 8.5 km relates to Enhanced hedgerow management (EK3), another 3km to capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,493ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. All but 8ha of uptake is for the management, restoration and creation of wet grasslands (for over-wintering and breeding waders) HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that 46% of uptake relates to more beneficial EK3 Management of permanent pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target this is likely to be a significant length of ditches under option within the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
81% of uptakes relates to reduced depth of cultivation (ED3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 574ha of calcareous grassland, 85ha lowland meadow.  Uptake  likely to cover both chalk grassland and flood plain grazing marsh.  Of total uptake  76% is for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  330ha fen, 17ha reed beds. Uptake largely relates to reed bed and fen management and restoration.  Greater uptake of fen options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 15% under Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) or Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12). A further 5% covers capital items associated with hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
74ha of uptake is for the maintenance of lowland heathland and 47ha for its restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Probably forming part of designed parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1339ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh including important river valley habitats. All but 9ha of this uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for overwintering and breeding waders) HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 3rd amongst all NCAs indicating a high level of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total area of uptake, 60%  is under the more beneficial option EK3 for Very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Can help emphasise the location of ditches


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A significant feature of the coastal plain


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 188ha lowland meadow, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland. Over 70% uptake is for restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  274ha reedbeds,  98ha fen. All uptake relates to reedbed management , restoration and creation (HQ3 - 5).  Some uptake for fens would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake under EB3/ HB11 for enhanced hedgerow management. Plus 16%      of uptake under capital items for t hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake under the more beneficial  EB3 /EL3 pasture management with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 40ha lowland meadows and 10ha calcareous grassland  84%  of uptake for restoration of species rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 562 ha fens, 350ha reed beds. Significantly greater uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake for the more beneficial ED2  take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 53ha lowland dry acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
0.5ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
74% of uptake is for the creation of wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
8% of uptake is for the more beneficial EB3 & HB11/12 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of uptake for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 111ha lowland meadows, 43ha lowland calcareous grassland. Uptake roughly split between maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is for the maintenance of salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 80ha lowland dry acid grassland.  All uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 123 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Possible that much of this uptake relates to maintenance and restoration of wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are an important characteristic of the NCA and in this instance the main feature to lie outside the remit of the Forestry Commission


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 16 km of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) or the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (EB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This may be an under-estimation of the contribution of ES to small farm woodlands in that the majority of the woodland resource is made up of the central Forest blocks managed by the Forestry Commission


Greatest_benefit_comments:
27% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These will help define field pattern in areas of larger Parliamentary enclosure


Greatest_benefit_comments:
75% of uptake is for  the more beneficial removal from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs - assumed that it also covers hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  383ha lowland meadows, 146ha lowland calcareous grassland, 8ha acidic grassland.  Over 100ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake evenly split between maintenance of reed bed and manitenance of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again this is a very high number compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
One of the few NCAs to meet this threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Plots likely to be detrimental to the landscape if viewed on a slope


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 13,923ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a significant area of uptake compared to other NCAs, reflecting the strong orchard tradition of the area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A high level of agreements for lowland England


Greatest_benefit_comments:
35% of uptake for EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake relates to the removal of archaeology from cultivation (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target uptake likely to be significant in the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,984ha calcareous grassland, 654ha  lowland meadow. 67% of uptake for restoration  / creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8).  Uptake likely to relate to areas of limestone and wet grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  50ha reedbed, 26ha  fen.  Uptake relates to fen and reedbed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
While beneficial for birds, can create an 'Advent Calendar' effect when on slopes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 93 ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1225 ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 14ha rush pasture and purple moor grass.  Taking these figures of stock, uptake does not meet the threshold. Of the total area of uptake 65% is for the restoration of wet grassland and the remainder for its management (HK9 - 13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake potentially required in this landscape where estate landscapes are a central characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 71% relates to restoration and creation of traditional orchards (HC20/21)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and (HB11/12). Plus 61 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
32% of uptake for the more beneficial very low input pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake of wide grass buffer strips would help reinforce a now diluted field pattern


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if  greater proportion of ED2 (taking sites out of cultivation) compared to ED3 (reduced depth of cultivation)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,265ha of lowland meadow, 38ha lowland calcareous grassland. 54% of uptake for restoration/creation of species rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 68ha reed beds, 29ha fen. Greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potentially may have an adverse effect if viewed on a slope


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher uptake would be beneficial given past significant loss of hedgerows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 6,467ha  floodplain grazing marsh, 16ha purple moor grass and rush pasture.  80% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-14) with the remainder for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There is a significant parkland resource but no uptake of HC12 / 13 for parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if  higher levels of uptake of HC18/20/21 for the maintenance/  restoration/ creation of  traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there were higher levels of uptake of HC7 - many woodlands are small and may fall under the EWGS threshold of 3ha


Greatest_benefit_comments:
From a landscape perspective better if these fences are avoided


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Suspected that this uptake includes hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 61ha lowland meadows, 23ha lowland dry acidic grassland, 19ha lowland calcareous grassland. Uptake evenly divided between the maintenance and restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Planting and gapping up needed to restore hedgerow lengths


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
17% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
39% of uptake for pasture with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake relates to options that take archaeology out of cultivation (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1192 ha calcareous grassland, 161ha lowland meadow.  58%     of uptake for  restoration/creation of species-rich grassland (HK7/8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats :  52ha fen, 16ha  reedbed.  Majority of uptake relates to fen (HQ6/7), remainder to reedbeds (HQ3/4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Needed where hedgerows have become very gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 51ha lowland acidic grassland, 14ha lowland heathland. Total uptake  for restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 341ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. The area of BAP Priority Habitat suggests that with careful targeting the area  of uptake may be benefitting the  most important areas of wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
16% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and HB11/12.  Plus 40 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although overall uptake is low, 50% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Exceeds the 40km threshold for river valleys but it is hedgerows that are the main boundary features of this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for the more beneficial removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  377ha lowland meadows. Roughly half of the total uptake is for the restoration / creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:   304ha reed beds, 252ha fens.  Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Restoration of hedgerows required where hedgerows becoming gappy, as in the predominantly arable areas and where elm suckering is prevalent


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 838ha lowland heathland, 517ha lowland dry acid grassland.  The total BAP area for heathland suggests that the threshold is not being met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,677 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. All uptake is for wet grasslands (rather than rush pastures), mainly the maintenance of wet grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
78% of uptake is for the restoration of parkland - part of this uptake may relate to the restoration of wood pasture which is characteristic of this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake is for the more beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Unusual across the NCAs as a whole to  see a significant amount of uptake for these options.  Uptake is for the restoration of water meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ponds are an important characteristic of this landscape but this uptake cannot compensate for the low levels of uptake across all other elements of the historic environment


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat:  34ha lowland meadows.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 33ha lowland meadow, 27 ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Roughly 40% of uptake is for the maintenance of species-rich grassland and 60% for its restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 40ha fens, 14 ha reed beds. If carefully targeted this uptake may be benefiting the areas of BAP Priority Habitat.  46ha of uptake is for the maintenance of reed bed and 32 ha for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although not meeting the threshold, this is a larger area of hay meadow uptake than seen in many NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 472ha of coastal marshes. 142ha of uptake is for the restoration of sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  77ha lowland heathland.  Some uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,307ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh (this figure is may not be accurate). The majority of uptake is for the management of wet grassland rather than management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
6%  of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake likely to be associated with the management of heathland on commons


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  Noted that there is no uptake for  protection of ancient trees (HC5/6) which would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 16ha lowland meadow. 72ha of uptake for the maintenance of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 361ha fens.  Greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 22ha lowland heath. Majority (40ha)of uptake for the maintenance of heathland but 20ha for restoration from conifer plantation (HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Restoration of hedgerows required where hedgerows have become thin and gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: -  Uptake for management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
28% of uptake for the more beneficial very low  input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This uptake  is likely to be associated with the management of heathland areas


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Appears that these options are also being used to protect hedgerow trees.  Noted that there is no uptake for  protection of ancient trees (HC5/6) which would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 294ha lowland meadows; 17ha calcareous grassland. 196 ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland and the remainder for its maintenance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 531ha reedbed, 20ha fens.  The majority of the uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,133ha lowland dry acid grassland, 68ha lowland heathland. All of the uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland  (HO2/3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 236ha Coastal flood plain & grazing marsh.  Greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
NCA Profile identifies 3164km of hedgerows. 18% of uptake for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/HB12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
55% of uptake under more beneficial EK3 pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below target likely to be a significant length of ditch under option within the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5% of uptake under E/HD2 for taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,334 ha calcareous grassland,108ha lowland meadows. 59% of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 14ha reed bed/ fen.  Uptake for  reed beds (HQ3/4) and fens (HQ6 / 7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5% of uptake under E/HD2 for taking archaeology out of cultivation.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important where hedgerow lengths have become very gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 302ha grazing marsh. This area of BAP  Priority Habitat suggests that with careful targeting current uptake should be positive for the landscape even if the overall threshold is not achieved.  But uptake not enough to influence overall theme score.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for over-wintering waders) HK10, 12, 14.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
30% of uptake for more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and HB11/12, plus  23 km of capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
29% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although not meeting the overall threshold, meets the threshold of 40km in river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
95% of uptake relates to reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority HabitatS: 151ha lowland meadows, 95ha lowland calcareous grassland.  69% of uptake for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 14ha lowland heathland.  All uptake for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Hedgerow renewal would be beneficial where hedgerows have become gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 251 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Nearly all uptake is for the maintenance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake is for the more beneficial management of pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  615ha lowland meadows, 246ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Majority of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 903ha reedbeds.  Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Main uptake is for the creation of traditional  orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  87ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 563ha of Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. This suggests that the level of uptake is having an evident beneficial effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is for the restoration of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all - surprising as there is a significant resource here.  BAP Priority Habitat: 5512ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Disappointing level of uptake.  BAP Priority Habitat: 22015ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 13,344ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake level poor considering size of resource.  BAP Priority Habitat: 64,685ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all.  BAP Priority Habitat: 99ha blanket bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake despite the fact that wet grasslands appear to be a key landscape feature, that should be targeted.  BAP Priority Habitat: 9,460ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,294ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 254ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis (but not enough to make whole theme positive)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 777ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 124ha purple moor grass and rush pasture, suggesting that with carefully targeting uptake is positive. 31% of uptake for restoration of wet grassland, remainder for rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
5379ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Uptake is primarily for wet grassland management and restoration (HK9-12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Assessed as positive as wet grassland occurs in part of NCA only (river floodplain) but not enough to make whole theme positive.  BAP Priority Habitat: 95 ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 786ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 338ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,688ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Assessed as neutral on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,368ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Better uptake of these options would be good - wet grassland important to this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 610ha floodplain grazing marsh. Although with careful targeting this may be having a positive effect, it is small compares to the limited impact under objectives C1 & C2 - hence the neutral score for the theme as a whole


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Rated neutral on this basis.  Calculations based on LCM may be underestimating the area of wet grasslands. Majority of uptake relates to management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-11)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 8,920ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh and 125ha rush pasture. Calculations based on LCM may be under-estimating the extent of wet grassland.  Majority of uptake for management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9/11)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,278ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 552ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 215ha Coastal and flood plain grazing marsh suggesting with careful targeting uptake may be positive to the landscape but area is small relative to the agricultural area therefore judged as neutral overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 6,058ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Nearly all uptake relates to the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3106ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 813ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 172ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 5042ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2,421 ha floodplain grazing marsh.   Nearly all uptake is for the management/ restoration of wet grasslands (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 167ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Borderline positive if this is used as stock but left as neutral as area is so small


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake.  Area is supposed to have BAP Priority Habitat: 349ha floodplain grazing marsh but wet grassland is not mentioned in NCA descriptions, so uncertain if this is correct


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake only for rush pasture not wet grassland management.  BAP Priority Habitat: 269ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Nearly all uptake is for rush pasture management E(H)K4/EL4


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 141ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 469ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat; 1,842 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Over 90% of uptake is for the restoration and management of wet grasslands (HK9-13).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Woodland creation is a key objective for this landscape, where a new character needs to be created


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Woodland creation identified as potentially beneficial to this former coalfield landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake takes in a wide range of the relevant options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Presumably these are mainly hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake probably represents hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake limited although these trees (probably actually hedgerow trees) are important to landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake, includes ancient trees.  At least some of the trees covered are probably hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are probably mainly field boundary trees (often along walls as well as hedges)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake, especially on arable land, would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake reasonable but still lowish and mainly on grass, not arable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake low and mostly on grassland not arable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Assessed as positive given the small size of this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable, given that there are hedgerow trees only around edges of area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake on arable land would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Excellent uptake but mainly on grass; greater uptake on arable too would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not bad uptake given that in-field and hedgerow tree cover is limited in this NCA.  But mainly on grass - better uptake on arable would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In-field trees protected mainly on grass; greater protection on arable would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Surprisingly high uptake for this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake considering trees occur only in west


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively high uptake given that in-field trees are not a key characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of C1 for protection for trees on arable land could be improved


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Probably potential for greater uptake of options C5 and C6 for ancient trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake not bad as hedgerow trees characteristic only of lower ground


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Quite high uptake given that trees are localised within valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake given that this is a small NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake mainly on grassland not arable land


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a HUGE uptake compared to other NCAs. But much greater uptake of HC5 and HC6 for ancient trees would be helpful


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very good uptake but probably scope for greater uptake on arable land (C5 and C6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Nearly all on grassland.  Greater uptake of C1 and C5 for trees/ ancient trees on arable land would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of C5 and C6 for ancient trees would be helpful in this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake on arable land (C1) very limited.  Also, no uptake of C5 and C6 for ancient trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake, including some trees on arable land (C1) and ancient trees (C5), but still below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake although many of these trees are key landscape features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake given relatively small NCA size


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively low uptake given importance of field trees to landscape character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
340ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
152ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1177ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
472ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3208ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1126ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland. 2nd highest number of agreements in England


Greatest_benefit_comments:
341ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
167ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1150ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland. By far the highest level of agreements in the country


Greatest_benefit_comments:
39ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorlandFair uptake considering limited area of moorland in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Surprisingly low uptake of K5 options, more would be good to reinforce pastoral character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1747ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of option uptake relates to The management of stone-faced hedgebanks (EB4 / EB5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 5th amongst all NCAs in terms of number of agreements supporting historic building restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very limited uptake of options for stone walls although stone walls are a feature of Outakes on the moorland fringes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that uptake relates almost entirely to options that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 148ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  84ha lowland meadows, 34ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake in a landscape where estate plantings and wood pasture are key features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of total uptake 54 km is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low stock, explaining the lack of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 152ha lowland heathland, 34ha lowland dry acid grassland.


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:   Some uptake for the management of fen would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,531ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. 36ha purple moor grass & rush pasture. Uptake primarily of options for wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
From a landscape perspective it is better if these fences are avoided


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if there was a higher proportion of the area under EB3 (Very low inputs) compared to EB2 (Low inputs).  Currently the ratio is roughly 40:60.   A 50:50 ratio would be better


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 658ha lowland meadows, 282 ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
160ha relates to the maintenance of parkland / wood pasture,  remainder for the restoration and recreation of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Includes combined hedge and ditch management (some 70km). Would benefit from greater uptake under EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management (currently 66 km)and HB11 / 12 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (currently 164km)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if higher levels of HC21 for traditional orchard creation reflecting that many orchards have been lost


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Again good that the majority of uptake relates to ED2 & HD7 taking archaeological features out of cultivation rather than ED3 Reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
There has been no uptake of HP5/6 for the management and restoration of salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 186 ha acid grassland and 15 ha lowland heath. 86% of uptake for the restoration of heathland (HO2/O3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  Current uptake equally distributed between removal of archaeology from cultivation and reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1448 ha upland heathland. Of  total uptake, 57% is under HLS for Moorland management and restoration while the remaining 43% is under EL6 Unenclosed moorland rough grazing.  Likely to be co-location of options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
44% of uptake for the more beneficial EB3 very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake for restoration of species-rich grassland desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 31% under enhanced hedgerow management EB3  / management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality HB11/12


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake under these options would be very beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 539 lowland heathland  and 186ha lowland acidic grassland. Transition between upland and lowland heath suggest that there should be some uptake for lowland heathland but  may be covered under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
With important archaeological features on moorland surprising no  agreements for  UE13 for archaeology on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The hedgerow beeches are a key characteristic of the Quantocks.  But the   relevant ELS options may not be addressing the primary issues in the Quantocks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Earthbanks with beech a central characteristic so lack of uptake surprising


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 10,228ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that roughly one third of uptake (some 5,000 hectares) relates to options with very low fertiliser inputs (EK3 / EL3) Beneficial if this ratio increased to 50:50


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important to protect upland woodland from grazing stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 320ha lowland meadow, suggesting the threshold is met. Uptake evenly split between maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake of HC12 - HC14 covering the management, restoration and creation of parkland/ wood pasture.  Higher uptake would be very beneficial - shortfall may be covered by HLS Capital items HAP and OES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that roughly a third of all uptake relates to enhanced hedgerow  management (EB3) with remainder largely under EB1/EB2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,205ha blanket bog suggesting that the threshold is not met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good roughly even mix between HC18 - 21 covering the maintenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 920ha coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,683ha lowland heathland and 807ha lowland acidic grassland. Important for the management of the coastal heaths.  Possible that uptake may be covered under the moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 623ha purple moor grass and rush pasture, 534ha floodplain grazing marsh. Uptake almost entirely relates to rush pasture management (EK4/ L4).  Benefit if greater uptake of HK9 -H K14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
4695ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland (the highest area of any NCA in England). Ranked 8th in terms of level of uptake across all NCAs and therefore positive in effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 163ha fens, 104ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most uptake is for maintenance only.  BAP Priority Habitats: 1835ha reedbeds; 1411ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively good uptake but could improve further


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial as these banks are a distinctive characteristic of the area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Appears to be significant stock of banks but little management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potential for greater use of buffer strips especially along degraded watercourses


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Limited uptake even though this is a mainly arable landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Considerable uptake although threshold is not met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake given this is a mainly arable landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would probably be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake under the more beneficial option (EK3) enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
18% of uptake under the more beneficial options (EB3/HB11/12) for enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake overall but more hedgerow restoration (B14) would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake under the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/12) environmental quality (HB11/12).  Plus  157km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EB3, HB112/12 enhanced hedgerow management.  Plus 9km of capital works for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 25% of uptake for EB3 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20% of uptake relates to more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (E/HB3,HB11/12). Plus 23km covered by capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 73ha Purple Moor Grass and Rush Pasture.  Although the threshold is not met, careful targeting may be benefiting areas of BAP Priority Habitat. Area not sufficient to score positive overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All but 0.4km of this uptake is for Stone-faced Hedgebank management, the characteristic boundary of this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that at least 40% of this uptake relates to option EK3 (very low fertiliser inputs)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake relates to the management  of rush pasture  -  appropriate in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Hedges form a component of the highly characteristic hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
158ha (70%) of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake required.  Uptake  almost entirely related to the more beneficial options ED2 and HD7 that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 14 ha Coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,961ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of this uptake relates to options for the maintenance of stone-faced hedgebanks (the highly characteristic Cornish hedges) EB4 / EB5 with under 30km relating to the maintenance and restoration of earth banks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of these options would be highly beneficial in this ancient landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority (460ha) under EK2 Low fertiliser inputs with the more beneficial EK3 Very low fertiliser inputs covering some 240ha


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake is under the more beneficial ED2 Taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Vast majority of uptake for hedgerow management (EB1 / EB2).  Only a very small amount of uptake for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management  (EB3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 46ha sand dunes.  ES uptake could be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,296ha of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 315ha of fen and 28ha of reedbed.  Greater uptake for fen habitats (HQ6, HQ7) would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 92ha fen, 23ha reed bed.  Identified as positive on this basis. Uptake focuses on the maintenance of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake  mainly relates to fen.  Greater uptake of reed bed options (Q3 and Q4) would be good.  BAP Priority Habitats: 396ha fens, 298ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake mainly for fen, including restoration (Q7) but very small area.  BAP Priority Habitats: 161ha reedbeds, 131ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 6,277ha reedbeds, 4,116ha fen.  80% of uptake is for fen and 20% for reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 9,957ha reedbeds, 48ha fen. Uptake entirely relates to reedbed (HQ3-5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,089ha  reedbeds; 444ha fen.  79% of uptake relates to  maintenance of reed beds (HQ3) and  19% to maintenance of fen (HQ6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is for fen maintenance and restoration.  BAP Priority Habitat: 111ha fens.  LCM stock figure appears to be an overestimate.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most uptake is for fen.  BAP Priority Habitats: 833ha fens, 382ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 5622ha reedbeds, 841ha fens.  Nearly all of uptake is for fens, including restoration and creation.  Greater uptake for reedbed might benefit landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonably high uptake although still below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough on its own to justify positive assessment on theme when other objectives have no uptake at all


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough on its own to swing result to positive when other key objectives are not met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Small but probably important area. Not enough uptake overall to be assessed as positive for the theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough uptake to give an overaall positive score


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Included in this instance, despite small stock, as NCA is small.  However not enough to outweigh poor performance on parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake given scale and importance of resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1152ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland.  3rd highest number of agreements across England


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
20ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
455ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1154ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
373ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
186ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
857ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 70ha  floodplain grazing marsh. Identified as positive on this basis but insufficient area of uptake to change the 'Neutral'  assessment for the theme overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  BAP Priority Habitat: 502ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
453 ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Assessed as positive on this basis.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9-14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 53ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 394ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Assessed as positive on this basis.   Majority of uptake relates to the management and restoration of wet grasslands (HK9 & 11) with small areas under rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Bap Priority Habitat: 2,431 floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 4,231ha floodplain grazing marsh.  LCM figure appears to be a significant underestimate.  Assessed as neutral on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 301ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 333ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 499ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 138ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Appears well targeted.  BAP Priority Habitat: 272ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
943 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that LCM figure is an under-estimate of the area of wet grasslands. All uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for waders) HK9-11 & 13


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Apparently no coastal and floodplain grazing marsh BAP Priority Habitat


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly restoration and creation (K11, K12 and K14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11,563 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that LCM wet grassland may be a significant under-estimate.  Over 90% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for waders) HK9-14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12,729ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  In this case, LCM may be significantly under-estimating the area of wet grasslands.  Nearly all uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for waders) HK9-14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
3,209 ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  All uptake relates to the management and restoration of wet grassland (HK9 - 14 - for waders)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1292ha floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1237ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Assessed as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1021ha floodplain grazing marsh.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake needed given the importance of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Includes significant restoration and creation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Includes 57ha creation of wood pasture (C14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake is for restoration (C13) and creation (C14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low given that parkland is a key characteristic.  No restoration, only maintenance (C12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Around a third of uptake is for restoration (C13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly maintenance but also creation of 60ha of wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Around 20% of uptake is for restoration and creation (C13 and C14)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
82% of uptake is for the management of  parkland (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake.  Roughly half and half maintenance (C12) and restoration (C13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake but does not meet threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake could be improved.  Hedgerow loss is an issue


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be very beneficial to landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Opportunity to restore degraded/overmanaged hedgerows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More uptake would help counter fragmentation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This option (PH) could be applied more widely eg in Lune valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial as fragmentation is an issue


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Better uptake would help counter issue of hedgerow loss


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of hedgerow planting (PH) would be beneficial to counter degradation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively good uptake although below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly maintenance, not restoration or creation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake under HK17 creation of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake of K17 for semi-improved grassland creation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not previously identified as a key characteristic.  Not enough on its own to justify positive rating for whole theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonably high uptake although below threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although positive, both resource and uptake are very tiny


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More C20 restoration and C21 creation of traditional orchards would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very good uptake.  68% of uptake is for restoration and creation (C20 and C21)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake mainly for restoration and creation.  Small in area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Traditional orchards where once a distinctive feature spreading inland from the Kent coast.  Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Small area although mainly restoration and creation (C20 and C21)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All restoration and creation.  But too small to justify positive result for whole theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Traditionally this landscape would have had mixed stock grazing but this seems to be in decline now - greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be good.  Traditionally mixed stock grazing is important to this coastal landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More than a third of uptake is for restoration of moorland (L10).  BAP Priority Habitat: 9,707ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 615ha upland heathland.  Unusually low uptake of moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More than half of uptake is for restoration of moorland (L10).  BAP Priority Habitat: 1,419ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 228ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 244ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority (62%) of uptake is for moorland restoration (L10) but uptake is still a small proportion of total moorland resource so effect rated as neutral.  BAP Priority Habitat: 16,038ha upland heath


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 137ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of uptake for the restoration of moorland (L10) but still a small proportion of total resource so rated as neutral.  BAP Priority Habitats: 2,179ha upland heathland, 1,998 ha of purple moor grass and rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 43ha upland heathland.  LCM figure appears to be an overestimate


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,285ha upland heathland.  Very high levels of uptake relate to co-location of some options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Surprising as no uptake of moorland measures as such.  Not enough on its own to justify positive result on theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake could be improved; important measure for diversifying landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough on its own to justify positive effect on theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough on its own to justify a positive result on theme


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 110ha upland hay meadows.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 276ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 45ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 22ha upland hay meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 399ha upland hay meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP map suggests that there are BAP Priority Habitat hay meadows although no figure shown here.  Positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 129ha upland hay meadow.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 156ha upland hay meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No hay meadow BAP Priority Habitat recorded - rather odd


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake includes both HK18 Haymaking supplement  and UL20 Haymaking


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 38ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 182ha lowland acidic grassland, 12ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 734ha lowland acidic grassland, 487ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 736ha lowland heathland.  Rated neutral on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 52ha lowland heathland.  Rated positive on this basis, but borderline


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 36ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 119ha of lowland heathland.  Rated positive onthis bsis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly options O2 and O3 for heathland restoration.  BAP Priority Habitat: 993ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 110 lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is heathland restoration (O2).   BAP Priority Habitat: 106ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In this instance LCM appears to have significantly over-estimated the area of this habitat as there is no lowland heath BAP Priority Habitat


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 451ha lowland heathland, 15ha acidic grassland.  Greater uptake of relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 116ha lowland heathland.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 100 ha lowland heathland.  This  habitat may be being managed under options for upland moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly restoration and creation (O2-O4).  BAP Priority Habitat: 266ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,375ha lowland heathland.  98% of uptake for restoration of heathland (HO2/HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Apparently no BAP Priority Habitat of heath, although area definitely has a healthy character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 17ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is restoration (O2).  BAP Priority Habitat:  49ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More than 50% of uptake is restoration or creation.  BAP Priority Habitat: 31ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake mainly for restoration (O2 and O3).  BAP Priority Habitat: 870ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 55ha lowland heathland, 189ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,347 ha lowland heath, 2,163 ha lowland dry acidic grassland.  54% of uptake is for the restoration of heathland (HO2/3) heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 131ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 259ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2404ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake despite mention as a key landscape characteristic.  BAP Priority Habitat: 316ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 39ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 33ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 205ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 692ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 131ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 87ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 120ha lowland heathland.  Uptake is mainly restoration.  Positive on this basis but not enough to justify strongly positive for theme overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 410ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 58ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 809ha lowland heathland. Rated neutral in this context


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 147ha lowland heathland, 583ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 16,246ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 735ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively high uptake.  Below threshold but nonetheless possibly having some negative impact in this rolling landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake possibly having some negative impact in this rolling landscape but not enough to outweigh positive effects above.  Take care in siting this option


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Possible negative landscape impact as landscape is rolling and plots may be visible, disrupting landscape patterns


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively high uptake given small NCA sizes so possibly some negative effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake of fallow plots may have some adverse landscape impact, although as landscape is relatively flat, the impact may be limited


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake of fallow plots may have some adverse landscape impact where exposed to view in this gently undulating landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake may reflect urban fringe location with many former farm buildings no longer in farming use


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Extremely low uptake in an area that appears to have relatively large stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very poor uptake, possibly due to proximity to large urban areas


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake of D1 under both ELS and HLS


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively low uptake given importance to landscape character


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Little uptake, but landscape is very sparsely settled


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Surprising no uptake as other measures seem strongly targeted


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very limited uptake, especially given substantial stock of historic buildings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly higher levels of uptake required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of the relevant options required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
47% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2 /HD7 for removal of  archaeology  from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Untapped potential to regenerate coastal scrub and degraded river courses


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive but uptake is still very small and could be increased


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake very limited and could be improved


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive but uptake tiny in absolute terms so little effect overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of C17 to create successional areas would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Both uptake and stock small, so not very significant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive on this key measure, brining some tree cover to this very open landscape, although area concerned is very small


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very small area so not accorded much significance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive provided that it is not encroaching on heathland.  Not enough to support positive result on theme as a whole


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be good - most trees are actually in hedgerows not in-field


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is minimal and needs to be increased


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potential for uptake to protect existing avenue plantings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake (of C24 and C25) would be good, especially given intensively farmed character of much of area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of this option would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
ES options appear to be well-targeted but more use could be made of options D2 and D7


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough uptake to swing the neutral assessment for the theme overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
85% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2 for removal of archaeology from cultivation. Not enough uptake to swing the neutral assessment for the theme overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive - but almost no stock or uptake so not given great weight


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake roughly split between options for reduced cultivation depth and removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough uptake to swing the overall assessment to positive


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be good to ensure renewal of existing tree cover


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potential for future uptake to renew stock of in-field and hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potential for greater uptake to help renew avenue plantings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Potential for much greater uptake to renew and extend stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake and scope for more, to replace mature hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Scope for greater uptake to replace existing stock of mature hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake needed to replace existing mature stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Scope to improve uptake - important to renew stock of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Omitted from assessment as coastline is so short


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 5379 coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2749ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 8,920 ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 813ha coastal floodplain grazing marsh; 56ha mudflats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 196ha mudflats; 5,042ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1,204ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 513ha mudflats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 12,729ha coastal grazing marsh.  Uptake split between management and restoration of salt marsh(HP6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,209 ha floodplain coastal grazing marsh. Uptake primarily for  maintenance of salt marsh (HP6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 50ha sand dunes.  Some uptake potentially beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 297 ha sand dune. Uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 606 ha  coastal vegetated shingle,  25ha coastal sand dunes.  Uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 120ha fens and 69ha reedbeds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 54ha lowland raised bog, 35ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 152ha fens, 61ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2903ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3,238ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats 1,091ha reedbeds, 217ha fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 214ha reedbed, 99ha fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 111ha reedbeds, 25ha lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake under more beneficial option for enhanced management (EB3).  6km of hedge laying


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake under the more beneficial options for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3, HB11/15).  Plus  27km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Relatively low uptake of options for this key landscape element


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial as ditches and dykes are locally characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Positive as ditches are characteristic of part of the NCA only


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake given that this is a small NCA with ditches only in some areas


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake of stone wall options would be good as walls are important in landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake should be greater given importance of walls as a landscape feature


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Level of uptake poor given significant resource - could be improved


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake much too low for this key landscape element


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Disappointing uptake for this key landscape feature


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant resource of walls but almost no uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant resource; greater uptake needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake given significant resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Unusually good uptake here.  May reflect local targeting?


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake not huge given that this is the only boundary type in this area, so theme overall classed as positive only, not strongly positive


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial as there is a significant stock of walls


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be good as there  is significant stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Targeting for stone walls appears to be poor


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Almost no uptake even though there is a significant stock of walls


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake poor given amount of stone wall and importance in landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Stone wall resource is limited but nonetheless distinctive, so enhanced uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake for a key landscape element.  Significant capital works for restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Excellent uptake.  Would be interesting to understand why when otherwise low uptake levels in NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very low uptake although there is a significant resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
No uptake at all for a small but vulnerable resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Small but notable resource evidently not being targeted


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Stone walls appear well targeted but more capital works for restoration would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good uptake/ targeting but more restoration and capital works would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mostly maintenance; more restoration would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Scope for greater uptake as dry stone walls are a key characteristic


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although walls only found in a localised area, higher level of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Better targeting of stone walls appears to be needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Almost no uptake although resources is significant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Almost no uptake although considerable stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very limited uptake and for maintenance only whereas these distinctive walls are in need of restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Earth banks are quite characteristic of this landscape and greater uptake of these newish options (B12 and B13) would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High uptake and Include considerable woodland restoration options C8


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Disappointing uptake level given importance of woodland in this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake should be higher as woodland management is a key objective


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake should be improved, given woodland importance in landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake for this key landscape feature


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Includes significant proportion of woodland restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Reasonable uptake given scale of woodland resource


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Almost 20% of uptake is for restoration (C8)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Not enough on its own to justify strongly positive.  BAP Priority Habitat: 17ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 25ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Main restoration (K7).  BAP Priority Habitats: 121ha lowland meadows, 29ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More than two-thirds of uptake is for restoration or creation (K7 and K8).  BAP Priority Habitats: 379ha lowland meadows; 318ha lowland calcareous grassland; 58ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a missed opportunity as parklands are highly characteristic of this NCA  although it is possible that much of this resource is being managed through private means. Two-thirds of uptake is for the maintenance of parkland and one-third for the restoration of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
10% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and  the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality.  Overall unusually high levels of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake is for the removal of features from cultivation while the remainder is for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2855ha lowland calcareous grassland, 298ha lowland meadows.  Over half of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake spread between maintenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Hay meadows traditionally characteristic of the river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 72ha lowland dry acid grassland, 47ha lowland heathland.  All uptake is for the restoration of heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat; 18ha reedbeds.  The majority of uptake is for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,323 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 60ha Purple moor grass & rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
A significant missed opportunity not to have uptake for the management and restoration of traditional water meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
40% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 118ha lowland meadows.  HK7 providing 541 ha of restored lowland species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial if greater lengths were under EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management and HB11 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority is under option for Non-invasive cultivation (HD3). Higher uptake of options that take sites out of cultivation would be preferable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority is under option for Non-invasive cultivation (HD3).


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Maintenance of successional areas  under HLS - HC15, HC16, HC17 should ensure that the right balance of scrub management and woodland regeneration is occurring


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS contributing to maintenance (HP5) and restoration HP6 of coastal salt marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 165 coastal sand dunes. Under  HP1 sand dunes being maintained


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats 3,952ha of lowland heathland, 224ha lowland acidic grassland.  Of uptake 82% for the restoration of lowland heathland (HO2/HO3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  189ha reedbed. Option uptake split between fen and reedbed management.  The BAP figures given here are considered the more accurate stock data - these have been used to calculate the indicator result


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2700ha of floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that the threshold is not met.  Over 80% of uptake for management of wet grasslands (for waders)HK9-12,14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Would be better if there was some uptake of HD2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
246ha under HLS HC8 woodland restoration is particularly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Opportunity being missed to restore traditional water meadows using HD11


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 47% of uptake is for EK3 Management of permanent grassland with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Deer fencing can detract from the landscape if visually prominent


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 861 ha lowland calcareous grassland, 69 ha lowland meadows.  65% of uptake for restoration and creation of these habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of uptake 16% is for hedgerow enhancement (EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management) and some 10 km of capital works for hedgerow restoration and laying


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 50% of uptake for options that take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 79ha lowland acidic grassland, 30ha lowland heathland.  Nearly half of uptake is for the  creation of heathland on arable land


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 15ha fens and 51ha reedbeds. Current uptake is for fens -  greater uptake for the management of reedbeds would be beneficial. The stock data for this NCA is likely to be misleading


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 27ha purple moor grass and rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake would be beneficial where hedgerow trees are common


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake of these options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of the relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake for the management of the characteristic walls would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake of relevant options would be beneficial. Although stock covers a small area - medieval arable strips are an important charcteristic of this small NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Over half of the uptake is for the more beneficial very low input pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  222ha lowland calcareous grassland, 50ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Considerable restoration and creation (K7 and K8).  BAP Priority Habitats: 80ha lowland meadows; 49ha lowland dry acid grassland; 112ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 890ha lowland meadow.  Significantly greater uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 205ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 109ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 866 ha lowland meadow.  On this basis identified as neutral


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 860ha lowland meadow


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 193 ha lowland meadows.  Uptake is for species-rich grassland management and restoration (HK6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
More than 50% of uptake is for restoration or creation (K7 and K8).  BAP Priority Habitats: 378ha lowland meadows, 105ha lowland calcareous grassland, 86ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Rated positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Almost two-thirds of uptake is for restoration or creation (K& and K8).  BAP Priority Habitat:  206ha lowland meadows.  Rated as positive on this basis


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1350ha lowland meadows, 939ha lowland calcareous grassland, 6185ha lowland dry acid grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 12251ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 252ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 6735ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 7409ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 20,225ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 389ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 34,345ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 462ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 82ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority  Habitat: 341ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,878ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 767ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1802ha Upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 33,946ha Upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 838ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant uptake of moorland restoration.  BAP Priority Habitat: 43,162ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Planned coastal inundation could be appropriate here


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake for creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable (HP7).  Higher levels of uptake would be very beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
43% of uptake for EK3 management of permanent pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
31% of uptake relates to the more beneficial ED2/HD7 taking archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  1,559ha lowland calcareous grassland.  54% of uptake for  restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 5ha reedbed. Uptake for management of reed bed (HQ3)  and HQ6/7  management and restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 9% is for (EK3) enhanced hedgerow management, plus 11km of  capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of which 26ha. is for the restoration of salt marsh (HP6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 35 ha lowland heathland, 26ha lowland acidic grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
One of the few NCAs to have a significant length of new hedgerow planting


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 62ha of floodplain grazing marsh, suggesting that the level of uptake, of which 55% is for the restoration / creation of wet grassland, is exceeding the threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
41% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Meeting the threshold of 40km for river valleys


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for (ED3) reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Most likely to be associated with the management of common land/ heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Likely that some of this total relates to the management of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 210ha lowland meadows, 144ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,959ha fens, 264ha reedbeds.  The majority of uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen. 7ha is for maintenance of lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 128 km (18%) under the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Sand dunes are not identified as a BAP Priority Habitat.  Some uptake could be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,567ha lowland heathland, 212 lowland dry acid grassland. The majority of uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland HO2


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1298ha Coastal and flood plain grazing marsh, 29ha Purple moor grass and rush pasture. Area of BAP Priotiy Habitats suggests that with careful targeting, effects of uptake likely to be positive for the landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for the maintenance of parkland / wood pasture (HC12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to the management of orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2,500 ha or 33% under EK3 grassland with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
42ha (41%) of uptake for ED2 taking archaeology


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 95ha lowland meadows. 71% of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 36ha fen. Uptake primarily relates to the restoration of fen (HQ6)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total  uptake 10% relates to EB3 enhanced hedgerow management and HB11/12  management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality   Also  40km under capital items for hedgerow restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 155ha lowland heathland, 27ha lowland acidic grassland.  Uptake relates to restoration of lowland heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Associated with both designed landscapes and the remains of the Wealden Iron industry


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1141ha floodplain grazing marsh. Over 95% of uptake is for the  management, restoration and creation of wet grasslands  (for overwintering and breeding waders) HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Majority of uptake for restoration of parkland/wood pasture (HC13).  Even higher uptake would be beneficial in this NCA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
38% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a high number compared to other NCAs.  Noted that there is no uptake for  protection of ancient trees (HC5/6) which would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  233ha lowland meadows.  According to the High Weald AONB Management Plan (2009) there are 655 ha of species-rich unimproved lowland meadows and dry acidic grassland within the AONB boundary. 721 ha of ES uptake is for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland with the remaining uptake for its maintenance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 51ha fen,18ha  reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
14% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
13% of the uptake relates to the more beneficial options of Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) /Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality.  The remainder are under EB1/2 (154km) and combined hedge and ditch management EB8/9/10 (42km)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,085ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 108ha sand dunes. Greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 64ha lowland acidic grassland, 45ha lowland heathland.  All uptake is for restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,085ha of coastal floodplain grazing marsh.
Good that there are significant areas of uptake for wet grasslands (managed and restored for breeding and over-wintering waders).  All uptake for options HK9 - 14


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 54% of all uptake relates to more beneficial EK3


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of uptake relates to options removing archaeology from cultivation (eg ED2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 655ha of calcareous grassland, 215ha of lowland meadows. 57% of uptake for the restoration and creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  149ha reedbeds, 87ha fens.  Uptake, 71% for fens (HQ7/8/9) and  29%  for reedbeds (HQ3/4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
34% of uptake under more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality  (HB11/HB12). Under the remainder (EB1/2) reduced flail cutting will also help


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 13ha coastal sand dunes.  ES uptake may be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 121 lowland acidic grassland, 65ha lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In areas of parliamentary enclosure many  hedgerows extremely gappy and replanting  required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 578 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  The majority of the uptake is for the management  and restoration of wet grasslands with small areas of rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
46% of the uptake is for the more beneficial management of pasture with very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This uptake may be associated with the management of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 354ha lowland meadows, 29ha lowland calcareous grassland. 80% of uptake is for the  restoration or creation of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23ha of uptake is for the restoration of fen and 27ha for the maintenance of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake required.  Of the total uptake 23% is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12),  Greater uptake required reflecting the great importance of hedgerows in this landscape


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Likely to be associated with the management of scrub on heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  86ha lowland dry acid grassland.  All uptake is for the restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Excluded from the overall assessment as these are likely to be gravel pits rather than historic features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 806 ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh,  51 ha Purple moor grass and rush pasture.  The majority of the uptake is for the management of wet grassland, with a smaller area for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial.  Uptake split between the management and restoration of parkland / wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake would be beneficial.  Mature hedgerow oaks are a key characteristic of this landscape, making a strong contribution to its well-wooded feel


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is  one of the few NCAs to have a significant area of uptake for the management of traditional water meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although below the overall threshold - meets the threshold of 40km under option within river valleys.  As localised not enough to influence the overall theme effect


Greatest_benefit_comments:
11% of uptake relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake relates to reduced cultivation depth rather than the more beneficial reversion to grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These are likely to be hedgerow trees, at least in part


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 355ha lowland meadows, 70ha Lowland calcareous grassland. 58% of uptake is for the restoration/creation of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2,384ha fens; 38ha reed beds.  Much greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is likely to be primarily used to manage scrub on heathlands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  3,216ha lowland heathland, 652ha lowland dry acid grassland.  The vast majority of uptake (3264 ha) is for the restoration of lowland heathland (H02)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
May be associated with past gravel workings and also the ponds and meres of the heathlands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 739ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  Wet grasslands are a significant feature of this NCA and the BAP figure alone is likely to under estimate their area


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 2190 ha (50%) under options for very low input grassland (E/HK3).  Could reflect transfer of pasture out of the Test Valley ESA


Greatest_benefit_comments:
23% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12). Even EB1/2 bring  considerable benefit as hedgerows are often tightly flailed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 5% is  the more beneficial (ED2/HD7)) removal of archaeology from cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 764ha of calcareous grassland, 189ha of lowland meadow. Uptake may also  cover areas of grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1, 448ha fen. Uptake primarily for the restoration of fen


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 5% is  the more beneficial (ED2/HD7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Many hedgerows extremely gappy - replanting required


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 533ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 34ha Purple moor grass & rush pasture. Over 80% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands (for overwintering waders) HK10/12.  Uptake identified as positive as BAP Priority Habitat extent likely to be the more accurate measure of stock


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake required as these are highly characteristic features - brings overall assessment for this theme down to 'positive'


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very important features of Test and Itchen Valleys - higher uptake desirable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Dominated by EB1/EB2.  More uptake of EB3 & HB11 Management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 292ha lowland meadow. High uptake of HK7 Restoration of species-rich semi-natural grassland highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1335ha reedbed, 17ha lowland raised bog. Current uptake for   reedbed (HQ3/4) and fen ( HQ6/7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Solent coastline suffering from precipitous  loss of salt marsh especially around the Lymington Estuary


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 9,894ha lowland heathland, 3315ha lowland acidic grassland. High uptake of HO2 restoration of lowland heathland (14,437ha) and smaller areas under HO3 highly beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS having very positive effect on  management of wildlife-rich water bodies under HQ2.  In part may be associated with areas of gravel extraction in the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The use of HP9  Creation of intertidal and saline habitat is suitable


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2010ha floodplain grazing marsh. Over 95% of uptake is for the management, restoration and creation of wet grasslands (HK9-12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
HLS having very positive effect with 6726ha under HC13 Restoration of parkland/ wood pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of the woodland on the Open Forest is managed by the Forestry Commission and therefore only a small % of total stock will fall under remit of ES


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Would be beneficial if greater uptake of HD10 /11 Management and Restoration of traditional water meadows in the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total area of uptake, roughly 30% of uptake relates to the more beneficial management with very low inputs (EK3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Important options in these large scale sweeping landscapes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of the total only 12% relates to the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow  management (EB3) with the majority of uptake being options EB1 and EB2.  These bring considerable benefits though, as in these landscapes hedgerows are usually tightly flailed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
84% of uptake relates to options for reduced depth of cultivation (E/HD3) rather than  more beneficial option (E/HD2) to take archaeology out of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 16,667ha and 424ha of lowland meadows.  Higher uptake needed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
84% of uptake relates to options for reduced depth of cultivation (E/HD3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
In these landscapes many hedgerows  extremely gappy -replanting required to make good major gaps


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  24ha of reedbeds .  The limited uptake is for the maintenance and restoration of fen.  Significantly higher areas of relevant uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,594ha of floodplain grazing marsh. Roughly 80% of uptake for management of wet grasslands (HK10 - 12). Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be very beneficial as water meadows are one of the defining characteristics of the Avon Valley


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial although parklands may be being managed under Special Projects or a combination of other options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
15% of uptake is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
it is anticipated that much of this uptake relates to hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  338ha lowland calcareous grassland, 278ha lowland meadows. Majority of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Few other lowland NCAs meet this threshold


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 207ha of Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh, 96ha Purple moor grass & rush pasture.  25ha of uptake for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although not meeting the threshold this is a significantly higher level of uptake than noted in many NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
37% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  195ha lowland calcareous grassland; 25ha lowland  meadows.  The majority of this uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Assumed that this  is associated with maintaining a balance of scrub on the chalk downland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP priority habitat: 262ha Coastal vegetated shingle


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater uptake would be beneficial in areas where hedgerows are becoming gappy


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  521ha reedbeds.  The BAP data from the NCA Profiles suggest that this threshold is being met.  Nearly all of the uptake is for the maintenance of reed beds


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 72 ha Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh. Probable that the stock of wet grassland is less than that indicated in the database and that the uptake is therefore more beneficial than that indicated by the figures


Greatest_benefit_comments:
48% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  155ha lowland meadows, 43ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Uptake predominantly for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
26% of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It is suspected that this uptake relates to the protection of hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The small total uptake relates to the maintenance, restoration and creation of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It would be beneficial if there was some uptake of this option


Greatest_benefit_comments:
None of the options are well related to this cliffed coastline with maritime cliffs and slopes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Sand dunes are not identified as a BAP Priority habitat


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 73ha lowland dry acid grassland; 15ha Lowland heathland.  Uptake is for the restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority habitat: 53ha of Purple Moor Grass and Rush Pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a relatively high level of uptake compared to the other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
36% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grasslands


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  394ha lowland  meadows, 248ha lowland calcareous grassland. Roughly 60% of uptake is for the maintenance of species-rich grassland and 40% for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
High levels of uptake for hedgerow options but low levels for characteristic walls and earthbanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Suspected that this option has, in fact, been applied to hedgerow trees


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 290ha fens. Uptake is for the restoration of fens


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 926ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher levels of uptake would be beneficial.  665 of current uptake for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Higher lengths of uptake might be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is an unusually high indicator result for the management of small woodlands across the NCAs.  For this reason and because of the high results also for 'in-field' trees and orchards the overall effect for this theme is identified as strongly positive


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 142ha upland heathland.  Likely to be covered under lowland heathland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of  total uptake, 28% relates to the more beneficial options for very low fertiliser inputs (EK3) as opposed to EK2 which is the dominant option


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Combined hedge and ditch management makes up a further 6km of uptake


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 763ha limestone grassland, 352ha lowland meadows. Uptake possibly relating to both the areas of unimproved limestone grasslands and remaining areas of unimproved neutral meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Noted that of total length of uptake, only 17% relates to the more beneficial options of  EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management and HB11/12 for Management of hedgerows of very highly environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
60% of total uptake relates to the more beneficial options that remove archaeology from cultivation (ED2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 397ha lowland heathland, 356ha lowland acidic grassland. 94% of uptake for the restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 53ha reedbeds.  Some uptake would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
163 ha of floodplain grazing marsh.  Higher uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 900 ha under the more beneficial very low input pasture options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
This is a low level of uptake given the importance of rhynes to the function and landscape of the Levels


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 143ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 30km of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
With careful targeting uptake may be benefiting the conservation management of Scheduled Monuments at risk


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 884ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 43,398ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  1790ha fen, 271ha lowland raised bog, 226ha reedbeds. Of the uptake 204ha is for reed beds, 73ha for fen and 25ha for lowland raised bog


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 43,398ha of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Although uptake is very significant, it is small compared to the total area of grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake relatively evenly spread between options for the removal of archaeology from cultivation and reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
29% of uptake is for the more beneficial very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ditches are a characteristic feature of the river valleys with floodplain grazing


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 418ha lowland meadows, 237ha lowland calcareous grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is primarily for the management of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
75km of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3)and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Current uptake may  be bringing benefit if targeted at scheduled sites


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 144ha lowland raised bog.  Significantly higher levels of uptake for lowland raised bog would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 4207ha floodplain grazing marsh, 22ha purple moor grass and rush pasture.  These BAP figures suggest that uptake  falls below the threshold. All uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that the majority of uptake relates to ED2 & HD7 taking archaeological features out of cultivation rather than ED3 Reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 882ha of floodplain grazing marsh, 212 ha purple moor grass and rush pasture. Some 20% of uptake for management and restoration of wet grassland (for waders) (HK10 - 12), with remainder for rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for earth banks (characteristic of the NCA) rather than Devon hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
of which 1300ha of uptake is for the more beneficial very low fertiliser input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
These ditches are confined to river valleys and coastal plains but are an important landscape feature where they are found


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 137ha lowland meadows, 24ha lowland calcareous grassland.  Uptake primarily for the restoration of species-rich grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake is fairly evenly split between the maintenance and restoration of parkland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
9.5% of total uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and for the management of hedges of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly split between maintenance and restoration  of traditional orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake relates to  options that take archaeological features out of cultivation as opposed to options for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although meeting the threshold the areas of uptake are not significant


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1544ha lowland heathland, 59ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Uptake largely for heathland restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 453ha reedbeds.  Greater uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 3940ha Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of total uptake 16% is for the more beneficial very low input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 155ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
12% of uptake is for enhanced hedgerow management and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly even spread of uptake between the maintenance, restoration and creation of orchards


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 51ha upland calcareous grassland.  Area of BAP Priority Habitats suggest that threshold well exceeded. Over 2000ha of uptake is for the restoration of species-rich grasslands (which could include Culm grasslands)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
So long as uptake  is carefully targeted this should be helping the protection of scheduled monuments


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 1169ha lowland heathland, 32ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Greater uptake would be beneficial, will be partially tied in with areas of Culm grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
72% of uptake is for the removal of archaeological features from cultivation, the remainder for reduced depth of cultivation


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 2948 ha purple moor grass and rush pasture (including the rare Culm grasslands); 898ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh.  The area of these BAP Priority Habitats suggest that the threshold for wet grasslands is being met. The vast majority of uptake is for rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The vast majority of uptake is for the management of earth banks as opposed to stone-faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Low uptake of woodland options may reflect the presence of the South West Forest initiative sponsored by the Forestry Commission


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 11,354ha upland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
39% under the more beneficial very low fertiliser input options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 245ha lowland meadows


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The majority of uptake is for parkland maintenance


Greatest_benefit_comments:
36% of uptake for enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11/12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 16,163ha blanket bog - this area suggests that the threshold is not being met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 373ha lowland heathland, 364ha lowland dry acid grassland.  Probably managed under moorland options


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: No siginificant areas of wetland habitat recorded


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake is for the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1781ha of Scheduled Monuments and SHINE sites on moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
The uptake roughly splits between options for earth banks and stone faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significantly greater uptake of options for stone walls would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 152ha upland heathland. Suspected that there is more moorland than that suggested by BAP Priority Habitats. Beneficial that all uptake is under HL10 Restoration of moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
It is noticeable that over 95% of the uptake relates to Low inputs (EK2 and UEL2) while less than 5% relates to the more beneficial options for Very low inputs (EK3 and UEL3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 364ha lowland meadow. Beneficial that over 70% of uptake is for Restoration of species-rich grassland (HK7)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly equal split between options  for the management of parkland HC12 and Restoration of parkland (HC13)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that some 145km of uptake are for Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3) and capital item for hedge laying  and that a further 200km relates to the management of hedgerows of very high environmental quality (HB11 / HB12)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 2,300ha of uptake for the Maintenance and restoration of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Good that some 50% of all uptake is for orchard restoration and creation (HC20 / 21) with the remaining uptake relating to traditional orchard management (HC18)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Currently the uptake is in the ratio 60% Reduced depth of cultivation (ED3 /HD3)and 40% taking archaeological features out of cultivation (ED2 / HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that 60% of uptake relates to restoration of saltmarsh


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 260ha of lowland acidic grassland and 247ha of lowland heathland. Beneficial that over 80% of uptake relates to the Restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Currently the uptake is in the ratio 60% Reduced depth of cultivation (ED3 /HD3)to 40% taking archaeological features out of cultivation (ED2 / HD2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats:  278ha of reed bed


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 574ha floodplain grazing marsh, 27ha purple moor grass & rush pasture. Area of BAP Priority Habitats suggest that thresholds is met. Some 40% of uptake is for the management and restoration of wet grasslands ( for waders) (HK10,12,14) with the remainder for rush pasture management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Whilst beneficial uptake entirely relates to earthbank management (EB13/14) and not to the more characteristic stone-faced hedgebanks


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Ranked 6th amongst all NCAs in terms of number of agreements supporting historic building restoration


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 75% of this uptake is for EK2 Low input grassland, with 25% falling to the more beneficial EK3 Very low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 134ha calcareous grassland, 24ha lowland meadow. 85% of uptake for the restoration of these habitats


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Parkland is a very important characteristic of this landscape.  Higher uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Of this uptake roughly 530km (13%) is for the more beneficial Enhanced hedgerow management (EB3).  Higher levels of uptake of this option would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
775ha of this uptake is for HK15 Maintenance of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1,168ha coastal sand dunes


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 1223ha lowland heathland.  An almost equal split between uptake of options for the management of heathland (HO1) and the restoration of heathland (HO2)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Beneficial that the majority of uptake (290ha) relates to options that take archaeology out of cultivation (ED2/HD7) rather than options relating to reduced cultivation depth


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat:  81 ha reed bed. BAP Priority Habitat area suggests that the threshold is being met. Uptake is for the management of reedbeds with the exception of 11ha (HQ6) for the management of fen.  Significantly greater uptake would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 316ha coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, 149ha purple moor grass and rush pasture, although the overall area of wet grasslands likely to significantly exceed this.  Just over 25%  of uptake is for the management /restoration of wet grasslands, with the remainder relating to  rush pasture management (EK4/EL4)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
1,400km of this uptake relates to earth bank management (EB12/13) and just under 50% of total uptake to the more characteristic Cornish hedges


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,100ha of upland heathland. Notable that restoration of moorland (HL10) covers 1446 ha


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Approximately two-thirds of uptake relates to EK2  for low inputs and one-third to the more beneficial EK3 for very low inputs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitats: 134ha Lowland calcareous grassland, 24 ha lowland meadows.  These BAP areas suggest that the threshold may be being met


Greatest_benefit_comments:
About 20% of uptake relates to the more beneficial EB3 enhanced hedgerow management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 677ha of blanket bog. Uptake of relevant options would be good


Greatest_benefit_comments:
2072 ha of uptake is for HK16 Restoration of grassland for target features


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 2,545ha lowland heathland.  Potentially covered by options for moorland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
All uptake relates to reduced depth of cultivation (D3)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake entirely relates to the management of rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Roughly 33% of uptake for earthbank  management and restoration (EB12/13)  with the majority under EB4/5 covering the highly characteristic Cornish hedges (stone-faced hedgebanks)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Significant majority of uptake is EK2 Low input grassland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Although meeting the threshold, the small area of uptake does not warrant a positive score for the historic environment overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some uptake for the management of willow carr would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
ES coastal options not relevant to this rugged coastline


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 412ha Lowland heathland.  Uptake of options HO1 & HO2 for the maintenance and restoration of lowland heathland


Greatest_benefit_comments:
299 ha of BAP Priority Habitat Purple moor grass & rush pasture


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Mainly under EB4 stone hedge-bank management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
8km is for the more beneficial enhanced hedgerow management (EB30


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Greater level of uptake of relevant options would be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Management of wet willow scrub in places could be beneficial


Greatest_benefit_comments:
BAP Priority Habitat: 134ha Lowland heathland.  Although ES uptake does not meet the identified threshold careful targeting may be helping the BAP Priority Habitat but overall area insufficient to score positive overall


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Some 110km for earthbank management  (EB12/13) and some 130km for stone faced hedgebank management (EB4/EB5)


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Uptake primarily woodland management (HC7) with some woodland restoration (HC8).  This is a very high level of uptake compared to other NCAs


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Under HK16 for rough grassland management


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Need dependent on current state of buildings


Greatest_benefit_comments:
Very beneficial for the landscape that ALL option uptake relates to capital items for stone wall restoration


# Tbl_Changelog

Changelog:
Added in Maria’s edited key characteristics text for the remaining NCAs


Changelog:
Indicator C3 wet grasslands – increased threshold to 20% (from 10%)


Changelog:
Indicator C4 rough pasture  – increased threshold to 20% (from 10%)


Changelog:
Indicator F6 wetland – use Fen, Lowland Raised Bog and Reedbed BAP habitat as stock measure to replace LCM stock measure. Updated Tbl_Stock and Tbl_Stock_detail


Changelog:
Merge Julie 1-85 and Lyndis 86-159 databases


Changelog:
updated blank coast records to N/A in theme effects, corrected E3 spelling mistake (archaeology)


Changelog:
Changed Key Char D to Traditional farm buildings


Changelog:
Replaced 4 assessment tables with Alan's spellchecked versions


# Tbl_FG_JM_KeyChars

FG KeyChar:
•	This rolling low upland landscape of ridges and valleys has a strong east-west grain with panoramic views from higher ground.
•	The valleys are broad with moderate slopes and occasional narrow flood plains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This rolling low upland landscape of ridges and valleys has a strong east-west grain with panoramic views from higher ground.
•	The valleys are broad with moderate slopes and occasional narrow flood plains.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coniferous plantations are found on the higher valley sides and ridges.
•	Ancient oak woods are found in narrow steep-sided denes and along the banks of rivers and streams.
•	Occasional parklands and wooded estates surround small country houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient oak and oak-birch woods in narrow steep-sided denes and along river banks
Hedgerow trees generally scattered oak and ash


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic settlements with limestone buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers through the area include the River Lune along the southern edge, River Lyennet and River Lowther.  These are generally slow flowing as a result of their permeable limestone bedrock.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers through the area include the River Lune along the southern edge, River Lyennet and River Lowther.  These are generally slow flowing as a result of their permeable limestone bedrock.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has a strong field pattern with high limestone walls and isolated ash trees forming the field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong field patterns
High limestone walls form field boundaries
Occasional hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	A distinctive block of rolling upland farmland with limestone outcrops, scars and pavements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A distinctive block of rolling upland farmland with limestone outcrops, scars and pavements.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are rich archaeological resources in the area.

JM KeyChar:
•	This area has very rich archaeological and historic resources including stone circles, evidence of prehistoric settlement and cultivation, Roman roads, monastic granges, planned medieval limestone villages, associated field patterns and droveways, tower houses and deer parks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Very rich archaeological and historic resources
Evidence of prehistoric settlement and cultivation, Roman roads, monastic granges, planned medieval limestone villages, associated field patterns and droveways, tower houses and deer parks


FG KeyChar:
•	Landcover is predominantly moorland with remnant heather in the upland areas, together with limestone upland.  There are extensive limestone pavement areas and scars.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly moorland with remnant heather and mires in upland areas
Limestone grassland, pavements and scars
Upland hay meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.
•	Development has mainly included limestone quarrying and stone extraction for rockeries from limestone pavements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.
•	Development has mainly included limestone quarrying and stone extraction for rockeries from limestone pavements.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is limited woodland, with sheltering clumps around farmsteads, small copses of semi-natural broadleaved trees, coniferous and mixed woodlands.  The fields have scattered individual ash trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited woodland
Sheltering clumps around farmhouses
Small copses of semi-natural broadleaved trees and stream-side woodland
Scattered ash trees in fields


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is largely rough grazing for both sheep and cattle.  The higher areas have open moorland, whilst the slopes have rough grassland, heather and bracken and are used for grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely rough grazing for both sheep and cattle


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has few settlements due to the inaccessible and exposed landform.  There are limited, small hamlets and farmsteadings scattered across the area.  Traditional materials used are gritstone or sandstone with flagged roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional building materials of gritstone or sandstone with flagged roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Some small streams flow down the gills, extending from the centre of the area outwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Some small streams flow down the gills, extending from the centre of the area outwards.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pastures are bounded by stone walls, and confined to the lower areas, whilst the higher areas and moorland are largely unenclosed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pastures bounded by stone walls in the lower areas
Higher areas and moorland largely unenclosed


FG KeyChar:
•	The hills have complex underlying geology which is resistant to erosion and has thus resulted in the hills having a smooth rounded shape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The hills have complex underlying geology which is resistant to erosion and has thus resulted in the hills having a smooth rounded shape.


JM KeyChar:
•	Fells utilised since prehistoric times for summer grazing, peat, heather and bracken and continue to support commoning.  Medieval trackways and shielings can be found in many places, especially on the lower western slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fells utilised since prehistoric times for summer grazing, peat, heather and bracken
Area continues to support commoning
Medieval trackways and shielings, especially on  lower western slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	In terms of semi-natural areas, the moorland is poorly drained and has blanket bog underlain by deep peat which forms an important habitat.  Most of the area is covered with acidic grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heather moorland and blanket bog underlain by deep peat
Extensive acid grassland and bracken


Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has few settlements due to the inaccessible and exposed landform.  There are limited, small hamlets and farmsteadings scattered across the area.  Traditional materials used are gritstone or sandstone with flagged roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steep sided distinctive smooth hills and pronounced ridges and valleys and incised by a number of narrow inaccessible gills.  The hills have steep scree slopes and occasional waterfalls and crags, and they reach heights of 600m.
•	The River Lune Valley provides a contrast with the upland landscape of the Howgill Fells.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Steep sided distinctive smooth hills and pronounced ridges and valleys and incised by a number of narrow inaccessible gills.  The hills have steep scree slopes and occasional waterfalls and crags, and they reach heights of 600m.
•	The River Lune Valley provides a contrast with the upland landscape of the Howgill Fells.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has very limited tree cover although there are some blocks of coniferous woodland on the lower slopes near Sedbergh.  Trees are prominent around villages and farmsteads and along water courses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited tree cover
Trees around villages and along watercourses
Some blocks of conifer woodland
Hedgerow and streamside trees in Lune valley


FG KeyChar:
•	A pastoral landscape, with improved undulating pastures and some areas being particularly well managed to provide a parkland character, particularly around the edges of the lakes (e.g. adjacent to Windermere and Coniston), on the valley bottoms and within estates.  Semi improved pasture with ridges and hollows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly improved/ semi-improved undulating pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	Building materials include local limestone and slate (Silurian) in the south, and local sandstone elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
Building materials of local limestone and slate (Silurian) in the south and local sandstone elsewhere
Redundant barns at risk


FG KeyChar:
•	Large lakes, including Lake Windermere and Coniston Water, streams and minor river valleys are characteristic features of the area.  Rivers are fast flowing over rocky beds.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large lakes, including Lake Windermere and Coniston Water, streams and minor river valleys are characteristic features of the area.  Rivers are fast flowing over rocky beds.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are generally dry stone walls (local sandstone, or limestone in the south) and field sizes in the lower areas are generally small to medium, increasing towards the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dry stone walls (local sandstone, or limestone in the south)
Small to medium size hedged fields in lower areas, increasing to east (hedgerow loss in Lune valley)


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic field systems date from medieval times and there are several deer parks in the area. Sheep walks, established on the fells from the 13th century, are also historic landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic medieval field systems, sheep walks and deer parks
Some areas of parkland  character, particularly around lakes, on valley bottoms and within estates


FG KeyChar:
•	The low fells include heathland, tarns and becks, small wetlands and mires, rough grassland and bracken. Undulating fields of species-rich grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich grassland
Heathland
Small lowland bogs, wetlands and mires
Traditional cattle grazing on moorland commons


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is largely in small hamlets and villages on the lower slopes, linked by a network of minor roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is largely in small hamlets and villages on the lower slopes, linked by a network of minor roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.
•	Glacial erosion formed long, straight U-shaped valleys with lakes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.
•	Glacial erosion formed long, straight U-shaped valleys with lakes.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes substantial woodland and large mature trees.  Small broadleaved and coniferous copses are found on the rugged fells and coniferous and broadleaved woodland on the small valley slopes and ridges.  At higher levels, tree cover is much more limited.

Edited_KeyChars:
Substantial woodland and large mature trees, including many in-field trees
Broadleaved woodland on the slopes and ridge
Small broadleaved copses on the fells - in need of protection and renewal
Tree cover more limited at higher levels
Remnant traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Sheep and cattle graze the coastal pasture and intertidal commons.  Lowland raised mires surrounding the limestone outcrops have been reclaimed for agriculture.  Rough grazing is a feature of the higher grounds on unimproved limestone grassland or rough fell vegetation.

Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal pasture and intertidal commons with sheep and cattle
Lowland raised mires reclaimed for agriculture
Unimproved rough grazing on limestone outcrops and fells


FG KeyChar:
•	The coastline consists of shifting intertidal sandflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools. Areas of scaurs and pebble patches, mudflats, sandy beaches, bedrock and pebble and shingle beaches are exposed at low tide.  The Rivers Leven and Kent flow into Morecambe Bay.

Edited_KeyChars:
Shifting intertidal sandflats, mudflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools
Sand, pebble and shingle beaches exposed at low tide


Edited_KeyChars:
•	The coastline consists of shifting intertidal sandflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools. Areas of scaurs and pebble patches, mudflats, sandy beaches, bedrock and pebble and shingle beaches are exposed at low tide.  The Rivers Leven and Kent flow into Morecambe Bay.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are generally enclosed by limestone walls or hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields generally enclosed by limestone walls or hedges
Ditches or dykes locally characteristic in low-lying areas such as Lyth valley


FG KeyChar:
•	The margins of Morecambe Bay have been formed by faulted outcrops of Lower Carboniferous limestone, forming upstanding blocks and bare limestone scars, pavements and cliffs.  Low limestone beaches are found at Arnside and Silverdale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The margins of Morecambe Bay have been formed by faulted outcrops of Lower Carboniferous limestone, forming upstanding blocks and bare limestone scars, pavements and cliffs.  Low limestone beaches are found at Arnside and Silverdale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic features include burial mounds and stone circles on higher grounds, prehistoric settlements and enclosures on Birkrigg Common and medieval field patterns. Coppice woodlands are a further feature of the area which reflect past traditional management practices.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic features that include burial mounds, stone circles, prehistoric settlements and enclosures and medieval field patterns
Stately homes set in parkland landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi natural areas include a mosaic of species rich grassland, limestone pavements, scrub, semi-natural coppice woodland, herb-rich grasslands, peaty fenlands and mosslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of species-rich grassland and limestone pavements
Peaty fenlands and mosslands - affected by drainage and scrub encroachment


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are generally dispersed and rural in character, having usually grown around large farmsteads.  
•	Larger centres include Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale and Milnthorpe which have a seaside resort character, reflecting the growth in the use of the area for recreation from the 18th Century onwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are generally dispersed and rural in character, having usually grown around large farmsteads.  
•	Larger centres include Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale and Milnthorpe which have a seaside resort character, reflecting the growth in the use of the area for recreation from the 18th Century onwards.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is mainly covered by improved pasture.  Arable farming is a feature of the valley floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly productive improved pasture
Arable farming on valley floors
Rough pasture on valley sides


FG KeyChar:
•	Red sandstone is the distinctive building material which is used throughout the area, although there has also been localised use of limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive red sandstone buildings
Also some limestone


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Eden and River Petterill run broadly north-south through the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Eden and River Petterill run broadly north-south through the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Predominant field boundaries are fences and walls, but there are also a significant proportion of hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectangular fields
Fields mainly bounded by dry stone walls and fences, with ditches in valley bottoms
Also significant proportion of hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Largely low lying ground between the Lake District Fells and the Pennine escarpment, with Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones. Soil in the valleys tends to be clay.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Largely low lying ground between the Lake District Fells and the Pennine escarpment, with Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones. Soil in the valleys tends to be clay.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include Roman roads and the remains of Roman forts, and ruined castles associated with cross border strategic positions.

Edited_KeyChars:
Roman and medieval landscape features
Parkland and estate landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Around 12% of the area is classed as semi natural, with lowland heath being the predominant natural land cover, and there are also mosaics of neutral grassland, heather and unimproved acid grassland in different parts of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lowland heath is main semi-natural habitat
Also mosaics of neutral grassland, heather and unimproved acid grassland
Moorland in foothills of North Pennines


FG KeyChar:
•	The main towns in the area are Appleby-in-Westmorland and Penrith.  The Eden Valley has numerous attractive villages, including Langwathby, Temple Sowerby, Warcop and Great Musgrave.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The main towns in the area are Appleby-in-Westmorland and Penrith.  The Eden Valley has numerous attractive villages, including Langwathby, Temple Sowerby, Warcop and Great Musgrave.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coniferous plantations and significant broadleaved and ancient woodlands are characteristic features.  Estate and farm woodlands, hedgerows, shelterbelts, hedgerow trees and small copses cover parts of the area.  There are also some hanging woodlands along the River Eden Corridor.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant broadleaved and ancient woodland including hanging woodlands along River Eden
Estate and farm woodlands, shelterbelts and small copses throughout
Also some conifer plantations
Mature hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The broad ridges of heather moorland and acid grassland that separate the principal dales in the north and east are managed for sheep and grouse.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed arable and pasture grazed by sheep and cattle
Unimproved rough grazing on upper slopes
Marginal rushy pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.
•	The whitewashed buildings of the Raby Estate in Teesdale are also distinctive.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings characterised by local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs
Distinctive whitewashed buildings of the Raby Estate


FG KeyChar:
•	Reservoirs are scattered throughout the dales and moorland margins.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Reservoirs are scattered throughout the dales and moorland margins.


FG KeyChar:
•	The dales themselves provide sheltered pastures and hay meadows bounded by dry stone walls and hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variety of field patterns
Mainly dry stone walls, with hedgerows and ditches in dales


FG KeyChar:
•	Alternating limestones, sandstones and shales give a stepped profile to hills and dalesides.
•	Millstone Grits cap the higher fells and form distinctive flat-topped summits.
•	Igneous intrusions of the Great Whin Sill form dramatic outcrops and waterfalls.
•	The area is of international importance for its geological sites and features, including the Whin Sill, and has been identified as a European Geopark.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Alternating limestones, sandstones and shales give a stepped profile to hills and dalesides.
•	Millstone Grits cap the higher fells and form distinctive flat-topped summits.
•	Igneous intrusions of the Great Whin Sill form dramatic outcrops and waterfalls.
•	The area is of international importance for its geological sites and features, including the Whin Sill, and has been identified as a European Geopark.


FG KeyChar:
•	In places the landscape is heavily scarred by mineral extraction, with many active and abandoned quarries and relics of widespread lead workings.

Edited_KeyChars:
Relics of widespread lead workings
Miner-farmer landscape features at dale heads
Areas of parkland on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	There are important limestone grasslands, arctic-alpine flora and juniper scrub habitats in Teesdale and elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important limestone grasslands, arctic-alpine flora and juniper scrub habitats
Broad ridges of heather moorland and acid grassland
High plateau of blanket bog
In valleys flower rich hay meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an upland landscape of high moorland ridges divided by broad pastoral dales; it shows slow change and cultural continuity.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an upland landscape of high moorland ridges divided by broad pastoral dales; it shows slow change and cultural continuity.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is sparse with woodlands being restricted to river gorges, gills, streamsides and larger coniferous plantations on the moorland ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse tree cover
Oak-ash woodlands along gorges, gills and streamsides
Large coniferous plantations on moorland ridges
Hedgerow trees in dales


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmland is pastoral in the west, merging to mixed and arable in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pastoral in the west, on floodplain
Mixed and arable in the east
Semi-improved and rough grazing on elevated land


FG KeyChar:
•	Vernacular buildings are generally of Millstone Grit and include scattered large farmsteads, sometimes with bastle and pele tower fortifications.


JM KeyChar:
•	The main Tyne valley is flat, open floodplain with some wetland areas associated with former gravel workings; the side valleys to north and south are incised with springs and waterfalls.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a variety of enclosure patterns, with large, walled enclosures predominant in the west and hedged enclosures in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large walled enclosures in the west
Large hedged fields in the east
Ditches in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age stone circles and cairns and Iron Age hillforts are common.
•	Very evident remains of the Roman wall, forts and associated features occur on the Whin Sill scarp.
•	There are many large country houses, often incorporating earlier medieval fortified structures and set in designed parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important prehistoric, Roman and medieval remains, particularly Hadrian's Wall
Many country houses and designed parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	North of the Whin Sill there is open, windswept semi-improved and rough grazing on elevated land, with loughs and rushy pastures.
•	This contrasts with the more fertile floodplain land along the South Tyne.

JM KeyChar:
•	Ancient, semi-natural riparian woodlands are common in the tributary valleys; while higher ground on the valley sides has grass moorland, wet pastures, loughs and mires.  In the North Tyne valley hay meadows and calcareous grassland also occur.

Edited_KeyChars:
High ground has grass moorland, wet pastures, loughs and mires
Calcareous grassland and hay meadows in North Tyne valley


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are located strategically along the valley, which is a significant transport route through the Pennines.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are located strategically along the valley, which is a significant transport route through the Pennines.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a narrow east-west lowland corridor that runs through a gap in the Pennine uplands, which are visible to north and south.
•	It is visually contained to the north by the parallel scarps of the Whin Sill.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a narrow east-west lowland corridor that runs through a gap in the Pennine uplands, which are visible to north and south.
•	It is visually contained to the north by the parallel scarps of the Whin Sill.


FG KeyChar:
•	Broadleaved woodland and conifer plantations occur on the side slopes and in the intimate wooded valley of the North Tyne.

Edited_KeyChars:
Deciduous and mixed broadleaved woodland and conifer plantations in  valley of  North Tyne
Ancient, semi-natural riparian woodlands in tributary valleys
Extensive managed estate woodlands
Mature parkland trees and avenues
Hedgerow trees in lower valley reaches


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable and cattle farming on the lower land merge into sheep farming on higher ground and moorland to the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable and cattle farming on the lower land
Sheep farming on higher ground to the west


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone, with gritstone at higher altitudes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone, with gritstone at higher altitudes


FG KeyChar:
•	Large reservoirs and ornamental lakes provide distinctive areas of open water.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large reservoirs and ornamental lakes provide distinctive areas of open water.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area has large rectilinear fields enclosed by stone walls or hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly large rectilinear fields enclosed by stone walls or hedgerows
Ditches in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Sandstone and dolerite crags (the latter associated with the Whin Sill) form local landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sandstone and dolerite crags (the latter associated with the Whin Sill) form local landscape features.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are frequent country houses and fortified defensive structures, typically set in landscaped parklands.
•	The ancient market town of Morpeth serves a surrounding medieval pattern of small, nucleated villages.
•	Villages are often centred on greens and surrounded by extensive medieval ridge and furrow and earthworks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive ridge and furrow and earthworks around villages
Fortified defensive structures
Frequent landscaped parklands and estates
Large reservoirs and ornamental lakes within parkland


JM KeyChar:
•	Riparian woodlands (often ancient in origin) and wet pasture are key habitats, and species-rich pastures and meadows are found along the course of Hadrian’s Wall.


Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are frequent country houses and fortified defensive structures, typically set in landscaped parklands.
•	The ancient market town of Morpeth serves a surrounding medieval pattern of small, nucleated villages.
•	Villages are often centred on greens and surrounded by extensive medieval ridge and furrow and earthworks.


FG KeyChar:
•	This intermediate upland fringe plateau comprises a series of ridges and intimate river valleys in the north, opening out to a broader, flatter landscape in the south and east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This intermediate upland fringe plateau comprises a series of ridges and intimate river valleys in the north, opening out to a broader, flatter landscape in the south and east.


FG KeyChar:
•	The valleys of the rivers Font, Wansbeck and Coquet are well-wooded.
•	In addition, there are mixed and ornamental woodlands and parklands within the country estates.
•	Small coniferous blocks and belts of trees occur on the more open farmland to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
Oak, ash and alder woodlands along river valleys (often ancient in origin)
Mixed ornamental woodland in estates
Small coniferous blocks on farmland to the south
Ash and sycamore roadside and hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some permanent pasture in valleys and coastal fringes
Inland, open, mixed and arable landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone with pantile or slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone with pantile or slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The coast and islands provide rich wildlife habitats, particularly for sea birds.
•	There are intertidal flats backed by saltmarsh with patches of coastal grazing marsh in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
Saltmarshes, intertidal mudflats and sand dunes
Patches of coastal grazing marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	The Aln, Coquet and Tweed, as well as smaller rivers, meander across the coastal plain to the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Aln, Coquet and Tweed, as well as smaller rivers, meander across the coastal plain to the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large rectilinear fields are enclosed by low-cut thorn hedges or fences, with sandstone walls in parts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear fields enclosed by low-cut thorn hedges with few trees or fences
Sandstone walls in parts


FG KeyChar:
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s heritage reflects ecclesiastical influences and the need for border defence, including prominent medieval castles, fortifications and structures, and religious buildings, often forming outstanding coastal landmarks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Features include prominent medieval castles, fortifications and structures, and religious buildings
Complex early field systems


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.
•	On the Whin Sill intrusions are rare, semi-natural whinstone grasslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi natural acid and neutral grassland, heath and scrub on coastal fringes
Rare whinstone grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement comprises dispersed farmsteads, small nucleated villages, fishing villages and small coastal resort towns.
•	The area south-west of Berwick-Upon-Tweed is affected by whinstone quarrying and opencast coal mining.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement comprises dispersed farmsteads, small nucleated villages, fishing villages and small coastal resort towns.
•	The area south-west of Berwick-Upon-Tweed is affected by whinstone quarrying and opencast coal mining.


FG KeyChar:
•	This narrow, low-lying, windswept coastal plain has wide views east to the sea and west to the Cheviots, with striking views along the coast itself.
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.
•	The Whin Sill intrusions produce dramatic landscape features, including the coastal cliffs at Bamburgh and the Farne Islands and distinctive inland outcrops.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This narrow, low-lying, windswept coastal plain has wide views east to the sea and west to the Cheviots, with striking views along the coast itself.
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.
•	The Whin Sill intrusions produce dramatic landscape features, including the coastal cliffs at Bamburgh and the Farne Islands and distinctive inland outcrops.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree and woodland cover is generally limited to clumps near farmhouses and settlements, some river valley woodlands, and occasional shelterbelts and blocks of coniferous trees.
•	Some local areas are more wooded, for example around Craster.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree and woodland cover generally limited to clumps near settlement
Some river valley woodlands
Occasional shelterbelts and blocks of coniferous trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings were of sandstone and thatch, later replaced by stone slates and Welsh slates.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of sandstone and thatch, later replaced by stone slates and Welsh slates


FG KeyChar:
•	Wet peaty flushes, mires, loughs and small reservoirs occur throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Wet peaty flushes, mires, loughs and small reservoirs occur throughout the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmland comprises rectangular patterns of large open fields, bounded by drystone walls, dating from the time of the parliamentary enclosures.
•	However, blocks and belts of coniferous woodland often break up the patterns.
•	Varied moorland communities, dominated by heather and rough acid grassland mosaics, are found on the thin, sandy soils of the higher and steeper slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, open, rectangular fields bounded by dry stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.


FG KeyChar:
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.
•	This is an important prehistoric archaeological landscape, with ‘cup and ring’ marked rocks, Bronze Age burial cists, earthwork remains of Iron Age hillfort systems, standing stones, enclosures and cairns.
•	Remains of deserted medieval villages and ridge and furrow cultivation are common, especially on land to the east and south of the main plateau area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important prehistoric evidence
Deserted medieval villages and ridge and furrow
Historic designed parkland landscapes


Edited_KeyChars:
Moorland, mainly heather and rough acid grassland mosaics on higher and steeper slopes
Wet peaty flushes, mires, loughs and small reservoirs throughout the area


FG KeyChar:
•	There are scattered farmsteads and small hamlets, served by the market towns of Alnwick and Rothbury.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are scattered farmsteads and small hamlets, served by the market towns of Alnwick and Rothbury.


FG KeyChar:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.
•	They are highest in the south, where they reach over 400m AOD.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.
•	They are highest in the south, where they reach over 400m AOD.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a transition from heather and grass moor on the higher ground, through scrub and woodland, to improved farmland and parkland on the lower slopes.
•	Extensive plantations of coniferous woodland occur in some areas.
•	Broadleaved woodland is associated with rivers and scarp slopes.
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Abundant semi-natural broadleaved woodland, associated with historic parkland, rivers and scarp slopes
Some extensive plantations of coniferous woodland


FG KeyChar:
•	The flatter, more open arable farmland to the north contrasts with the strong patchwork of mixed farmland, hedgerows and hedgerow trees within the vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
Predominantly flat, open, arable farmland
Limited rough grazing on the northern and eastern edges of the Cheviots
Mixed farmland in south
Areas of wet grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or sandstone rubble with clay tile or stone slate roofs (formerly thatch, which survives in pockets such as at Etal).

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings generally of sandstone or sandstone rubble with clay tile or stone slate roofs (formerly thatch)


FG KeyChar:
•	Other rivers and streams are often tree-lined and meander between raised terraces and flat gravel benches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Other rivers and streams are often tree-lined and meander between raised terraces and flat gravel benches.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong pattern of large- and medium-sized hedged fields in vales
Hedgerows fragmented in the north, stronger in south
Also ditches (in river valleys only ) and significant length of stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fortified castles, ‘bastle houses’, ‘tower houses’ and other defensive structures are common.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fortified castles, ‘bastle houses’, ‘tower houses’ and other defensive structures
Estate landscapes


JM KeyChar:
•	The River Tweed and its English tributaries form an outstanding example of a sandstone and limestone river.  There are also some areas of wet grassland (for example within the Millfield Plain) and fragments of broadleaved woodland on steep river banks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Outstanding example of a sandstone and limestone river
Some moorland on fringes of Cheviot uplands


FG KeyChar:
•	Small traditional villages are strategically sited at river bridging points and on the break of slope at the edge of the valley floor.
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small traditional villages are strategically sited at river bridging points and on the break of slope at the edge of the valley floor.
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	This tranquil, agricultural, valley and plain landscape drains northwards to the Tweed and eastwards to the North Sea.
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This tranquil, agricultural, valley and plain landscape drains northwards to the Tweed and eastwards to the North Sea.
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Deciduous woodland along the River Tweed
Small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts
Few hedgerow trees in north but many in southern vales


FG KeyChar:
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The open moorland plateaux are managed as grouse moors and for grazing by distinctive white-faced Cheviot and black-faced Border sheep; there are also elusive wild goats.
•	Better quality grassland on the lower slopes is grazed by both beef cattle and sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
Grassland on lower slopes grazed by cattle and sheep
Open moorland plateaux grazed by distinctive Cheviot and Border sheep


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are commonly of sandstone and slate; but clay pantile roofs are a distinctive feature of the northern valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings commonly of sandstone and slate
Clay pantile roofs  a distinctive feature of the northern valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.


FG KeyChar:
•	The summit is characterised by mixed areas of blanket bog and heather and by the sculpted forms of granitic ‘tors’; the treeless upper hillsides have coarse ‘white’ grassland and heather moorland.
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The hills are largely open although the lower slopes have large regular fields defined by dry stone walls or ‘dykes’ dating from parliamentary enclosures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large regular fields from 19th century enclosures bounded by dry stone walls on lower slopes
Some hedgerows in valley bottoms
Hills mainly open


FG KeyChar:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	The well-preserved remains of extensive tracts of prehistoric landscape (hillforts, settlements and prehistoric field systems) can be clearly seen; the hills are also criss-crossed by ancient Roman tracks and border drove roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive prehistoric remains relating to defence, settlement and agriculture
Ancient Roman roads and medieval defensive sites


FG KeyChar:
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	There are rare arctic-alpine flora on the scree slopes and species-rich semi-natural grasslands and wet flushes in the valleys eg the Coquet valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural grass moor, heather moorland and blanket bog (managed for grouse)
Rare arctic-alpine flora and species-rich grassland and wet flushes


FG KeyChar:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.
•	Perceptions of remoteness and solitude are affected by military training, as the south-western part of the Character Area lies within the Otterburn Training Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.
•	Perceptions of remoteness and solitude are affected by military training, as the south-western part of the Character Area lies within the Otterburn Training Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This smooth, sinuous cluster of hills of volcanic origin rises to over 800m AOD and forms a wild, open, windswept landscape with broad moorland horizons.
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	On the northern flanks of the hills are deep ravines and rocky outcrops with dramatic scree slopes, glacial meltwater channels and ice-gouged hollows.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This smooth, sinuous cluster of hills of volcanic origin rises to over 800m AOD and forms a wild, open, windswept landscape with broad moorland horizons.
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	On the northern flanks of the hills are deep ravines and rocky outcrops with dramatic scree slopes, glacial meltwater channels and ice-gouged hollows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coniferous woodland plantations occur on some upper valley slopes where they tend to interrupt the smooth lines of an otherwise open, rounded landscape.
•	Steep-sided valleys with fast-flowing burns radiate outwards and have relict semi-natural broadleaved woodland (oak, birch, alder and hazel) and gorse scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Relict semi-natural broadleaved woodland (oak, birch, alder and hazel) and scrub on steep valley sides
Coniferous plantations on some upper valley slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	The main agricultural land use is rough or semi-improved pasture for cattle and sheep rearing, with semi-improved or improved in-bye land in sheltered valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Improved pasture, often on floodplain
Rough, semi-improved pasture
Cattle and sheep grazing


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings comprise scattered farmhouses and cottages of Fell sandstone with slate roofs on the upper slopes, with a few hamlets in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local traditional buildings of fell sandstone with slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a network of small rivers and streams in narrow gorges with sandstone crags, loughs and mires.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a network of small rivers and streams in narrow gorges with sandstone crags, loughs and mires.


FG KeyChar:
•	In places these woodlands are broken up by isolated and enclosed valleys with pastures and settlements.
•	Fields are large, open, rectangular, windswept, often poorly drained and subdivided by dry stone walls or wire fences.

Edited_KeyChars:
Valley farmland with large, rectangular fields
Fields bounded by dry stone walls with some hedges and fences


FG KeyChar:
•	There are important archaeological landscapes with evidence of settlements, tracks, field systems, sheilings, burial areas and Roman forts and camps.

Edited_KeyChars:
Evidence of settlements, tracks, field systems, sheilings, burial areas and Roman forts and camps


FG KeyChar:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	There are numerous peaty mires and mosses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Moorlands dominated by heather (managed for grouse)
Blanket bog, peaty mires and mosses


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is very sparsely populated overall.
•	Military training areas at Spadeadam Forest and Otterburn affect perceptions of remoteness and solitude.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is very sparsely populated overall.
•	Military training areas at Spadeadam Forest and Otterburn affect perceptions of remoteness and solitude.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a large-scale dissected landscape of high, rolling or undulating plateau with expanses of sweeping moorland, extensive coniferous woodlands, large reservoirs, and wide, long distance views.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a large-scale dissected landscape of high, rolling or undulating plateau with expanses of sweeping moorland, extensive coniferous woodlands, large reservoirs, and wide, long distance views.


FG KeyChar:
•	The treeless moorlands contrast with the vast areas of coniferous forest that dominate large parts of the area.
•	The extensive conifer plantations mainly consist of a patchwork of felled areas and different age-classes of non-native conifers.
•	There are few broadleaved trees, largely restricted to small woodland blocks, hedgerows and remnant semi-natural woodland in the more sheltered valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive treeless moorlands
Broadleaved trees in small blocks, in  hedgerows and along watercourses
Remnant semi-natural woodland in sheltered valleys
Widespread non-native conifer plantations


FG KeyChar:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture grazed by dairy cattle and sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
Improved pasture for dairy cattle and sheep


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed


FG KeyChar:
•	At the northern end of the area, the Solway Firth foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low soft river cliffs.
•	The southern part of the Solway coast is characterised by low cliffs formed by eroding coastal drumlins, sand and pebble beaches with sand dunes and raised beaches which were formed by changes in sea levels.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive intertidal mudflats backed by saltmarsh
Sand and pebble beaches with sand dunes and raised beaches
Low lying cliffs


FG KeyChar:
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields tend to be defined by drainage ditches, small streams, low hedgerows and stone faced hedgebanks or ‘kests’.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear fields
Drainage ditches and streams
Low hedgerows
Stone walls and stone-faced or earth banks


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is rich in archaeological remains, being located close to the English-Scottish Border and particularly in relation to Roman and medieval monastic remains.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich archaeological remains close to Scottish border
Roman and medieval monastic remains
Water features/ponds (unknown but probably associated with mosses)


FG KeyChar:
•	Raised peat bogs, locally known as ‘mosses’ provide a contrast with the improved pasture which forms a large part of the coastal fringe area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Raised peat bogs, coastal and dune heaths and mosses


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.
•	Dispersed nucleated inland settlements have grown around the core of a set of farm buildings, and along the coast towns and villages, including Victorian coastal resorts, have followed a more linear pattern of growth.
•	New, sometimes large scale development, is particularly apparent on the Carlisle urban fringe and also on several former 1940s airfields.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.
•	Dispersed nucleated inland settlements have grown around the core of a set of farm buildings, and along the coast towns and villages, including Victorian coastal resorts, have followed a more linear pattern of growth.
•	New, sometimes large scale development, is particularly apparent on the Carlisle urban fringe and also on several former 1940s airfields.


FG KeyChar:
•	A flat, open landscape lying between more dramatic upland areas - the Cumbria High Fells and the Southern Uplands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A flat, open landscape lying between more dramatic upland areas - the Cumbria High Fells and the Southern Uplands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees and woodland are limited, with some broadleaved trees in river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited woodland, mainly willow carr and birch scrub in river valleys
Hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Low undulating pasture inland from the coast.  Intensive grazing by sheep and cattle in the Derwent valley which is a flat, linear pastoral landscape

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly improved pasture
Intensive sheep and cattle grazing in Derwent valley
Occasional arable fields
Areas of managed and unmanaged rough grazing in south


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area’s towns tend to be largely industrial, the use of local red sandstone is apparent in both urban and more rural settlements.  It is either used alone or in combination with render or red brick.


FG KeyChar:
•	Urban areas on the coast reflecting the area’s role as a coastal industry and communications centre, and characterised by barbed wire fencing, small waste dumps, derelict buildings and industrial wasteland, contrasting with the rich agricultural land and views of the high fells to the north and east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Perceptions of the area are influenced by industrial development, coastal defence works, beach tipping or pylons, overhead lines and wind farms.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Perceptions of the area are influenced by industrial development, coastal defence works, beach tipping or pylons, overhead lines and wind farms.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium to large sized fields of improved pasture inland from the coast, are subdivided by a mix of hedgerows, hedgerow trees and wire fences.  Stone walls and hedges established on stone banks form boundaries along minor roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medium to large fields
Mix of hedgerows, stone walls and stone-faced hedgebanks
Ditches in river valleys
Some fences


FG KeyChar:
•	Underlying geology of coal measures, Hensingham Group and Chief Limestone Groups of Carboniferous age to the north of St. Bees Head, and to the south, an outcrop of the Permo-Triassic rocks mainly composed of the Steerton Bees Sandstone, with some overlying mudstones.  Strikingly high coastal cliffs at St. Bees Head formed by dull red sandstone.
•	Intertidal flats, a mix of shingle and pebble beaches at the northern end of the area, red sea cliffs on the central coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Underlying geology of coal measures, Hensingham Group and Chief Limestone Groups of Carboniferous age to the north of St. Bees Head, and to the south, an outcrop of the Permo-Triassic rocks mainly composed of the Steerton Bees Sandstone, with some overlying mudstones.  Strikingly high coastal cliffs at St. Bees Head formed by dull red sandstone.
•	Intertidal flats, a mix of shingle and pebble beaches at the northern end of the area, red sea cliffs on the central coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman coastal forts form part of the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site.  The spread of monasticism in the 12th century had a key influence on patterns of agricultural activity in the area, as well as woodland management.  Perhaps most evident is the more recent industrial past of the area.  There are some historic landscapes and estates in the area including Fitz Park, Cockermouth and Curwen Park, and Workington.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic parkland landscapes and estates
Roman forts and monastic remains
Water features (unknown but possibly associated with mosses)


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi natural habitats include saltmarsh and sand dunes backing the beaches. There are areas of managed and unmanged moorland towards the south of the area and inland, which is used for rough grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich grassland
Lowland heathland
Lowland raised bog and mosses


FG KeyChar:
•	The main towns are Maryport, Cockermouth, Workington, Whitehaven, Millom and Barrow.  Views within the landscape are affected by the visibility of ports, manufacturing industrial buildings and chemical works, as well as Sellafield nuclear power station.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The main towns are Maryport, Cockermouth, Workington, Whitehaven, Millom and Barrow.  Views within the landscape are affected by the visibility of ports, manufacturing industrial buildings and chemical works, as well as Sellafield nuclear power station.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Very few trees throughout the area, with the exception of small areas of semi-natural ancient woodland along the lowland river valleys and small woodlands and copses within fields.  Winds off the Irish Sea have an effect on both the growth rate and form of hedgerows and mature trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally sparsely treed
Small areas of semi-natural ancient woodland along lowland river valleys
Small woodlands and copses within fields
Hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	A decline in cattle and an increase in sheep numbers, a reduction in shepherding and an increase in the overwintering of stock on the fells has influenced the character of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
On higher land mainly unimproved rough grazing 
Semi-improved and improved pasture in the valleys
Mainly grazing for cattle and sheep with some arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed of local stone with slate roofs

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings of local stone with slate roofs
Many 17th century domestic buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	Glacial erosion and deposition has formed lakes and tarns in the area through over-deepening of valley floors, formation of rock basins and the creation of natural dams.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.
•	Linear watercourses are lined with broadleaved trees and shrubs.  Lakes are surrounded by relatively open land.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Glacial erosion and deposition has formed lakes and tarns in the area through over-deepening of valley floors, formation of rock basins and the creation of natural dams.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.
•	Linear watercourses are lined with broadleaved trees and shrubs.  Lakes are surrounded by relatively open land.


FG KeyChar:
•	Boundaries are formed by stone walls, with hedgerows and hedgerow trees in the valleys.  
•	There is largely unimproved rough grazing land in the higher areas, with semi-improved and improved pasture and rectilinear fields in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear fields bounded by stone walls
Hedgerows and hedgebanks in valleys bottom
Ditches in valleys bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.


JM KeyChar:
•	There is widespread evidence of prehistoric settlement (burial cairns, stone circles, enclosures); Roman influence (forts, roads such as High Street, farmstead sites); and early cultivation (ridge and furrow and lynchets).
•	Many farmhouses and other domestic buildings date from 1650-1750, a period of prosperity here.  18th and 19th century mining and processing is visible in the landscape in many areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric, Roman and early farming archaeological evidence and remains
Mining evidence from the industrial revolution
Ornamental parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	Mires, marshy grasslands and reed swamp in low lying areas are valued semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Upland heath and grass moorland
Arctic-alpine flora
Unimproved and semi-improved grasslands
Wetlands and mires on plateaux and valley heads


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural settlements are found in the valleys.  The valleys also contain market towns which have expanded in response to the area’s popularity for tourism and recreation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Agricultural settlements are found in the valleys.  The valleys also contain market towns which have expanded in response to the area’s popularity for tourism and recreation.


FG KeyChar:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.
•	U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys and corries higher on the mountains.  The sheltered U-shaped valleys have sloping sides and flat valley floors.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.
•	U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys and corries higher on the mountains.  The sheltered U-shaped valleys have sloping sides and flat valley floors.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are relatively few trees on the exposed higher land.  Large individual trees surround lakes.  On the more sheltered sites there are extensive areas of ancient, semi-natural broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Few trees on exposed higher land
Extensive ancient, semi-natural broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodlands on lower ground
Copses and scrub provide shelter around farmsteads
Watercourses lined with broadleaved trees
Hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.
•	Large, open, regular arable fields are interspersed with pastures grazed by sheep and cattle and urban fringe pony paddocks on the poorer, reclaimed soils.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, open, regular arable fields
Arable interspersed with pastures grazed by sheep and cattle
Pony paddocks on the poorer, reclaimed soils


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are generally of red brick and slate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings generally of red brick and slate


FG KeyChar:
•	Mudflats and saltmarshes are found within the river estuaries and there are expansive sandy beaches backed by dunes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mudflats and saltmarshes along river estuaries
Beaches and sand dunes


FG KeyChar:
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of open water and wetland occur in areas of mining subsidence and as features within restored landscapes; in places these have been developed as recreational landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Areas of open water and wetland occur in areas of mining subsidence and as features within restored landscapes; in places these have been developed as recreational landscapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are bounded by post and wire fences or by hedges.
•	Hedgerows are generally low and gappy, with no hedgerow trees, although hedgerow condition tends to be better in the more rural, northern areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, open, regular fields
Reclaimed land is simple and relatively featureless
Fields  bounded by post and wire fences or by hedgerows which are generally low and gappy
Also some walls


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, scattered country houses and estate parklands
Open water and wetland in former mined areas


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Sweeping sandy beaches and rocky headlands remain although much of the coast is developed.
•	It is heavily influenced by large-scale opencast coal mining sites, deep mine spoil heaps and colliery restoration.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sweeping sandy beaches and rocky headlands remain although much of the coast is developed.
•	It is heavily influenced by large-scale opencast coal mining sites, deep mine spoil heaps and colliery restoration.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are prominent blocks of mixed and coniferous woodland, many of which are still maturing, mainly on reclaimed colliery sites.
•	Broadleaved woods occur on steeper valley sides and within estate parkland.
•	The coast is open, largely treeless and windswept.
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.

Edited_KeyChars:
Coast open, largely treeless and windswept
Broadleaved woods on steeper valley sides and in estate parkland
Blocks of mixed and coniferous woodland on colliery sites


FG KeyChar:
•	Gently rolling terraces of open arable and mixed farmland with low hedges and few trees or woodlands occupy much of the area.
•	On land restored from spoil heaps or opencast mining, pastures for sheep grazing are divided by fences or strips of mixed or coniferous plantation; these landscapes lack maturity.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixture of improved pastures and arable cropping, especially on floodplain
Pasture for sheep grazing on reclaimed land and steeper slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	There are scattered ‘green’ villages with buildings of local sandstone and roofs of red clay pantile or slate, as well as numerous mining and industrial terraces of Victorian brick and slate, and later estate housing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional farm buildings of local sandstone with roofs of red clay pantile or slate
Also some Victorian brick and slate


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.
•	Coal mining has resulted in locally-prominent opencast extraction areas, spoil heaps and recently restored sites.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.
•	Coal mining has resulted in locally-prominent opencast extraction areas, spoil heaps and recently restored sites.


JM KeyChar:
•	Most field systems have their origins in town field enclosures of the 16th and 17th centuries and have suffered in varying degrees from field enlargement in the 20th century.

Edited_KeyChars:
16th and 17th century irregular field patterns
Patterns enlarged in places in 20th century
Fields divided by low hawthorn hedges, fences or strips of conifer plantation
Also some stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.


FG KeyChar:
•	Higher ground offers panoramic views within which the Tyne bridges and Durham Cathedral are prominent landmarks.
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich cultural heritage and landmark buildings
Remnant rigg and furrow
Parkland estates surrounding castles and country houses often sited along rivers


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.


JM KeyChar:
•	Ancient oak woods are found in denes and gorges and on steep river bluffs, and there are some remnant heaths and valley mires.


FG KeyChar:
•	Urban fringe land uses such as pony grazing are also found around settlements.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Urban fringe land uses such as pony grazing are also found around settlements.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.
•	Steep gorges and denes open up in places into broad floodplains overlooked by steep bluffs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.
•	Steep gorges and denes open up in places into broad floodplains overlooked by steep bluffs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse but the valley sides and bluffs are well wooded (sometimes with ancient oak woods).
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient oak woodland on valley sides, bluffs and historic estates
Hedgerow oak, ash, sycamore and beech in valleys
Otherwise tree cover generally sparse


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.
•	The land around the larger settlements shows strong urban fringe influences such as pony paddocks, sheds and allotments.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly open arable with occasional improved pasture
Urban fringe land used for pony paddocks and allotments
Rough coastal grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional, local stone-built houses
Later Victorian red-brick buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hawthorn hedges
Fragmented hedgerow network
Some dry stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	There is varied coastal topography of low limestone cliffs and clay slopes, sandy bays and rocky headlands, despoiled in places by tipping of colliery wastes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is varied coastal topography of low limestone cliffs and clay slopes, sandy bays and rocky headlands, despoiled in places by tipping of colliery wastes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Limestone quarries are prominent on the escarpment and areas of derelict or recently restored colliery land lie close to settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant field ponds and rigg and furrow
Ornamental parklands
More recent legacy of coal mining and limestone quarrying


FG KeyChar:
•	Remnants of Magnesian Limestone grassland occur on thin calcareous soils on steeper escarpment slopes and drift-free ridges and there are limestone plant communities in old quarries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnants of Magnesian Limestone grassland on escarpment
Limestone plant communities in old quarries


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.


FG KeyChar:
•	This gently rolling low plateau of soft Magnesian Limestones, overlain by thick glacial boulder clays, dips south-eastwards and is incised by steep-sided denes at the coast.
•	A low west-facing escarpment is dissected in the north by minor valleys separated by spurs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This gently rolling low plateau of soft Magnesian Limestones, overlain by thick glacial boulder clays, dips south-eastwards and is incised by steep-sided denes at the coast.
•	A low west-facing escarpment is dissected in the north by minor valleys separated by spurs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is low, but ancient ash woods are found in steep-sided limestone denes towards the coast and on the escarpment, and occasional broadleaved woodlands occur within parkland and country estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse woodland cover
Ancient ash, oak, wych elm and yew woods in steep-sided limestone denes
Some broadleaved estate woodlands
Generally few hedgerow trees
Coastal scrub of blackthorn, hazel and juniper


FG KeyChar:
•	On the ridges, most farmland is used for sheep and cattle grazing; in the valleys there is a mixture of arable fields and improved pastures.

Edited_KeyChars:
On the ridges, most farmland used for sheep and cattle grazing
In valleys a mixture of arable fields and improved pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate


FG KeyChar:
•	Recently reclaimed land and ongoing opencast coal mining are locally prominent in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Recently reclaimed land and ongoing opencast coal mining are locally prominent in the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The ridges are characterised by large, regular grids of dry stone walls and gappy thorn hedges, crossed by straight enclosure roads and lanes.
•	Fields in the valleys are generally smaller and bounded by hawthorn hedges with scattered hedgerow oak and ash.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ridges are characterised by large, regular grids of dry stone walls and gappy thorn hedges
Fields in the valleys are generally smaller and bounded by hawthorn hedges
Ditches in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Soft and thinly bedded sandstones, shales and coals give rise to gently rounded ridges with occasional steeper bluffs; boulder clay on lower valley slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soft and thinly bedded sandstones, shales and coals give rise to gently rounded ridges with occasional steeper bluffs; boulder clay on lower valley slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are numerous relics of the mining industry.

Edited_KeyChars:
Occasional parklands and wooded estates
Relics of the mining industry
Small ponds, oxbow lakes and wetlands in former gravel workings


FG KeyChar:
•	Fragments of heathland and scrub occur on infertile acidic soils on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fragments of heathland and scrub on infertile acidic soils on higher ground
Localised areas of upland hay meadow


FG KeyChar:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.
•	Mining villages with Victorian terraced housing of brick or stone and slate and later estate housing are scattered across the landscape, contributing an urban fringe character, particularly in the north-eastern part of the Character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.
•	Mining villages with Victorian terraced housing of brick or stone and slate and later estate housing are scattered across the landscape, contributing an urban fringe character, particularly in the north-eastern part of the Character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Lower lying undulating pastoral areas are found between the hills and the coast, including a larger scale rolling landscape to the west and a smaller scale landscape of contrasts with the surrounding limestone hills to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Lower lying undulating pastoral areas are found between the hills and the coast, including a larger scale rolling landscape to the west and a smaller scale landscape of contrasts with the surrounding limestone hills to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some scrub and broadleaved woodland is found in the inland areas, with some areas of ancient and semi-natural woodland.   There are relatively few trees on the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scrub and broadleaved woodland including ancient and semi-natural woodland and traditional coppice
Relatively few trees on the coast
Remnant traditional orchards (damsons in Lyth valley)


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture is based on upland sheep farming and cattle grazing.  Rough grazing on the upper hill slopes gives way to permanent pastures on the dales sides and hay meadows and silage fields on the more fertile dale floor.

Edited_KeyChars:
Upland sheep farming and cattle grazing
Rough grazing on upper hill slopes
Permanent pastures on dales sides
Hay meadows and silage fields on more fertile dale floors


FG KeyChar:
•	The dales are characterised by distinctive stone-built barns, often roofed with large slabs of stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive stone-built barns, often roofed with stone slates


FG KeyChar:
•	There are few naturally occurring waterbodies, reflecting the predominance of limestone.  The principal exceptions occur where carboniferous rocks have been eroded away to reveal impermeable rocks below, such as at Malham Tarn.  Reservoirs and associated water gathering grounds influence the landscape in Nidderdale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are few naturally occurring waterbodies, reflecting the predominance of limestone.  The principal exceptions occur where carboniferous rocks have been eroded away to reveal impermeable rocks below, such as at Malham Tarn.  Reservoirs and associated water gathering grounds influence the landscape in Nidderdale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries comprise distinctive drystone walls, enclosing large, rectilinear fields on the higher fells and smaller, older and irregular fields within the dales and particularly around villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly dry stone walls with some hedges at lower levels
Large, rectilinear fields on the higher fells
Smaller, older and irregular fields within the dales


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Dales are underlain by Millstone Grit in the east, the Yoredale Series (comprising alternating limestone, sandstone and shales) in the north and west and Great Scar Limestone in the south and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Dales are underlain by Millstone Grit in the east, the Yoredale Series (comprising alternating limestone, sandstone and shales) in the north and west and Great Scar Limestone in the south and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an historic landscape with remnants of strip lynchet field systems and the sites of Norse settlements.  The networks of stone field boundaries, barns and lanes are perhaps the most visible components of the historic landscape. Extensive remains from the lead mining industry, and the Settle to Carlisle Railway with its famous Ribblehead viaduct, are also prominent historic features within the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on high moorland
Remnant strip lynchet field systems and Norse settlement sites
Extensive remains of lead mining industry
Networks of stone field boundaries, field barns and green lanes
Some parkland landscapes in lower dales


FG KeyChar:
•	The fells comprise a mixture of heather moorland in the drier east and cotton grass bog in the wetter west.  In the south west, there are limestone outcrops in the form of pavements, scars and screes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heather moorland in the drier east
Blanket bog in the wetter west
Alkaline-loving wild-flowers on limestone
Limestone pavements, scars and screes


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area is predominantly rural in nature, it has a number of limestone and sandstone quarries.
•	Stone villages tend to be nucleated and focused on key transport routes and at bridging points.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the area is predominantly rural in nature, it has a number of limestone and sandstone quarries.
•	Stone villages tend to be nucleated and focused on key transport routes and at bridging points.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Millstone Grit gives rise to a plateau of high moorland.  The Yoredale Series gives rise to typically stepped profiles along dales sides.  The Great Scar Limestone gives rise to classic glacio-karst landscapes with limestone pavements, gorges, gills, scars, outcrops and cave systems.
•	The high moorland, which rises in places to over 600m AOD, contrasts with deep, glacially enlarged dales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Millstone Grit gives rise to a plateau of high moorland.  The Yoredale Series gives rise to typically stepped profiles along dales sides.  The Great Scar Limestone gives rise to classic glacio-karst landscapes with limestone pavements, gorges, gills, scars, outcrops and cave systems.
•	The high moorland, which rises in places to over 600m AOD, contrasts with deep, glacially enlarged dales.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Dales have limited tree cover.  Woodland tends to be limited to woods planted around villages and farmsteads to provide shelter, and sparse ancient and semi-natural woodlands on steeper slopes along gills and dalesides.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland tends to be limited
Woods planted around villages and farmsteads for shelter
Sparse ancient and semi-natural woodlands on steeper slopes and along gills


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly pastoral though some arable farming is found on lighter soils in the north and east of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly pastoral
Rough grazing on moorland fringes
On river floodplains to east some arable with pasture on wetter land


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages, farms and larger settlements are built of local stone, complementing stone walls where they occur.  Most buildings are of Millstone Grit, but Magnesian Limestone is also used in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Most buildings of Millstone Grit
Also Magnesian Limestone in east


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers such as the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf are often important landscape features, flowing through broad, glacially widened valleys.  Smaller rivers, such as the Burn, Laver, Kex Beck and the Skell flow through steep sided valleys following courses cut by glacial meltwaters.  The River Washburn, a tributary of the Wharf, has been dammed to create a series of reservoirs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers such as the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf are often important landscape features, flowing through broad, glacially widened valleys.  Smaller rivers, such as the Burn, Laver, Kex Beck and the Skell flow through steep sided valleys following courses cut by glacial meltwaters.  The River Washburn, a tributary of the Wharf, has been dammed to create a series of reservoirs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries include stone walls on higher ground and hedges in lower areas.  Around villages, fields are often small, reflecting their medieval origins and the combination of dairy farming with textile weaving.  Fields on higher ground tend to be larger and more regular, dating from parliamentary enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
Stone walls on higher ground
Hedges in lower areas, ditches in floodplains
Fields on high ground larger and more regular
Fields on lower ground smaller and of medieval origin


FG KeyChar:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.


JM KeyChar:
•	In the north of this area, landscape patterns have been influenced by Roman settlement along Dere Street (A1).  Medieval abbeys and castles, packhorse and masonry bridges across the area’s many rivers, and country houses and parks (often former medieval deer parks) are distinctive historic landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Roman settlement along Dere Street (A1)
Medieval abbeys and castles, packhorse and masonry bridges
Country houses and former medieval deer parks


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats are generally confined to the upper fringes in the north and west where improved grassland gives way to rough moorland grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant species-rich semi-natural grassland and hay meadow
Some fen and moorland


FG KeyChar:
•	Catterick military camp, developed in the twentieth century, together with the ‘golf balls’ of the military installation at Menwith Hill, are prominent features.
•	The area has a number of small, historic market towns including Kirkby Malzeard, Middleham, Masham, Richmond and Barnard Castle, as well as the spa town of Harrogate.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Catterick military camp, developed in the twentieth century, together with the ‘golf balls’ of the military installation at Menwith Hill, are prominent features.
•	The area has a number of small, historic market towns including Kirkby Malzeard, Middleham, Masham, Richmond and Barnard Castle, as well as the spa town of Harrogate.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.
•	The area is generally orientated eastwards, the moorlands of the Pennines forming a physical and visual barrier to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.
•	The area is generally orientated eastwards, the moorlands of the Pennines forming a physical and visual barrier to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is comparatively well-wooded in contrast to the open landscapes to the west.  Woodland is found along valley slopes, in copses and plantations in the lower agricultural landscape and along hedgerows. Many of the larger coniferous and mixed woodlands are found on estates.  Some lower lying, arable areas in the north east of the area have lower levels of tree cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Relatively well-wooded
Woodland along valley slopes and rivers and in small copses and plantations
Estate woodlands
Field boundary and hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	To the west is a broad area of open arable and mixed farmland, large in scale, with limited hedgerow trees of ash and sycamore.
•	To the north the land rises gently and is more undulating with permanent pastures and leys grazed by sheep and cattle.
•	To the south is an attractive, rolling, mixed farming landscape on the edge of the Vale of Mowbray and the North York Moors National Park.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open arable and mixed farmland to the west
Permanent pasture in the north
Mixed farming in the south
Wet floodplain grazing close to mouth of Tees


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or brick with red pantiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or brick with red pantiles


FG KeyChar:
•	At the mouth of the River Tees are extensive mud flats, saltmarshes, wetlands, beaches and dunes such as Seal Sands, Cowpen Marshes and Seaton Sands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive mud flats, saltmarshes, wetlands, beaches and dunes at mouth of River Tees


FG KeyChar:
•	Large-scale chemical and oil refining works, docks and other heavy industries along the estuary form a distinctive skyline, and transport and infrastructure corridors are also prominent.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large-scale chemical and oil refining works, docks and other heavy industries along the estuary form a distinctive skyline, and transport and infrastructure corridors are also prominent.


FG KeyChar:
•	Skerne Carrs, near Sedgefield, is an extensive and distinctive area of essentially flat, peaty fenland and carrs with frequent watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Skerne Carrs, near Sedgefield, is an extensive and distinctive area of essentially flat, peaty fenland and carrs with frequent watercourses.


FG KeyChar:
•	Minor valleys and linear strips of open land extend as green corridors from rural farmland into the heart of the conurbation.
•	Field boundaries are hawthorn hedges, usually low-cut
•	The semi-regular patterns of old (17th century) enclosures have been fragmented by field amalgamation.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-regular patterns of old enclosures fragmented by field amalgamation
Other field boundaries hawthorn hedges, usually low-cut
Ditches and dykes in areas of fen and carr (Skerne Carrs)
Some stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
Roman roads and fortifications
Deserted medieval villages and relic ridge and furrow especially around the carrs
Heavily wooded parkland and estates


Edited_KeyChars:
Flat, peaty fenland and carrs with frequent watercourses (Skerne Carrs area)


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a nucleated pattern of small green villages connected by winding lanes, and scattered farms.
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a nucleated pattern of small green villages connected by winding lanes, and scattered farms.
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.
•	The meandering, slow-moving river Tees flows through the heart of the area, with distinctive incised meanders in its middle reaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.
•	The meandering, slow-moving river Tees flows through the heart of the area, with distinctive incised meanders in its middle reaches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, with exceptions such as the steep banks of the middle Tees and Leven, semi-natural woodland on heathy soils north of Billingham, and parkland and managed estates.
•	Orchards historically were important in the area south of the river Tees

Edited_KeyChars:
Narrow riparian woods of willow and alder, also ancient oak woods on steep river banks
Semi-natural estate and small farm woodlands
Hedgerow trees of oak, ash and sycamore
Orchards historically important south of River Tees


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture is a combination of arable and mixed dairy and cropping with some poultry and pig rearing.  Agriculture tends to be more intensive in the south and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable and mixed dairy and cropping
Some poultry and pig rearing
More intensive in the south and west
Some wet grasslands along river corridors


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmsteads and cottages, which are frequently prominent in this open landscape, tend to be built in local brick with pantile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings mainly in local brick with pantile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is drained by the River Swale and its tributaries the River Wiske and the Cod Beck.  These watercourses meander within narrower valleys in the north and broader floodplains in the south.  The rivers are sometimes confined within flood defence embankments, particularly in the lower lying southern part of the Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is drained by the River Swale and its tributaries the River Wiske and the Cod Beck.  These watercourses meander within narrower valleys in the north and broader floodplains in the south.  The rivers are sometimes confined within flood defence embankments, particularly in the lower lying southern part of the Vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most fields are medium sized, though they tend to be larger in the south and west.  Boundaries are defined by low hedges or post and wire fences.

Edited_KeyChars:
Most fields medium sized, but larger in the south and west
Low hedges or post and wire fences
Ditches in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	The Vale of Mowbray is a low lying area underlain by Triassic sandstones and mudstones blanketed by a thick layer of glacial boulder clay with moraines and ridges of sands and gravels.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Vale of Mowbray is a low lying area underlain by Triassic sandstones and mudstones blanketed by a thick layer of glacial boulder clay with moraines and ridges of sands and gravels.


FG KeyChar:
•	Unlike surrounding upland areas where change has been slow and many historic sites have survived, the Vale of Mowbray has comparatively few historic sites, reflecting the processes of enclosure and drainage that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Few historic sites due to 18th and 19th century enclosures and drainage
Some parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats are few, tending to be limited to areas of riparian rough grazing, particularly in rivers’ more northerly sections.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural habitats are limited
Areas of riparian rough grazing


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages, which are often located on higher ground, tend to be linear in form.  Some have village greens and many have churches with spire or towers, providing landmarks in the wider landscape.
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Villages, which are often located on higher ground, tend to be linear in form.  Some have village greens and many have churches with spire or towers, providing landmarks in the wider landscape.
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is flatter in the south and west (formed on glacial lake deposits) and more undulating in the east, marking the transition to the North Yorkshire Moors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is flatter in the south and west (formed on glacial lake deposits) and more undulating in the east, marking the transition to the North Yorkshire Moors.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is generally sparse, comprising small woodlands (many associated with hunting) and a number of parklands.  The eastern part of the area is more wooded

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree cover generally sparse
Small copses, woodlands and parklands, especially in the east
In-field and hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture comprises rough grazing on the higher moorlands, mixed, predominantly pastoral farming in the Dales and arable on the lighter soils of lower areas to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rough sheep grazing on the higher moorlands
Sheep and cattle grazing on semi-natural and improved pastures in the dales
Arable along parts of the coast and to the south


FG KeyChar:
•	Most historic buildings are constructed in rubble limestone or dressed sandstone with red pantile or slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic buildings in rubble limestone or dressed sandstone with red pantile or slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The upland reaches the coast to form one of the highest stretches of cliffs in England.  These cliffs are punctuated by sandy or rocky bays.   Most rivers flow south, east or north east, radiating out from the upland mass.

Edited_KeyChars:
Cliffs punctuated by sandy or rocky bays


Edited_KeyChars:
•	The upland reaches the coast to form one of the highest stretches of cliffs in England.  These cliffs are punctuated by sandy or rocky bays.   Most rivers flow south, east or north east, radiating out from the upland mass.


FG KeyChar:
•	The pattern of field boundaries varies across the area with a combination of stone walls in the Dales (smaller around villages, larger on the hillslopes) and hedges in lower areas.  Many have deteriorated and have been replaced or supplemented by fences.  The higher moorland areas are largely unenclosed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Stone walls in the upland dales; hedges and ditches in lower areas
Many hedges replaced or supplemented by fences
Higher moorland areas are largely unenclosed


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by sandstones and mudstones from the Middle Jurassic in the north and sandstones and limestone from the Upper Jurassic in the south.  Shales from the Lower Jurassic (with alum, jet and cement stone) are revealed along the coast and where rivers have eroded deep valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by sandstones and mudstones from the Middle Jurassic in the north and sandstones and limestone from the Upper Jurassic in the south.  Shales from the Lower Jurassic (with alum, jet and cement stone) are revealed along the coast and where rivers have eroded deep valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The higher moorland represents the most extensive area of heather moorland in England and Wales.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural grasslands
Most extensive area of heather moorland in England and Wales
Fen and reedbed in some river valleys to east


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the upland dales and along the coast, settlement tends to be nucleated.  Elsewhere it is typically more dispersed with a scatter of farmsteads and roadside cottages.  Small fishing villages cling to steep valley sides.
•	The area includes industrial facilities such as the potash works at Boulby and the military communications infrastructure at Fylingdales.  Large caravan parks are found along the coast and tourism is an important part of the economy of settlements such as Whitby, Scarborough and Saltburn.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Within the upland dales and along the coast, settlement tends to be nucleated.  Elsewhere it is typically more dispersed with a scatter of farmsteads and roadside cottages.  Small fishing villages cling to steep valley sides.
•	The area includes industrial facilities such as the potash works at Boulby and the military communications infrastructure at Fylingdales.  Large caravan parks are found along the coast and tourism is an important part of the economy of settlements such as Whitby, Scarborough and Saltburn.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landform is dominated by a high moorland plateau which is tilted to the south, creating a steep escarpment along its northern edge and more gentle, though still pronounced slopes along the Vale of Pickering to the south.  The Cleveland Hills blend into the Hambledon Hills to the south and the North York Moors to the east.  Outlying hills to the north include the distinctive landmark of Roseberry Topping.
•	The high moorland is dissected by a series of dales, deepened by glacial meltwaters.  These dales are generally broad and sweeping but are steep sided in places.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landform is dominated by a high moorland plateau which is tilted to the south, creating a steep escarpment along its northern edge and more gentle, though still pronounced slopes along the Vale of Pickering to the south.  The Cleveland Hills blend into the Hambledon Hills to the south and the North York Moors to the east.  Outlying hills to the north include the distinctive landmark of Roseberry Topping.
•	The high moorland is dissected by a series of dales, deepened by glacial meltwaters.  These dales are generally broad and sweeping but are steep sided in places.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst the higher moors are mainly treeless, broadleaf woodlands are found in the sheltered dales and lower areas to the south.  Extensive areas of coniferous plantations are located on the lower areas of moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Higher moors mainly treeless
Broadleaf woodlands in the sheltered dales and lower areas to the south
Field boundary trees in dales


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture reflects the difference in soils within the vale.  To the east, arable farming dominates, with large rectilinear fields enclosed by low hedges having been created as the wetlands were drained.  Pastures are found along some of the river floodplains.  The west is characterised by mixed farming with a higher proportion of pastures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable farming dominates in east, with pastures along river floodplains
Mixed farming in west with a higher proportion of pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of brick or sandstone imported from surrounding uplands.  Most historic buildings are roofed using pantiles, though many were originally thatched.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings of brick or sandstone from uplands
Most historic buildings roofed with pantiles


JM KeyChar:
•	The coastal landscape along the eastern edge of the area has a different character from the rest of the vale, with beaches, cliffs, short coastal stream valleys and the rock spit of Filey Brig.

Edited_KeyChars:
Cliffs, beaches and short coastal stream valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers include the River Derwent which flows south westwards along the Vale, cutting through the Howardian Hills to the south.  A series of tributaries drain higher ground to the north and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers include the River Derwent which flows south westwards along the Vale, cutting through the Howardian Hills to the south.  A series of tributaries drain higher ground to the north and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries comprise a combination of low hedges and, particularly in lower parts of the eastern Vale, drained ditches and dykes.  Fences are common where hedges have declined or been lost.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear fields
Fields mainly bounded by low hedges, stone walls, with drainage ditches and dykes in lowest areas
Fences where hedges have declined/disappeared


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the Vale of Pickering is underlain by Kimmeridge Clay, buried deeply beneath layers of glacial and fluvial clays and sands.  The flatter and more low lying areas, with peaty soils, are found in the eastern part of the Vale.  The western part is more undulating in nature with clay soils.  An area of glacial moraine along the coast forms a further area of undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the Vale of Pickering is underlain by Kimmeridge Clay, buried deeply beneath layers of glacial and fluvial clays and sands.  The flatter and more low lying areas, with peaty soils, are found in the eastern part of the Vale.  The western part is more undulating in nature with clay soils.  An area of glacial moraine along the coast forms a further area of undulating land.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Vale is rich in historic features including the remains of Mesolithic settlements where archaeological finds have been preserved in waterlogged conditions.  The Vale also includes Neolithic sites (earthen long barrows) and Bronze and Iron Age sites around the fringes.  Medieval sites include castles, fortified manor houses and churches, together with medieval strip fields.  17th and 18th century country houses and designed landscapes are also key features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich prehistoric features, often preserved in waterlogged conditions
Medieval sites including castles, fortified manors, churches and medieval strip fields
Historic linear springline settlements and burgage plots
17th and 18th century country houses and designed landscapes
History of 18th and 19th century drainage and enclosure


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic linear settlements are located above the flood level close to springs and shallow wells, with long thin burgage plots running back from the main street.  On the higher ground, settlement is a dispersed pattern of cottages, small hamlets and farmsteads.  Villages are linked by a network of straight roads and tracks.
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Historic linear settlements are located above the flood level close to springs and shallow wells, with long thin burgage plots running back from the main street.  On the higher ground, settlement is a dispersed pattern of cottages, small hamlets and farmsteads.  Villages are linked by a network of straight roads and tracks.
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is limited in the lower lying eastern part of the Vale, but is more extensive in western areas and around the fringes with copses and more field boundary trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland cover limited in lower lying eastern part of the Vale
In western areas, copses, riparian trees and carr woodlands
Field boundary trees (oak, ash and holly) especially in west


FG KeyChar:
•	The fertile, chalky soils support mainly arable farming, though there are remnants of unimproved or semi-improved chalk grassland in steep side dry valleys defined by a hedge at the break of slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable farming
Some intensive livestock rearing
Rough grass on escarpment


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a generally lightly settled landscape with predominantly brick - but sometimes chalk and pantile - buildings, large scattered farmsteads on high ground, small villages in valleys, and small market towns at the fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly brick and pantile buildings, but also some chalk


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers and streams are few on the permeable in chalk, being limited to a number of short streams draining steep valleys along the escarpment and the Gypsey Race which runs through the Great Wolds Valley near Bridlington.  The Wolds rise from the Humber estuary in the south and form high chalk cliffs where they reach the coast at Flamborough Head.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers and streams are few on the permeable in chalk, being limited to a number of short streams draining steep valleys along the escarpment and the Gypsey Race which runs through the Great Wolds Valley near Bridlington.  The Wolds rise from the Humber estuary in the south and form high chalk cliffs where they reach the coast at Flamborough Head.


FG KeyChar:
•	A combination of hedges and fences enclose large, regular shaped fields dating back to Parliamentary enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, regular Parliamentary enclosures
A combination of hedges and fences
Some stone walls also


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.


JM KeyChar:
•	Notable historic landscape features include extensive evidence of prehistoric settlement, high concentrations of deserted medieval villages such as Wharram Percy, and large estates and parks such as Sledmere developed from the 18th century onwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive evidence of prehistoric settlement and deserted medieval villages
Many village ponds
Large estates and parks from 18th century onwards


Edited_KeyChars:
Remnants of unimproved or semi-improved chalk grassland in steep sided dry valleys
Remnant heath on fringes of area


Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a generally lightly settled landscape with predominantly brick - but sometimes chalk and pantile - buildings, large scattered farmsteads on high ground, small villages in valleys, and small market towns at the fringes.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.
•	This is a large-scale landscape with big skies and long views from the escarpment and plateaux which contrast with the more enclosed chalk valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.
•	This is a large-scale landscape with big skies and long views from the escarpment and plateaux which contrast with the more enclosed chalk valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is limited in extent, particularly on the chalk.  Most woodland is confined to steeper slopes, including escarpments and on the hills formed from Jurassic rocks.  Woodland is also associated with historic parklands.  Most woodland is broadleaf.

Edited_KeyChars:
Broadleaved woodland, confined to steeper slopes (including escarpments) and estates
Mature linear shelterbelts and shelter planting around farmsteads
Some in-field and hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas of heathland remain on poorer, sandy soils where agricultural improvement has not occurred.  Some of these heathy areas have been afforested.  Washlands and hay meadows are found along the river floodplains.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly in arable cultivation
Floodplain areas traditionally grazed (often communally) but some now improved


FG KeyChar:
•	The Vale of York includes the floodplains of several major rivers, notably the Ouse, the Derwent and the Wharfe, but also the Ure, Nidd and Foss.  Most historic buildings are constructed in mottled brick with pantile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic buildings mainly of mottled brick with pantile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.


Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Vale of York includes the floodplains of several major rivers, notably the Ouse, the Derwent and the Wharfe, but also the Ure, Nidd and Foss.  Most historic buildings are constructed in mottled brick with pantile roofs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, flailed and intermittent hedges enclose medium to large sized fields.  There are scattered field boundary trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medium to large sized fields
Low, flailed and intermittent hedges or drainage ditches
Floodplain areas largely unenclosed


FG KeyChar:
•	The solid geology of the Vale of York comprises Triassic sandstone and mudstone and Lower Jurassic mudstone completely buried beneath glacial till, sand, gravel and moraines. These moraines form a number of curving ridges across the Vale.  The northern part of the Vale is underlain by glacial clay, sand and gravel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The solid geology of the Vale of York comprises Triassic sandstone and mudstone and Lower Jurassic mudstone completely buried beneath glacial till, sand, gravel and moraines. These moraines form a number of curving ridges across the Vale.  The northern part of the Vale is underlain by glacial clay, sand and gravel.


JM KeyChar:
•	Key historic landscape features include Roman remains, early timber frame buildings, designed parklands and fine masonry bridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Floodplain management dating back to Roman period
Parliamentary enclosure landscape
Parkland and estates
Water features (unknown)


Edited_KeyChars:
Wetlands, washlands and hay meadows along river floodplains
Remnant heaths on moraines


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are distinctive with a linear form with buildings set back behind wide grass verges.  The Vale is scattered with large, brick built farmsteads.
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are distinctive with a linear form with buildings set back behind wide grass verges.  The Vale is scattered with large, brick built farmsteads.
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered small woods with more extensive conifer plantations are found on sandy soils, together creating the impression of more wooded farmland in some areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scattered small woods
Some larger ancient semi-natural woods
Riparian trees marking river courses
Scattered field boundary trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly under arable cultivation with some areas of pastures and improved grassland.  The latter are most common on steeper slopes and damper valley floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable cultivation
Some areas of pastures and improved grassland, especially on steeper slopes and damper valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed in local limestone and sandstone with red pantile roofs.  The stones vary in colour from rich reds to pale creams.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings in local limestone and sandstone with red pantile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the headwaters of rivers draining the Vale of Pickering, to the east and the Vale of York to the west.  The river Derwent cuts a deep gorge through the hills to the south west of Malton.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the headwaters of rivers draining the Vale of Pickering, to the east and the Vale of York to the west.  The river Derwent cuts a deep gorge through the hills to the south west of Malton.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are predominantly hedges with some fences and some areas of walls in higher areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field boundaries mainly hedges with some fences
Stone walls in higher areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The Howardian Hills are formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic period and the calcareous sandstone and limestone of the Upper Jurassic.  Numerous east west faults cross the hills, giving rise to irregular ridges and valleys.  Prominent scarps of limestone are notable features along the outermost ridges.  Glacial drift deposits contribute to the more undulating landform in the south and west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Howardian Hills are formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic period and the calcareous sandstone and limestone of the Upper Jurassic.  Numerous east west faults cross the hills, giving rise to irregular ridges and valleys.  Prominent scarps of limestone are notable features along the outermost ridges.  Glacial drift deposits contribute to the more undulating landform in the south and west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic sites date back the Bronze Age. 17th and 18th century enclosure created the straight sided, rectangular fields characteristic to the area. 18th century country houses and ornamental houses, such as Castle Howard, are key historic features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric sites including Bronze Age and Roman
18th century country houses and associated designed landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats principally comprise areas of woodland and unimproved grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant semi-natural grassland
Remnant fen, bog and reedbed


FG KeyChar:
•	Many villages are linear in form with wide verges forming village greens.  In other villages, houses are clustered around a single village green. The simplicity and scale of these villages contrasts with the grandeur of the area’s many stately homes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many villages are linear in form with wide verges forming village greens.  In other villages, houses are clustered around a single village green. The simplicity and scale of these villages contrasts with the grandeur of the area’s many stately homes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Varied patterns of woodland create a contrasting landscape, the principal contrast being between the sheltered valleys with their extensive areas of broadleaved woodlands and parkland landscapes, and the much more open plateau areas characterised by woodland blocks and large scale plantations.  Alder woodlands remain a feature of damper valley bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive broadleaved woodlands in valleys
Prominent hilltop trees, woodland blocks and plantations on plateaux
Alder woodland in damp valley bottoms
Field boundary trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the farming in the area is intensive and arable.  Small areas of permanent pasture exist, especially on steeper slopes or in the narrow valley bottoms, comprising a characteristic component of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly intensive arable
Distinctive small areas of permanent pasture on steeper slopes and in narrow valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	The creamy white Magnesium Limestone is widely used in local buildings,occasionally combined with brick or stone cobbles, and the roofing material is commonly red pantiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Creamy white Magnesian Limestone widely used locally, occasionally with brick or stone cobbles
Roofing material commonly red pantiles


FG KeyChar:
The ridge is cut in several places along its length by a series of rivers, some with dramatic river gorges, including Nidd Gorge at Knaresborough.  The waterbodies of recently restored mineral workings form a feature in the landscape south of Ripon.

Edited_KeyChars:
The ridge is cut in several places along its length by a series of rivers, some with dramatic river gorges, including Nidd Gorge at Knaresborough.  The waterbodies of recently restored mineral workings form a feature in the landscape south of Ripon.


FG KeyChar:
•	The field boundaries are usually low, flailed thorn hedges, although stone walls also occur in many places.  Hedges often follow the topography and serve to emphasise the smooth, rolling landform.  Hedgerow trees are relatively sparse which adds to the open character of farmed landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low, flailed thorn hedges with few hedgerow trees
Hedges that follow landform, emphasising smooth, rolling form
Ditches in valley bottoms
Stone walls also common


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by predominantly Magnesium Limestone geology which is covered in many places by drift deposits.  This forms an escarpment in the west and a gently dipping landform in the east.  Coal deposits are found in the west along with the associated spoil tips, mineral lines and stocking areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by predominantly Magnesium Limestone geology which is covered in many places by drift deposits.  This forms an escarpment in the west and a gently dipping landform in the east.  Coal deposits are found in the west along with the associated spoil tips, mineral lines and stocking areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Roman influence of Ermine Street and Dere Street, basis of much of modern A1
Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge
Water features - unknown but possibly farm ponds or features within parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural ancient woodlands are key habitats, found on the ridge, hill tops, steeper slopes and along small valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant limestone grasslands at risk from agricultural intensification
Remnant valley wetlands


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.
•	The settlement pattern varies from large scattered farmsteads and small nucleated villages to larger towns on the plateau. The area is more heavily settled near Nottingham, where there is also a greater intensity of industrial activity. 
•	Limestone quarrying influences the landscape, especially in the central and southern parts of the ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.
•	The settlement pattern varies from large scattered farmsteads and small nucleated villages to larger towns on the plateau. The area is more heavily settled near Nottingham, where there is also a greater intensity of industrial activity. 
•	Limestone quarrying influences the landscape, especially in the central and southern parts of the ridge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is significant - mainly due to the presence of a number of large country houses and their managed estates - with extensive areas of estate woodlands, plantations and game coverts.  There are also a number of semi-natural, sometimes ancient woodlands on the ridge, sometimes on hill tops or steeper slopes and also along small valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of estate woodland, plantation and game covert
Semi-natural/ ancient woodlands on ridge, hilltops and steeper slopes and along small valleys
In-field trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture which is grazed by dairy cattle.  The poorer draining clays and coastal marsh areas are grazed by cattle and sheep.  Drained areas of moss and coastal plain are under arable cultivation or intensive market gardening.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sheep and cattle grazing on poorly drained clays/ coastal marsh
Arable and market gardening on drained mosses/ coastal plain
Dairy cattle on improved pasture inland


FG KeyChar:
•	Most traditional buildings are constructed of red brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings mainly of red brick


FG KeyChar:
•	Along the coast, the foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats and sand banks, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low cliffs
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive intertidal mudflats and sand banks, backed by saltmarsh, dendritic creeks and low cliffs


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are scarce in this low landscape, generally confined to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries.  
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields are defined by drainage ditches, low hedgerows and, in some higher areas, drystone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear pastures enclosed by drainage ditches and low hedgerows
Dry stone walls in some higher areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones which are buried beneath glacial deposits of boulder clay and marine alluvium.  A carboniferous Millstone Grit Sandstones outcrop is found at Heysham Head, creating cliffs and a rocky foreshore.  Drumlins characterise much of the area - drowned in places where they meet the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones which are buried beneath glacial deposits of boulder clay and marine alluvium.  A carboniferous Millstone Grit Sandstones outcrop is found at Heysham Head, creating cliffs and a rocky foreshore.  Drumlins characterise much of the area - drowned in places where they meet the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.

JM KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include early churches, drainage works and canals.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic landscape features that include early churches, drainage works and canals


FG KeyChar:
•	Most areas of moss have been drained and improved for agriculture, though some areas of moss, comprising raised mire, remain near Heysham and are valued semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some surviving areas of moss (raised mire) near Heysham


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are scarce in this low landscape, generally confined to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree cover limited to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium to large fields form an open, large-scale agricultural landscape with a rich patchwork of lush pasture and arable land.  Localised areas of intensive market gardening provide seasonally varied colours and textures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patchwork of lush pasture and arable land
Issue of loss of permanent and wet grassland
Seasonally varied colours and textures from market gardening


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a high density of field ponds, salt marshes are prominent at the heads of estuaries and sand dunes occur along some sections of the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Salt marshes prominent at the heads of estuaries
Sand dunes along some sections of the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	The complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes with localised reedbeds is a reminder of the area’s heritage of wetland reclamation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes with localised reedbeds is a reminder of the area’s heritage of wetland reclamation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	A rectilinear network of lanes and tracks, usually without fences or hedges, subdivides the landscape.
•	Medium to large fields form an open, large-scale agricultural landscape with a rich patchwork of lush pasture and arable land.  Localised areas of intensive market gardening provide seasonally varied colours and textures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medium to large rectilinear fields usually without fences or hedges
Issue of hedgerow neglect and removal
Complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes


FG KeyChar:
•	It is thickly blanketed by glacial till, with poorly-drained peat-filled hollows that give rise to mosses and meres.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	It is thickly blanketed by glacial till, with poorly-drained peat-filled hollows that give rise to mosses and meres.


Edited_KeyChars:
Heritage of wetland reclamation
Designed landscapes associated with large houses locally common in south
Many meres and field ponds (former brick and marl pits) - at risk of drainage


FG KeyChar:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.
•	Urban settlement is concentrated in the planned Victorian coastal resorts and inland towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.
•	Urban settlement is concentrated in the planned Victorian coastal resorts and inland towns.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a relatively flat and gently rolling plain, broken by isolated hills such as Parbold Hill, Beacon Park and Ashurst’s Beacon.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a relatively flat and gently rolling plain, broken by isolated hills such as Parbold Hill, Beacon Park and Ashurst’s Beacon.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are extensive views across the plain, within which small to medium blocks of mixed woodland (wind-sculpted near coast) provide punctuation and vertical accents.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open landscape with prominent small to medium blocks of mixed woodland (wind-sculpted near coast) that are important landmarks
Occasional hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Land use is mainly permanent, improved pasture for dairy and livestock farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly permanent, improved pasture for dairy and livestock
Wet valley grasslands
On higher ground, hay meadows and some rough grazing


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional stone barns are commonplace on higher ground and are of stone with stone flag or slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional barns made of stone with stone flag or slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.
•	Metal railings around estate boundaries are characteristic of the southern and western edges of the Character Area.
•	Medium- to small-scale fields are defined by hedgerows with mature hedgerow trees, growth of which is particularly vigorous in the north. Dry stone walls are also common in some areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medium to small-scale fields
Dense hedgerows
Ditches in valley bottoms
Dry stone walls in some areas, especially on higher ground
Characteristic metal railings around estate boundaries


FG KeyChar:
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys

Edited_KeyChars:
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.

JM KeyChar:
•	Country house estates, often with well wooded parkland, are commonplace.  Small mill settlements, lead mining remains and derelict lime kilns along the Ribble Valley are also characteristic features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many archaeological sites, including Roman roads and motte and bailey castles
Country house estates with wooded parkland
Remains of mining and mill activities and settlement e.g. historic mills and bridges


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural woodland, much of which is ancient, occurs on the main valley bottoms, side valleys and ridges, and is dominated by oak, ash and alder.
•	There are lush hay meadows and some rough grazing at higher elevations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant semi-natural grasslands
Herb rich hay meadows 
Moorland and blanket bog on higher ground
Semi-natural acidic, neutral and wet grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of winding hedge-lined country lanes connects small, often linear, villages, hamlets and scattered farmsteads, mostly in local stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A network of winding hedge-lined country lanes connects small, often linear, villages, hamlets and scattered farmsteads, mostly in local stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating, rolling landscape with local variation created by numerous river valleys and by the moorland outliers of Beacon Fell, Longridge Fell and Pendle Hill on the south side of the area.
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating, rolling landscape with local variation created by numerous river valleys and by the moorland outliers of Beacon Fell, Longridge Fell and Pendle Hill on the south side of the area.
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural woodland, much of which is ancient, occurs on the main valley bottoms, side valleys and ridges, and is dominated by oak, ash and alder.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural woodland, much ancient, on valley bottoms, sides and ridges
Prominent beech stands
Tree-fringed rivers
Mature hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The open, rolling heather moorland and blanket bog are managed for grouse shooting and grazed by sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely improved pasture grazed by sheep, with some cattle
Also wet and rough grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional farmhouses are generally of gritstone and typically shelter a barn under the same roof line (laithe houses).

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional farmhouses generally of gritstone and typically share roof line with barn (laithe houses)


FG KeyChar:
•	These upland pastures are criss-crossed by dry stone walls and grazed mainly by sheep, with some cattle.
•	Regular enclosures on higher ground where commons were systematically subdivided; more irregular enclosures are found on the slopes where there is also a complex system of narrow lanes with occasional wide historic drove roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular enclosures on higher ground
More irregular fields on slopes
Mainly dry stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	The dominant feature is the central upland core of Millstone Grit fells, with extensive tracts of heather moorland and blanket bog.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The dominant feature is the central upland core of Millstone Grit fells, with extensive tracts of heather moorland and blanket bog.


FG KeyChar:
•	In medieval times the Bowland Fells was part of the Royal Forest of Lancaster, the top providing hunting ground for wolves, with deer on lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Evidence of prehistoric settlement and land use
Part of medieval Royal Forest of Lancaster, hunting ground for wolves and deer
Industrial archaeology


FG KeyChar:
•	The moorland is ringed by enclosed, reclaimed moorland pasture with an attractive mosaic of woodland, unimproved meadows, pasture, marshes and streams.
•	High quality species-rich meadows can be found in the limestone areas to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich meadows in limestone areas to the east
Moorland with wet and dry heathland and acid grassland, managed for grouse shooting
Blanket bog, marshes and streams


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a scattered settlement pattern, with picturesque stone villages and strong unity of building materials, styles and village form.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a scattered settlement pattern, with picturesque stone villages and strong unity of building materials, styles and village form.


FG KeyChar:
•	The large-scale, sweeping landform of the Bowland Fells is incised by narrow, wooded, intimate valleys and cloughs.
•	The dominant feature is the central upland core of Millstone Grit fells, with extensive tracts of heather moorland and blanket bog.
•	However, physical harshness is tempered by the compactness of the topographical unit and its proximity to settlement.
•	Steeply sloping, sculptural escarpments and exposed moorland tops contrast with the surrounding lush green valleys of the Lune, Ribble, Hodder and Wyre, to which they are linked by the wooded cloughs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The large-scale, sweeping landform of the Bowland Fells is incised by narrow, wooded, intimate valleys and cloughs.
•	The dominant feature is the central upland core of Millstone Grit fells, with extensive tracts of heather moorland and blanket bog.
•	However, physical harshness is tempered by the compactness of the topographical unit and its proximity to settlement.
•	Steeply sloping, sculptural escarpments and exposed moorland tops contrast with the surrounding lush green valleys of the Lune, Ribble, Hodder and Wyre, to which they are linked by the wooded cloughs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steeply sloping, sculptural escarpments and exposed moorland tops contrast with the surrounding lush green valleys of the Lune, Ribble, Hodder and Wyre, to which they are linked by the wooded cloughs.
•	Extensive coniferous plantations occur to the south-east and east of the area.
•	Small copses shelter the area’s isolated farmhouses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural clough woodlands
Small copses sheltering farms
Extensive conifer plantations to the east and south-east


FG KeyChar:
•	There are remnants of agricultural land, fragmented by industry and scattered development.

Edited_KeyChars:
Improved and semi-improved pasture for sheep, dairy and cattle grazing
Remnant floodplain meadows and wet pastures
Agricultural land fragmented by industry and development


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s many Victorian stone buildings and terraces are well-integrated into the landscape.
•	There is a strong industrial heritage associated with the textile industry, and redundant mill buildings, mill lodges and ponds are common.


FG KeyChar:
•	The towns of Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley give the area an intensely urban character, and numerous communication routes, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the M65 motorway, run along the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The towns of Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley give the area an intensely urban character, and numerous communication routes, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the M65 motorway, run along the valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are regular to the west and irregular to the east, but are generally degraded around urban areas.
•	They are formed by hedges with few hedgerow trees, and by stone walls and post and wire fences at higher elevations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field boundaries regular to west and irregular to the east, degraded around urban areas
Low-cut hedges at lower elevations
Gritstone walls and wire fences higher up


FG KeyChar:
•	It lies within a broad trough underlain by coal measures, which provided the basis of for early industrialisation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	It lies within a broad trough underlain by coal measures, which provided the basis of for early industrialisation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Numerous large country houses with associated parklands occur, particularly on the northern valley sides away from major urban areas.
•	There is a strong industrial heritage associated with the textile industry, and redundant mill buildings, mill lodges and ponds are common.

Edited_KeyChars:
Numerous large country houses with designed parklands particularly to north
Textile industry heritage of mills, mill lodges and ponds


FG KeyChar:
•	Most land is pasture, with areas of acid and neutral grassland, flushes and mires.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of acid and neutral grassland, flushes and mires
Hay meadows with rushes and gorse on higher ground
Heather moorland on hill tops


FG KeyChar:
•	The broad valley of the river Calder and its tributaries runs north-east to south-west between the backdrops of Pendle Hill and the southern Pennines.
•	This visually contained landscape would once have shared many characteristics with the rural valley of the river Ribble to the north but is now mainly urban.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The broad valley of the river Calder and its tributaries runs north-east to south-west between the backdrops of Pendle Hill and the southern Pennines.
•	This visually contained landscape would once have shared many characteristics with the rural valley of the river Ribble to the north but is now mainly urban.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small to medium scale fields – becoming bleaker and more open towards the coast (defined by soil banks) and more intricate and irregular inland due to early enclosure (defined by high hedges and prominent hedgerow trees).

Edited_KeyChars:
Small to medium fields
Fields inland irregular with high hedges and some ditches in valleys
Fields in coastal areas and more open and enclosed by soil banks
Extensive post-war rationalisation


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils are deep and loamy and among the most fertile in the country.  Dune sands fringe some of the coasts.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils are deep and loamy and among the most fertile in the country.  Dune sands fringe some of the coasts.


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated, prominent flint churches – either round-towered Saxo-Norman or medieval wool churches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant archaeological resource (mainly on arable land)
Historic coastal defences and sea walls including Roman and WWII anti-invasion defences
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Collection of settlement along the coast, including the sea-side resort of Great Yarmouth, with the town of North Walsham forming the only substantial settlement inland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Collection of settlement along the coast, including the sea-side resort of Great Yarmouth, with the town of North Walsham forming the only substantial settlement inland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Flat and low-lying, this landscape has limited topographic variation.  It slopes gently from west to east – becoming flatter as it merges with the Broads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Flat and low-lying, this landscape has limited topographic variation.  It slopes gently from west to east – becoming flatter as it merges with the Broads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Blocks of woodland and copses lend an intricate, enclosed character on the Broads margin contrasting with a scarcity of woodland elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland scarce apart from the blocks of woodland and copses on the Broads margin
Prominent mature hedgerow trees in inland areas, including oak, beech and pine


FG KeyChar:
•	The agriculture of the area is based on a long history of lowland livestock grazing interspersed with arable cropping.
•	The agricultural landscape is dominated by pasture (drained grazing marsh, improved grass leys or pastures in the upper reaches of valleys).
•	Arable cultivation creates areas of uniform texture and colour in this traditional pastoral landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lowland livestock grazing interspersed with arable cropping
Mainly pasture (drained grazing marsh) with areas of rough grazing 
Improved grass leys or pastures in upper valley reaches)
Areas of uniform texture and colour associated with arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Windpumps and isolated farmhouses are the most significant artifacts in the marshes.
•	This is the main area of Norfolk reed thatch in East Anglia.

Edited_KeyChars:
Main area of Norfolk reed thatch in East Anglia


JM KeyChar:
•	Some Broads such as Hickling and Horsey Mere lie at or below sea level and require coastal protection; they are visually separated from the coast as is most of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of open water, containing a wet, low-lying complex of flooded former peat workings ('Broads') of various sizes.
•	Rivers flow between flood banks, above the level of the surrounding land which is drained by dykes and pumps, with ‘rounds’ (areas of reedswamp or saltmarsh) between the rivers and their floodbanks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Extensive areas of open water, containing a wet, low-lying complex of flooded former peat workings ('Broads') of various sizes.
•	Rivers flow between flood banks, above the level of the surrounding land which is drained by dykes and pumps, with ‘rounds’ (areas of reedswamp or saltmarsh) between the rivers and their floodbanks.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are few fences – reed-fringed ditches divide fields in a rectilinear pattern.
•	Hedgerows are present in the upper reaches of the valleys.
•	Field gates are features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Reed-fringed ditches/ dykes in a rectilinear pattern
Hedgerows in upper valley reaches
Field gates a feature


FG KeyChar:
•	Windpumps and isolated farmhouses are the most significant artifacts in the marshes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Former peat workings, dykes and windpumps
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape is a mosaic of semi-natural habitats of species-rich fen, reed beds, marsh, scrub and carr woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of fresh and saline open water - flooded former peat workings (broads)
Mosaic of species-rich fen, reed beds and marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic houses set in designed landscapes are characteristic of the estuaries and river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Redundant military infrastructure along coast, including gun emplacements and pill boxes
Significant archaeological resource under arable cultivation
Historic houses in designed landscapes characteristic of estuaries and river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Surviving areas of heathland create a distinctive lowland and coastal landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland creates a distinctive lowland coastal landscape
Marshes and wetlands (some drained), including reedbeds, characteristic of estuaries and valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Most hamlets and villages are small, complementing a scatter of farmsteads, traditional barns and cottages throughout the rural area.
•	Historic houses set in designed landscapes are characteristic of the estuaries and river valleys.
•	Coastal settlements are distinctive in character, many enjoying a relatively unspoilt atmosphere.  Some show the influence of Dutch architecture.
•	Larger urban areas include parts of Ipswich, Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth together with Harwich and Felixstowe.  The area also includes a number of military airfields including Woodbridge and Bentwaters Airfields, together with the nuclear power station at Sizewell.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most hamlets and villages are small, complementing a scatter of farmsteads, traditional barns and cottages throughout the rural area.
•	Historic houses set in designed landscapes are characteristic of the estuaries and river valleys.
•	Coastal settlements are distinctive in character, many enjoying a relatively unspoilt atmosphere.  Some show the influence of Dutch architecture.
•	Larger urban areas include parts of Ipswich, Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth together with Harwich and Felixstowe.  The area also includes a number of military airfields including Woodbridge and Bentwaters Airfields, together with the nuclear power station at Sizewell.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes a low lying coast comprising shingle beaches (including the 14km spit known as Orford Ness) and eroding clifflines.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes a low lying coast comprising shingle beaches (including the 14km spit known as Orford Ness) and eroding clifflines.


FG KeyChar:
•	The estuaries and rivers are separated by rolling areas of the Sandlings, comprising a mosaic of heathland, woodland and farmland.
•	The Sandlings have some substantial areas of woodland including the coniferous Rendlesham, Tunstall and Dunwich Forests.
•	Other tree cover comprises a combination of woodland along the river valley and estuary slopes together with farm woodlands and field boundary trees. The area suffered significant tree loss as a result of Dutch Elm disease.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of heathland, woodland and farmland on Sandlings
Woodland along the river valley and estuary slopes
Farm woodlands
Riparian willow and poplar
Hedgerow trees (diminished in past by Dutch Elm disease)


FG KeyChar:
•	Almost entirely under arable cultivation with the exception of dairying in river valleys, some intensive livestock housing of pig and poultry, remnant parkland, areas of heathland commons and greens.

Edited_KeyChars:
Almost entirely arable
Exceptions are dairying in river valleys and some intensive pig and poultry production
Shallow small scale, mainly pastoral river valleys contrast with open arable plateau


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Isolated, ancient farmsteads often of great historic interest
Moated timber-framed farmhouses and large barns with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Shallow, small-scale river valleys (including the Waveney and Dove) bring a contrast to the flat open drained land of the arable plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Shallow, small-scale river valleys (including the Waveney and Dove) bring a contrast to the flat open drained land of the arable plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•	Boundaries are formed by deep ditches. There are relatively few hedgerows due to field amalgamation but the remaining copses and hedges often contain a variety of species.
•	Mixture of remnant medieval ancient countryside (irregular small fields and pollard hedgerow oaks), early co-axial field patterns and large modern fields largely devoid of hedges and trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixture of irregular historic field patterns and large modern fields
Fields bounded by deep ditches, hedges and banks


FG KeyChar:
•	Large areas of chalky boulder clay plateau with little relief except where the rivers and streams have incised shallow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large areas of chalky boulder clay plateau with little relief except where the rivers and streams have incised shallow valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Mixture of remnant medieval ancient countryside (irregular small fields and pollard hedgerow oaks), early co-axial field patterns and large modern fields largely devoid of hedges and trees.
	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant archaeological resource
Some parkland estates
Many large and small water features (moats and field ponds)


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.
•	The pattern of settlement (small and dispersed) relates closely to the river valleys and largely retains its medieval character. Settlement is also focused around some areas of common grazing land and greens.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.
•	The pattern of settlement (small and dispersed) relates closely to the river valleys and largely retains its medieval character. Settlement is also focused around some areas of common grazing land and greens.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are a notable element of the landscape due largely to treed lanes and hedgerow trees (predominantly oaks).
•	There are some areas of Ancient Woodland but overall there is a relative lack of woodland especially on the plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally limited woodland
Some areas of ancient woodland, small copses/game coverts and tree clumps near farmsteads
Trees along lanes and in hedgerows (mature oaks)
Bankside trees important in some areas


FG KeyChar:
•	Long-settled agricultural character interspersed with woodland and heath.  Formerly mixed agricultural land use with sheep on lighter land an cattle on heavy but now it is predominantly under arable cultivation. 
•	Cereals now dominate with break crops of sugarbeet and oilseed rape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Formerly mixed agriculture, with cattle on heavier land and sheep on lighter land
Now mainly arable cereal farming with break crops of sugar beet and oilseed rape
River valleys traditionally wide, lush and pastoral


JM KeyChar:
•	The coastal landscape of unconsolidated low cliffs and coastal dune formations is undergoing continued marine erosion.  The drainage pattern mainly flows south away from the sea, leaving the area vulnerable to marine flooding.


FG KeyChar:
•	The river valleys provide limited contrast but many are tree lined on the slopes or planted with poplar on the valley floor. The unplanted valleys are wide, lush and pastoral with water meadows divided by reed-filled dykes.
•	Sand and gravel extraction along the Wensum has produced lakes with reeded margins in places.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The river valleys provide limited contrast but many are tree lined on the slopes or planted with poplar on the valley floor. The unplanted valleys are wide, lush and pastoral with water meadows divided by reed-filled dykes.
•	Sand and gravel extraction along the Wensum has produced lakes with reeded margins in places.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas are densely planted with mixed hedges and hedgerow oaks. Sunken lanes and mixed hedges are a feature of the Cromer Ridge.
•	Fields are variable in size – small- scale irregularity of early enclosure giving way in many areas to larger more regular patterns (particularly in the west).

Edited_KeyChars:
Variable field size
Irregular early enclosures, enlarged and more regular particularly in the west
Dense mixed hedgerows in some areas
Ditches and dykes on valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	Large number of small to medium size 18th century estates with more parkland to the north of the River Wensum and a notable parkland belt between the Rivers Wensum and Bure.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant archaeological resource, mainly on arable land
Notable amount of parkland on country estates
Water features unknown (probably former gravel workings)


FG KeyChar:
•	Some remnant areas of heathland that have not been reclaimed for agriculture e.g. along the Cromer Ridge and in the west reflecting the lighter soils.
•	The river valleys provide limited contrast but many are tree lined on the slopes or planted with poplar on the valley floor. The unplanted valleys are wide, lush and pastoral with water meadows divided by reed-filled dykes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tracts of heathland particularly on lighter sandier soils, especially in the west
Meadows with reed-filled dykes on valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	Large number of small to medium size 18th century estates with more parkland to the north of the River Wensum and a notable parkland belt between the Rivers Wensum and Bure.
•	An area of dispersed villages and isolated farmhouses within a complex minor road network. The settlement pattern is denser to the south of the river Wensum.  The holiday resorts of Cromer and Sheringham occur on the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large number of small to medium size 18th century estates with more parkland to the north of the River Wensum and a notable parkland belt between the Rivers Wensum and Bure.
•	An area of dispersed villages and isolated farmhouses within a complex minor road network. The settlement pattern is denser to the south of the river Wensum.  The holiday resorts of Cromer and Sheringham occur on the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bounded to the north by Coastal Cliffs, that face out onto the North Sea, and to the north-west by the Cromer Ridge with its steep northern slope and more gentle southern face.
•	Surrounding the Cromer Ridge are outlying spurs and hills.  Elsewhere the landform is variable with some flat areas, minor undulations, a more rolling landform (where the river valleys occur e.g. Wensum and Yare).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bounded to the north by Coastal Cliffs, that face out onto the North Sea, and to the north-west by the Cromer Ridge with its steep northern slope and more gentle southern face.
•	Surrounding the Cromer Ridge are outlying spurs and hills.  Elsewhere the landform is variable with some flat areas, minor undulations, a more rolling landform (where the river valleys occur e.g. Wensum and Yare).


FG KeyChar:
•	Relatively well-wooded for East Anglia with a variety of woodland types: mixed woodland or pasture woodlands (oak and beech) on heavier soils and conifers on the lighter sands.  Mixed woodland occurs on the valley slopes and poplar plantations are a feature of the valley floor. Woods are variable in size but extensive.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive mixed woodland on valley slopes
Pasture woodlands of oak and beech on heavier soils; conifers on lighter sands
Riparian trees on valley floors
Some areas with hedgerow oaks
Remnant traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural practices such as outdoor pigs, intensive indoor poultry rearing, plastic crop growth and water storage reservoirs are recent developments.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large scale arable landscape on plateau
Also outdoor pigs and intensive indoor poultry rearing
Lush, shallow, pastoral river valleys with wet meadow and unimproved pasture


FG KeyChar:
•	Churches are often isolated, in a state of disrepair and have a considerable impact on the landscape.
•	Thetford is the only town of significant size and together with Brandon and Mildenhall forms the post-war overspill development. Building materials are knapped flint, clunch and yellow brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional building materials of knapped flint, clunch and yellow brick


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is crossed by a number of lush, shallow river valleys tucked into the landform notably the Little Ouse, Lark, Black Bourne, Thet and Wissey. Some of these are unusually fast-flowing chalk streams, forming a marked but limited  contrast to the dry uplands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is crossed by a number of lush, shallow river valleys tucked into the landform notably the Little Ouse, Lark, Black Bourne, Thet and Wissey. Some of these are unusually fast-flowing chalk streams, forming a marked but limited  contrast to the dry uplands.


FG KeyChar:
•	A large scale, rolling, elevated landscape providing extensive panoramic views across the Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire claylands (Character Area 88).
•	A narrow escarpment formed of Lower Greensand with distinct scarp slope to the north-west and dip slope to south-west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A large scale, rolling, elevated landscape providing extensive panoramic views across the Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire claylands (Character Area 88).
•	A narrow escarpment formed of Lower Greensand with distinct scarp slope to the north-west and dip slope to south-west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Number of historic parklands and estates including Woburn, Haynes, Shuttleworth, Sandy Lodge and Southill.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong Roman influence
Historic parklands and estates (e.g. Woburn, Southill, Haynes) a dominant feature of the area -  ancient pollards a feature


FG KeyChar:
•	Existing and disused sand quarries around Leighton Buzzard.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Existing and disused sand quarries around Leighton Buzzard.


Edited_KeyChars:
Important heathland and acidic grassland habitats on the poorer acidic soils of the scarp and upper ridges 
Wetlands with  acidic mires associated with the acidic waters rising from the Greensand aquifers
Some areas of marsh and fen on more calcareous soils


FG KeyChar:
•	Local materials include ironstone, brick, thatch and render. Settlement pattern includes estate villages and hamlets in the fold of the ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Local materials include ironstone, brick, thatch and render. Settlement pattern includes estate villages and hamlets in the fold of the ridge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Mixed land use on north-west facing scarp slope, including a high proportion of large woodland blocks and plantations (both deciduous and coniferous) – forming wooded horizons and a strong sense of enclosure. 
•	Medium-sized arable and wooded landscape on dip-slope to the south-west.
•	Considerable areas of pasture intersperse arable and wooded land cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
High proportion of large ancient woodland blocks and plantations (both deciduous and coniferous) in the north
Woods interspersed with farmland elsewhere
Some hedgerow trees and in-field trees where hedgerow lengths have been removed - past lost of hedgerow trees
Wood pasture characteristic of the estates on the eastern side of the ridge
Rare black poplar found  in wetland areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The distinctive character of the ridge stems from its history as the site of a series of Royal Forests from the 13th century.  The remnants of these woodlands at Salcey Forest (Yardley Chase) and Whittlewood remain important landscape features.
•	11% of the character area is wooded and the extensive blocks of oak/ash woodland are supplemented by tracts of more recent conifer plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive character of the ridge stems from its history as the site of a series of 13th century Royal Forests now found as remnants in Salcey Forest (Yardley Chase) and Whittlewood, including areas of ancient wood pasture
11% of NCA wooded - extensive blocks of oak/ash woodland supplemented with tracts of more recent conifer plantations
Hedgerow oaks and ash trees - Dutch elm disease has had a dramatic effect, resulting in the widespread loss of hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has a mix of arable, mixed and pastoral farmland with pasture predominant in the west and a more open arable landscape to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
A mix of arable, mixed and pastoral farmland 
Pasture predominant in the west and a more open arable landscape to the east
Remnant wet grassland in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Building materials are varied and include red brick and the local grey-ochre limestone. There are a number of attractive limestone villages with a unified built character.

Edited_KeyChars:
Building materials varied and include red brick and the soft local grey-ochre Oolitic limestone with  either grey slate or red pantile roofing


FG KeyChar:
•	The ridge forms a low watershed between the catchments of the Nene to the north and the Great Ouse to the south.  The River Tove cuts through the ridge at Grafton Regis and then turns east to flow into the Great Ouse.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The ridge forms a low watershed between the catchments of the Nene to the north and the Great Ouse to the south.  The River Tove cuts through the ridge at Grafton Regis and then turns east to flow into the Great Ouse.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are generally medium-sized, with full hedgerows and hedgerow oaks and ash trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields generally medium-sized, with full hedgerows
Hedges generally substantial and species-rich and often filled out with elm suckers


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape consists of a broad plateau underlain by Jurassic Oolitic limestones and covered by irregular drifts of glacial boulder clay.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landscape consists of a broad plateau underlain by Jurassic Oolitic limestones and covered by irregular drifts of glacial boulder clay.


FG KeyChar:
•	The distinctive character of the ridge stems from its history as the site of a series of Royal Forests from the 13th century.  The remnants of these woodlands at Salcey Forest (Yardley Chase) and Whittlewood remain important landscape features.
•	The area has a number of significant parkland landscapes, including Stowe Park, Castle Ashby, Chase Park, Biddlesen, Melchbourne and Whittlebury.

Edited_KeyChars:
Number of significant parkland landscapes including parks and estates - Biddlesden, Melchbourne and Whittlebury, and remnants of Royal Forests and hunting woodlands
Striking elm avenues at Stowe Park and massive avenues and woodland rides at Castle Ashby and Chase Park


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a concentration of semi-natural ancient woodlands in the Yardley Chase and Whittlewood areas. Many of the hedgerows are species rich and the minor roads often have species-rich grass verges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved grassland occurs as discrete agricultural fields, along woodland rides, roadside verges and green lanes, and as part of the complex habitat mosaic found at Yardley Chase
Unimproved grassland in river valleys has developed flood meadow vegetation


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are small, relatively few and tend to be sited along the edge of the ridge.  Some of the ridge villages developed as Forest Villages whose residents had rights over the Forest lands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are small, relatively few and tend to be sited along the edge of the ridge.  Some of the ridge villages developed as Forest Villages whose residents had rights over the Forest lands.


FG KeyChar:
•	The plateau has a gently undulating surface and dips gradually from approximately 150m in the west to 80m to the east.  It is physically distinct from the adjacent low lying vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The plateau has a gently undulating surface and dips gradually from approximately 150m in the west to 80m to the east.  It is physically distinct from the adjacent low lying vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are generally of the creamy-grey limestone in the east and are often steeply roofed with the distinctive Collyweston Slate.  In the west, ironstone is a common building material and brick is common on the fringes of Peterborough.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional stone farm buildings in the east of creamy-grey limestone roofed with Collyweston Slate and in the west of ironstone
Brick common on the fringes of Peterborough


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is bordered to the north by the Welland valley and to the south by the valley of the River Nene.  Rivers and streams rise on the higher land close to the north-west scarp and flow south and eastwards towards the Nene.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is bordered to the north by the Welland valley and to the south by the valley of the River Nene.  Rivers and streams rise on the higher land close to the north-west scarp and flow south and eastwards towards the Nene.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands are separated by large arable fields on thinner soils which are separated by low hedgerows and intermittent trees.
•	The mixed farmland to the west of Peterborough has both hedges and stone walls and fields are set out with the distinctive rectilinear pattern of the parliamentary enclosures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low hedgerows and intermittent trees on arable land
West of Peterborough both hedges and stone walls in distinctive rectilinear pattern of parliamentary enclosures
Smaller scale hedged fields in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The principal landform of the area is a broad, low undulating ridge underlain by Jurassic limestones which falls away from a steep northern scarp overlooking the River Welland.  
•	The highest points are capped by heavy boulder clays which are unsuitable for cultivation and it is here that the extensive ancient woodlands lie, emphasising the relief and providing a strong sense of enclosure.  Linear woodlands mark the scarp slopes to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The principal landform of the area is a broad, low undulating ridge underlain by Jurassic limestones which falls away from a steep northern scarp overlooking the River Welland.  
•	The highest points are capped by heavy boulder clays which are unsuitable for cultivation and it is here that the extensive ancient woodlands lie, emphasising the relief and providing a strong sense of enclosure.  Linear woodlands mark the scarp slopes to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	Apart from the woodlands, the main tree cover comes from the frequent large historic parks such as Rockingham, Deene, Drayton and Boughton.

Edited_KeyChars:
Former royal hunting forest
Frequent large historic parks such as Rockingham, Deene, Drayton and Boughton
Ridge and furrow on the fringes of settlements


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is exceptionally rich in ancient semi-natural woodlands and former areas of grazing land within the woodland are of particular value.  Regeneration on former quarries has created a complex and attractive mosaic of grassland, woodland and scrub in areas such as the Barnack hills and holes and unimproved grasslands are often marked by ridge and furrow on the fringes of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich unimproved grasslands within woodland and on former quarry sites and as remnants in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are concentrated in the valleys, where there is typically a small-scale pattern of pastures, more robust hedgerows and occasional stone walls.  Lines of trees mark all the watercourses, with low-lying grasslands and streamside pollards along the broader floodplain of the Nene near Peterborough.
•	Nucleated villages are concentrated in sheltered valleys and retain a rural character, although there is extensive recent development on the fringes of Kettering and Corby.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are concentrated in the valleys, where there is typically a small-scale pattern of pastures, more robust hedgerows and occasional stone walls.  Lines of trees mark all the watercourses, with low-lying grasslands and streamside pollards along the broader floodplain of the Nene near Peterborough.
•	Nucleated villages are concentrated in sheltered valleys and retain a rural character, although there is extensive recent development on the fringes of Kettering and Corby.


FG KeyChar:
•	The principal landform of the area is a broad, low undulating ridge underlain by Jurassic limestones which falls away from a steep northern scarp overlooking the River Welland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The principal landform of the area is a broad, low undulating ridge underlain by Jurassic limestones which falls away from a steep northern scarp overlooking the River Welland.


FG KeyChar:
•	The highest points are capped by heavy boulder clays which are unsuitable for cultivation and it is here that the extensive ancient woodlands lie, emphasising the relief and providing a strong sense of enclosure.  Linear woodlands mark the scarp slopes to the north.
•	Apart from the woodlands, the main tree cover comes from the frequent large historic parks such as Rockingham, Deene, Drayton and Boughton.
•	In some areas deciduous woodlands have been converted to coniferous woodlands and in others wholly new conifer plantations have been established. Much recent planting has been on the reclaimed ironstone workings and larger estates such as Boughton.

Edited_KeyChars:
Much ancient woodland/ coppice on high ground/ boulder clay
Linear woodlands on scarp slopes to north
Tree cover also associated with frequent large historic parks
Mature in-field and hedgerow trees
Streamside willow pollards


Edited_KeyChars:
Large arable fields on thinner soils
Mixed farmland west of Peterborough
Wet floodplain pastures in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There is mixed farming with open arable land concentrated on ridge tops and the wider valley bottoms. Field ponds are notable local features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming with open arable land concentrated on ridge tops and the wider valley bottoms.


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages are typically sited at high points, with ironstone, limestone and/or brick buildings clustered around a prominent church.  Farms are isolated along narrow lanes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings typically ironstone, limestone and/or brick


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s well treed character is derived from hedgerows, hedgerow trees, copses, spinneys and small ridgetop woodlands, rather than any great extent of large woodlands.
•	Frequent and very prominent ridge and furrow, as well as many deserted settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear field patterns with intact hedgerows
NCA has a long tradition of hedgerow management, resulting from its historic use as hunting country but more recently localised neglect and loss of hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area is underlain by thick boulder clay, but where this has been eroded the more easily cultivated glacial sands and gravels are the favoured sites for historic villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the area is underlain by thick boulder clay, but where this has been eroded the more easily cultivated glacial sands and gravels are the favoured sites for historic villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater (eg Owston Woods and Launde Big Wood) are generally ancient and survive from the Leighfield Forest.  They are of significant nature conservation interest in an area with relatively limited woodland cover.
•	The area also contains some fine country houses (eg Quenby and Noseley) set within parkland on sheltered sites.  Many parkland landscapes are associated with a nearby deserted medieval settlement.
•	Frequent and very prominent ridge and furrow, as well as many deserted settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Frequent and very prominent ridge and furrow and sites of deserted Medieval villages
Iron Age hill fort remains at Burrough on the Hill
Field ponds are notable local features
fine country houses such as Quenby and Noseby set within parkland on sheltered sites
Remnants of ancient hunting forest


FG KeyChar:
•	The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater (eg Owston Woods and Launde Big Wood) are generally ancient and survive from the Leighfield Forest.  They are of significant nature conservation interest in an area with relatively limited woodland cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Main semi-natural habitat associated with ancient woodland and the remaining areas of wet grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Green lanes, quiet countryside and an empty, remote, rural character.
•	Villages are typically sited at high points, with ironstone, limestone and/or brick buildings clustered around a prominent church.  Farms are isolated along narrow lanes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Green lanes, quiet countryside and an empty, remote, rural character.
•	Villages are typically sited at high points, with ironstone, limestone and/or brick buildings clustered around a prominent church.  Farms are isolated along narrow lanes.


FG KeyChar:
•	An area of broad rolling ridges dissected by radiating river valleys with a varied profile; the majority are steep-sided, but some (eg Queniborough Brook) are deep and relatively wide.  The land rises to central plateau of high ground at Billesdon, with steep scarp slopes on the northern aspect.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An area of broad rolling ridges dissected by radiating river valleys with a varied profile; the majority are steep-sided, but some (eg Queniborough Brook) are deep and relatively wide.  The land rises to central plateau of high ground at Billesdon, with steep scarp slopes on the northern aspect.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s well treed character is derived from hedgerows, hedgerow trees, copses, spinneys and small ridgetop woodlands, rather than any great extent of large woodlands.
•	The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater (eg Owston Woods and Launde Big Wood) are generally ancient and survive from the Leighfield Forest.  They are of significant nature conservation interest in an area with relatively limited woodland cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
The area's well wooded character derives largely from hedgerow trees, copses, spinneys and small ridgetop woodlands
The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater survive  from Leighfield Forest and are largely ancient


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mix of arable and pasture land, with arable land on the broader flat river terraces and smaller pastures on the slopes of many minor valleys and on more undulating ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mix of arable and pasture land
Arable land on the broader flat river terraces
Smaller pastures on slopes of minor valleys/ undulating ground
Loss of valley grasslands to arable
Riverside meadows and significant areas of remaining floodplain grazing marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by the major rivers of the Soar, Welland and Nene and their many tributaries which include the Sence, the Ise and the Swift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by the major rivers of the Soar, Welland and Nene and their many tributaries which include the Sence, the Ise and the Swift.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small pasture fields and commons tend to be prevalent in the west whilst in the east agriculture is more intensive; with arable, fruit growing and market gardening.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pasture and stock rearing predominate on the floodplain and on steeper slopes
A mixture of livestock rearing, arable, market gardening and hop growing elsewhere
Small pasture fields and commons  prevalent in the west
Along the main rivers, floodplain grazing marsh is prevalent


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are characterised by timber frame and red brick buildings with elegant spired churches, whilst stone is used for larger houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Settlements are characterised by timber frame and red brick buildings with elegant spired churches, whilst stone is used for larger houses


Edited_KeyChars:
At the mouth of the Severn, the broad estuary and floodplain dominate the landscape with areas of salt marsh
Inland the floodplain narrows but river and wetland features remain a unifying influence within this large and complex area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The M5, large settlements such as Cheltenham and Gloucester, Avonmouth and riverside power stations are prominent features in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The M5, large settlements such as Cheltenham and Gloucester, Avonmouth and riverside power stations are prominent features in the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst fields on the floodplains are divided by ditches with willow pollards and alders, elsewhere there is a regular pattern of parliamentary enclosure with hawthorn hedges and infrequent hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields on the floodplains are divided by ditches (called rhines south of Gloucester) with willow pollards and alders
Elsewhere there is a regular pattern of parliamentary enclosure with hawthorn and elm hedges, cut low 
Localised areas of small irregular field pattern with dense species-rich hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils range from poor, wet soils on Mercia mudstones in the west to heavy fertile soils of Lias Clay in the east with terrace gravels flanking the edges of watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils range from poor, wet soils on Mercia mudstones in the west to heavy fertile soils of Lias Clay in the east with terrace gravels flanking the edges of watercourses.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive prehistoric activity has left remains of standing stones and hillforts, areas of ridge and furrow from the cultivation of early fields, old sea walls and designed parklands and estates such as Croome, Westbury, Overbury and Hindlip.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive evidence of prehistoric activity
Ridge and furrow and earthworks evident
Number of designed parklands and estates a key characteristic


FG KeyChar:
•	There are significant areas of unimproved meadow and neutral grassland along the main rivers with fragments of calcareous grassland on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant areas of unimproved meadow and neutral grassland along the main rivers 
Fragments of calcareous and acidic grasslands on higher ground
Important areas of semi-natural habitat are associated with commonland  in the west of the NCA 
Remnant wetland habitats found within river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the Character Area is dominated by towns and nucleated villages; many of which lie along the rivers, to the west settlements are dispersed in nature, linked by a network of lanes leading to the River Severn.  
•	The M5, large settlements such as Cheltenham and Gloucester, Avonmouth and riverside power stations are prominent features in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the Character Area is dominated by towns and nucleated villages; many of which lie along the rivers, to the west settlements are dispersed in nature, linked by a network of lanes leading to the River Severn.  
•	The M5, large settlements such as Cheltenham and Gloucester, Avonmouth and riverside power stations are prominent features in the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	A diverse range of flat and gently undulating landscapes, united by the Avon and Severn river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A diverse range of flat and gently undulating landscapes, united by the Avon and Severn river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is limited and the landscape is strongly affected by the presence or absence of hedgerows trees and the survival of older orchards many of which have been replaced by cultivated bush forms surrounded by poplar shelterbelts.
•	Ash and oak dominate ancient woodlands and the remains of parks on higher ground.  Little tree cover is evident alongside the rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ash and oak dominate ancient woodlands on higher ground
Overall tree cover is strongly affected by the presence or absence of hedgerows trees and the survival of older orchards, many of which have been replaced by cultivated bush forms surrounded by poplar shelterbelts
Floodplains are divided by ditches with willow pollards and alders


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the high ground of the plateaux is arable.  Pasture is predominant in the valleys, at least on the steeper slopes.  Meadows and tree-lined watercourses are found along the valley bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable land on high ground of plateaux
Pasture in valleys and steeper slopes, including areas of rough pasture
Parkland grazing
Wet meadows in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	The honey-coloured Cotswold stone from local quarries is used in buildings, with little variety in styles across the Character Area giving the area a strong sense of unity for which the area is renowned.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of Cotswold stone from local quarries, giving strong sense of unity


FG KeyChar:
•	Steeply-incised stream and river valleys cut through the north-west facing scarp, flowing westwards towards the Severn.  The streams and rivers of the dip slope provide the headwaters of the Thames and flow eastward within broad shallow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Steeply-incised stream and river valleys cut through the north-west facing scarp, flowing westwards towards the Severn.  The streams and rivers of the dip slope provide the headwaters of the Thames and flow eastward within broad shallow valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Limestone walls, constructed from the local honey-coloured stone, form characteristic field boundaries on the higher land.  Hedges are also commonly used, particularly in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local honey-coloured limestone walls on higher land / the plateaux
Hedges also common, particularly in valleys and on the dip slope


FG KeyChar:
•	Parkland estates are also a highly characteristic feature with significant blocks of woodland.
•	Iron Age hillforts and Roman roads form prominent features – the Foss Way runs the full length of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iron Age hillforts and Roman roads form prominent features
Ancient earthworks often at risk from agriculture
Parkland estates very characteristic, mature trees in need of renewal


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats include unimproved limestone grassland and wet meadows with alder and willow carr.  Woodlands on the flat plateaux tops contain a wide range of calciole shrubs and ground flora.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved limestone grassland/ commons on ridgetop
Wide range of calciole shrubs and ground flora
Valley bottoms including species-rich grassland and grazed water meadows
Marshes and wet meadows vulnerable to drainage


FG KeyChar:
•	The principal towns - Bath, Stroud and Cirencester – lie on the edge of the area.  Small towns and villages lie at the scarp foot, in the valley bottoms or on the gentler valley sides.  Small hamlets and isolated farmsteads are found on the higher ground.  Settlements are linked by a complex network of roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The principal towns - Bath, Stroud and Cirencester – lie on the edge of the area.  Small towns and villages lie at the scarp foot, in the valley bottoms or on the gentler valley sides.  Small hamlets and isolated farmsteads are found on the higher ground.  Settlements are linked by a complex network of roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	The dominant pattern of the Cotswolds landscape is of a steep scarp and long, rolling dip slope cut into a series of plateaux.
•	Within this landscape is a great variety of landform, and a number of distinct landscapes can be seen, from the western scarp face through to the more gently rolling plateaux of the high wolds and valleys to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The dominant pattern of the Cotswolds landscape is of a steep scarp and long, rolling dip slope cut into a series of plateaux.
•	Within this landscape is a great variety of landform, and a number of distinct landscapes can be seen, from the western scarp face through to the more gently rolling plateaux of the high wolds and valleys to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	The beech woodlands on the scarp slopes are an important landscape feature.  Other areas of woodland are concentrated on the upper slopes of the valleys and on the flat plateaux tops.  
•	Parkland estates are also a highly characteristic feature with significant blocks of woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Characteristic scarp slope beech woodlands
Other woodlands on upper valley and flat plateau tops
Parkland estates with significant blocks of woodland and infield trees
Well-treed hedgerows in the valleys
Tree-lined watercourses with alder and willow carr
Traditional orchards around farmsteads and in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Mainly pastoral dominated by stock rearing with some arable farmland particularly the Vale of White Horse, plus unimproved hay meadows on drier areas and wet meadows along the river terraces.
•	Otmoor with its chequerboard patchwork of small pasture and arable fields bound by elm hedgerows is distinctive.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pastoral stock rearing, especially to the north of the Midvale Ridge with some areas of rough pasture
Extensive areas under arable production, especially Vale of White Horse
Wet meadows along river terraces


FG KeyChar:
•	Predominantly brick buildings, with plain tile roofs reflecting use of local clay as a building material.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly brick buildings with plain tile roofs of local clay


FG KeyChar:
•	Drained by a network of rivers and streams including the upper Thames and tributaries. Substantial areas of open water to the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Drained by a network of rivers and streams including the upper Thames and tributaries. Substantial areas of open water to the west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Variable field boundaries with network of thick hedgerows with oak and ash trees on drier gravel terraces, ditches on lower wetland areas, plus lines of willow pollards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large geometric fields dominate, significant areas of hedgerow loss
Network of thick hedgerows on drier gravel terraces
Ditches on lower wetland areas
Otmoor distinctive patchwork of small fields with elm hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Broad belt of open, flat to gently undulating lowland farmland on clay containing a variety of contrasting landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Broad belt of open, flat to gently undulating lowland farmland on clay containing a variety of contrasting landscapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Significant visible archaeological features including Roman Roads, ancient field systems including ridge and furrow, plus evidence of early settlements preserved on gravels.  The Icknield Way, a prehistoric trackway runs along foot of chalk scarp.
•	Extensive areas of flooded gravel workings around Cotswold Water Park.

Edited_KeyChars:
Features include Roman roads, ancient field systems, ridge and furrow and evidence of early settlements on gravels
Icknield Way, a prehistoric trackway, along foot of chalk scarp
Parkland a characteristic at the foot of the chalk scarp


FG KeyChar:
•	Important semi natural habitats include open water and floodplains with their  watercourses, willow fringes and pollards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open water (flooded gravel workings) e.g. Cotswold Water Park
Semi-natural waterside grassland and grazing marsh (increasingly rare)
Unimproved hay meadows on drier areas of the river corridors


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement pattern comprises villages located on rising land at edges of the area and on raised gravel deposits within the floodplain (e.g. City of Oxford). Elsewhere settlement is sparse.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement pattern comprises villages located on rising land at edges of the area and on raised gravel deposits within the floodplain (e.g. City of Oxford). Elsewhere settlement is sparse.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands generally scarce, occasional coniferous shelterbelts around settlements on higher gravel terraces.
•	Variable field boundaries with network of thick hedgerows with oak and ash trees on drier gravel terraces, ditches on lower wetland areas, plus lines of willow pollards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodlands generally scarce
Some more wooded areas in west associated with the Forest of Bernwood
Hedgerow oak and ash on drier gravel terraces including in the Aylesbury Vale
Area has suffered from extensive hedgerow tree loss with Dutch elm disease
Lines of willow pollards along water courses.   Black poplar a distinctive features of the Aylesbury Vale
Orchards a feature around Alysbury (the Aylsbury plum) and Harwell


FG KeyChar:
•	The agricultural land includes a mix of both arable and pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mix of arable and pasture, with arable dominating on lower slopes and pasture on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Stone buildings are typically of local limestone roofed in plain red tiles or thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
In the east, stone buildings, typically of local limestone with red tiles or thatch common as roofing materials
In the west, stone walls are derived either from the local rubbly Cornbrash or Corallian limestone, with roofs generally of stone slates
Windmills are distinctive landmarks throughout the area


FG KeyChar:
•	At Oxford the upper Thames carves a steep valley between the limestone hills.  Otherwise very little dissection by rivers along the ridge.  To the east streams and springs drain the lower slopes of the limestone hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	At Oxford the upper Thames carves a steep valley between the limestone hills.  Otherwise very little dissection by rivers along the ridge.  To the east streams and springs drain the lower slopes of the limestone hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Generally large geometric fields divided by regular pattern of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, although a local pattern of small fields surrounds hilltop villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally large geometric fields divided by regular pattern of hedgerows, many low or neglected and gappy
Local pattern of small fields near hilltop villages


FG KeyChar:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.
•	The limestone is overlain in places by clay and on higher parts of the ridge by Greensand.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.
•	The limestone is overlain in places by clay and on higher parts of the ridge by Greensand.


FG KeyChar:
•	There area is important for survival of medieval ridge and furrow and the associated remains of deserted settlements.
•	Visual historic associations with a number of designed parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
The area is important for the survival of medieval ridge and furrow and the associated remains of deserted settlements 
Visible archaeological features dating from early Roman settlement are prominent feature on higher ground
Parklands are a characteristic feature within Oxfordshire


FG KeyChar:
•	Important semi-natural habitats include the extensive areas of ancient woodland, including coppice with standards, plus small areas of limestone grassland and isolated patches of heath and acid grassland on the Greensand.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fragmented but rare and important semi-natural habitats, including acid grassland, calcareous fens and flushes,  and calcareous grass heaths particularly around Frilford and Cothill.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small villages perched high up on spurs, hilltops and ridges.  Hilltop villages are often focussed around a village green and church.  Also, in Oxfordshire, small springline villages.
•	A network of winding sunken lanes connects the villages.  
•	Expanding urban centres are at Swindon, to the western end of the ridge, and Oxford.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small villages perched high up on spurs, hilltops and ridges.  Hilltop villages are often focussed around a village green and church.  Also, in Oxfordshire, small springline villages.
•	A network of winding sunken lanes connects the villages.  
•	Expanding urban centres are at Swindon, to the western end of the ridge, and Oxford.


FG KeyChar:
•	Stithians Reservoir and a number of smaller reservoirs are distinctive features in the landscape while the southern slopes of the area are drained by rivers and streams, forming long, gentle valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Stithians Reservoir and a number of smaller reservoirs are distinctive features in the landscape while the southern slopes of the area are drained by rivers and streams, forming long, gentle valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The central open moorland is surrounded by patterns of both irregular ancient fields and rectilinear 18th and 19th Century enclosures dominated by Cornish hedges  made from moorland boulders.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patterns of irregular ancient fields and rectilinear fields from enclosure
Bounded by Cornish hedges made from moorland boulders


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils are thin, acidic and poor reflecting the underlying geology.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils are thin, acidic and poor reflecting the underlying geology.


FG KeyChar:
•	The central open moorland is surrounded by patterns of both irregular ancient fields and rectilinear 18th and 19th Century enclosures dominated by Cornish hedges  made from moorland boulders.
•	There is a Neolithic settlement at Carn Brea.  Granite walls, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles are other characteristic landscape features. Remnants of the 19th Century mining industry abound.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic settlement at Carn Brea
Many granite walls, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles
Remnants of the 19th Century mining industry abound


FG KeyChar:
•	Moorland dominates the granite plateau with poor surface drainage resulting in boggy mires. The valleys, often marked by heaps of mining spoil, have abundant wetland carr scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Moorland with boggy mires dominates the plateau
Abundant wetland carr scrub in the valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional settlement pattern of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads on lower ground, is overlain by miners’ cottages and small mining villages.  This dispersed pattern has been augmented by recent developments, often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  Settlements are linked by narrow, winding lanes, or straight lanes which follow field boundaries.  The main A394 crosses the area from Helston to Penryn, and the A39 bounds the area to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional settlement pattern of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads on lower ground, is overlain by miners’ cottages and small mining villages.  This dispersed pattern has been augmented by recent developments, often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  Settlements are linked by narrow, winding lanes, or straight lanes which follow field boundaries.  The main A394 crosses the area from Helston to Penryn, and the A39 bounds the area to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by bleak uplands with exposed granite outcrops offering long views over the surrounding open landscape.
•	Undulating landform dissected by small streams radiates from the highest points of granite.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by bleak uplands with exposed granite outcrops offering long views over the surrounding open landscape.
•	Undulating landform dissected by small streams radiates from the highest points of granite.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees and woodland are generally uncommon, reflecting the exposure and use of timber by the mining industry.  Wet willow woods are characteristic of the shallow valleys on higher ground while semi-natural deciduous woodlands occur on the deeper valley sides off the higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland generally uncommon
Semi-natural deciduous woodlands in deeper valleys
Wet willow woods in shallow valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture dominates land off the moorland and supports mixed farming, with dairying on the lower lying areas.  Market gardening has grown significantly in the last 20 years.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly improved pasture supporting mixed farming (dairying, beef, sheep)
Recent growth in market gardening (new potatoes and bulb growing)
Local areas of rough and damp grazing in the valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are granite with slate roofs and some slate hung walls.  Modern farm buildings now dominate over the traditional farm buildings on the more sheltered and agriculturally productive land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings of granite with slate roofs and some slate hung walls
Along the north coast scattered granite farmsteads of prehistoric or early medieval origin
Traditional farm buildings falling out of use


FG KeyChar:
•	The coast is characterised by spectacular sea cliffs and coves, with coastal valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Spectacular sea cliffs and coves, with coastal valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Minor roads, lanes and tracks form a complex irregular network over the landscape within a framework of more direct routes radiating out from Penzance.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Minor roads, lanes and tracks form a complex irregular network over the landscape within a framework of more direct routes radiating out from Penzance.


FG KeyChar:
•	Streams wind through the higher ground and cut down sharply in their lower reaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Streams wind through the higher ground and cut down sharply in their lower reaches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Off the moorland, the area is characterised by small or medium sized fields divided by hedgebanks or characteristic ancient Cornish hedges , many of ancient origin.

Edited_KeyChars:
Off the open moorland small or medium sized fields divided by hedgebanks or characteristic ancient Cornish hedges
Along the north coast a maze of thousands of prehistoric field enclosures of irregular shapes and small size, enclosed by a network of stone walls and massive Cornish hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	An exposed open windswept granite plateau forms the core of the area, with boulder strewn slopes and long views across the Atlantic and into the Cornish heartland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An exposed open windswept granite plateau forms the core of the area, with boulder strewn slopes and long views across the Atlantic and into the Cornish heartland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a high concentration of prehistoric monuments of international significance, well preserved remains of prehistoric settlements, and the remains of past industrial activities such as mining and quarrying.

Edited_KeyChars:
A high concentration of prehistoric monuments of international significance
Well-preserved remains of prehistoric settlements and evidence of ancient fortifications, such as Iron Age cliff castles 
Significant remains of industrial activities such as mining and quarrying (lying within the World Heritage Site)


FG KeyChar:
•	The central plateau is dominated by unimproved grassland and moorland, with extensive coastal heathlands along cliff tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Central plateau dominated by unimproved grassland and moorland / heathland
Wet heath and grassy marsh
Extensive coastal heathlands along cliff tops


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads with villages of mainly recent industrial origin occupying the most sheltered sites.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads with villages of mainly recent industrial origin occupying the most sheltered sites.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands are limited to the valleys, with scrub filled valleys on the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
An open windswept plateau largely devoid of trees and woodland
Linear wooded valleys, with woodland cover increasing where the valleys deepen along the coast
Scrub filled valleys on the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	On more fertile soils fields are rectangular while in the valleys small, irregular shaped ancient fields are enclosed by traditional Cornish hedges .
•	A mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes the plateau while more productive land is dominated by pasture, with some arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
On fertile soils, rectangular fields
In valleys, small, irregular shaped ancient fields enclosed by traditional Cornish hedges (stone-faced hedgebanks)


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age barrows on the downs, ancient trackways, and prehistoric defended farming settlements (rounds) form important landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows on downs
Ancient trackways, and prehistoric defended farming settlements (rounds)


FG KeyChar:
•	Heathland with heather and moorland grasses dominates the plateau while remaining fragments of cliff top heathland also survive, in the past providing common grazing.  The majority of both cliff top and moorland heath forms part of the Lizard National Nature Reserve.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland with heather and moorland grasses on plateau 
Localised areas of fen and reedbed in river valleys
Fragments of cliff top heathland that in the past provided common grazing


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement pattern is dispersed and linked by minor lanes, with ancient hamlets and farmsteads concentrated in the valleys and main settlements along the coastline.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement pattern is dispersed and linked by minor lanes, with ancient hamlets and farmsteads concentrated in the valleys and main settlements along the coastline.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by a gently undulating exposed heathland plateau (downs) cut by narrow river valleys.
•	Off the plateau is a more sheltered, gently rolling landscape with small valleys and derelict coastal quarries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by a gently undulating exposed heathland plateau (downs) cut by narrow river valleys.
•	Off the plateau is a more sheltered, gently rolling landscape with small valleys and derelict coastal quarries.


FG KeyChar:
•	Recent conifer plantations disrupt the generally treeless plateau.  Stunted patches of woodland cover are found in the steep valleys which dissect the moorland.  Small woodlands and copses occupy the more sheltered valleys on the lower lying land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally treeless plateau
Stunted patches of woodland cover in steep moorland valleys
Small woodlands and copses in more sheltered valleys on lower-lying land
Larger semi-natural woodlands and areas of  invasive species such as rhododendron, pine and laurel in the more sheltered north


FG KeyChar:
•	A mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes the plateau while more productive land is dominated by pasture, with some arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes plateau
More productive land dominated by pasture with some arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are simple, constructed of local stone and thatch.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings simple, constructed of local stone and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	The surrounding coastline is rugged and geologically complex with caves, enclosed bays and skerries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rugged and geologically complex coast with caves, enclosed bays,  skerries and sand dunes


Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal sand dune, dune pastures and maritime heath.


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are of a distinctive granite vernacular.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings are of a distinctive granite vernacular.


FG KeyChar:
•	A unique pattern of small bulb fields enclosed by evergreen hedges (Escallonia, Euonymus, Pittosporum and Hebe) intermixed with areas of pasture enclosed by stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small bulb field enclosed by evergreen hedges. Ancient areas of pasture enclosed by stone walls.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.
•	Many uninhabited islands and offshore rocks, forming complex seascapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.
•	Many uninhabited islands and offshore rocks, forming complex seascapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Outstanding prehistoric monuments including chambered barrows and standing stones of the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age.
•	Forts and castles are a prominent feature on areas of higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Outstanding prehistoric monuments including chambered barrows and standing stones and forts and castles.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, unenclosed areas of maritime heath and grassland fringe the islands, now often dominated by gorse and bracken.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of maritime heath and acid grassland, with gorse and bracken. Coastal sand dune, dune pastures and wetlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hughtown on St. Mary’s forms the principal settlement with small hamlets and solitary farmhouses elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Hughtown on St. Mary’s forms the principal settlement with small hamlets and solitary farmhouses elsewhere.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Largely treeless and windswept, part from occasional pine shelterbelts, notably on Tresco, and elm sheltering in the valleys of St. Mary’s.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely treeless with occasional pine and elm shelterbelts. Small orchards in places.


Edited_KeyChars:
Many bulb fields with areas of pasture and grass ley.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open heathland on the plateau is grazed by sheep and goats.  The southern half of the island supports a mixture of arable cultivation and pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heath on the plateau grazed by sheep and goats
Mixture of arable and pastoral farming in the south


FG KeyChar:
•	Small, often ancient, woodlands of oak, alder and sycamore extend along narrow, steep-sided cloughs on the valley sides, for example at Priestley Clough and Spurn Clough and in the Darwen valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small, often ancient, woodlands in cloughs and on valley sides
Mature floodplain oak and ash trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The main agricultural use is sheep grazing with improved grasslands on the valley floor, unimproved grassland on the valley sides and rough or moorland grazing on the upper slopes and moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly sheep grazing, with some cattle
Improved grasslands on the valley floor
Unimproved grasslands on the valley sides
Rough or moorland grazing on the upper slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed in local gritstone with slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings are constructed in local gritstone with slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	More recent influences include reservoirs, quarries (many now disused), transmission masts and windfarms.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	More recent influences include reservoirs, quarries (many now disused), transmission masts and windfarms.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is crossed by a series of rivers including the Rivers Wharfe, Aire and Calder, together with many smaller tributaries such as the Irwell.  Reservoirs have been formed in the some of the upland valleys.  The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through the Aire Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is crossed by a series of rivers including the Rivers Wharfe, Aire and Calder, together with many smaller tributaries such as the Irwell.  Reservoirs have been formed in the some of the upland valleys.  The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through the Aire Valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	Stone walls enclose small to medium sized fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small to medium sized fields
Mainly enclosed by stone walls, sometimes in poor condition
Hedges in some areas at lower levels
Open and unenclosed on moorland plateaux


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the Southern Pennines are underlain by Millstone Grit.  Layers have eroded at different rates, creating distinctive terraced landscape of plateaux and escarpments.  Isolated beds of sandstone form mesa-shaped hills across the area.  Coal measures are found over a much smaller area, and a narrow band of Carboniferous Limestone occurs in the north west. 
•	Soils reflect local deposits of boulder clay, sands and gravels and the creation of extensive areas of blanket bogs that cover the moorland summits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the Southern Pennines are underlain by Millstone Grit.  Layers have eroded at different rates, creating distinctive terraced landscape of plateaux and escarpments.  Isolated beds of sandstone form mesa-shaped hills across the area.  Coal measures are found over a much smaller area, and a narrow band of Carboniferous Limestone occurs in the north west. 
•	Soils reflect local deposits of boulder clay, sands and gravels and the creation of extensive areas of blanket bogs that cover the moorland summits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area includes prehistoric and Roman remains, 18th and 19th century influences are clearly seen in the pattern of villages, enclosures, commons, packhorse trails, canals and textile mills in many of the valleys and on parts of the moors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric remains
Influential 18th and 19th century industrial heritage
Commons, packhorse trails, canals, textile mills, mining relics and water supply reservoirs
Relic 'miner-farmer' landscapes in some areas


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats on the open moorland and moorland fringe include blanket bog, mores, acid flashes, unimproved grasslands and wooded cloughs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Grass and heather moorland
Blanket bog
Unimproved grasslands and remnant hay meadows
Wetland habitats on valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	Many settlements are of industrial origin, deriving power from rivers for the textile industry.  Mineral working and engineering led to the further expansion of settlements such as Keighly.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many settlements are of industrial origin, deriving power from rivers for the textile industry.  Mineral working and engineering led to the further expansion of settlements such as Keighly.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the Southern Pennines are underlain by Millstone Grit.  Layers have eroded at different rates, creating distinctive terraced landscape of plateaux and escarpments.  Isolated beds of sandstone form mesa-shaped hills across the area.  Coal measures are found over a much smaller area, and a narrow band of Carboniferous Limestone occurs in the north west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the Southern Pennines are underlain by Millstone Grit.  Layers have eroded at different rates, creating distinctive terraced landscape of plateaux and escarpments.  Isolated beds of sandstone form mesa-shaped hills across the area.  Coal measures are found over a much smaller area, and a narrow band of Carboniferous Limestone occurs in the north west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is concentrated in a number of steepside valleys (cloughs) and on the slopes of the larger valleys.  Elsewhere, woodland is limited, particularly on the more open and elevated parts of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland concentrated in cloughs and on the slopes of the larger valleys, often ancient
Some willow scrub on abandoned farmland
Shelter plantings around farmhouses
Some in-field trees
Elsewhere trees and woodland limited


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture reflects the west to east transition, with rough grazing and pastoral farming in the west giving way in places to arable cultivation in the east.  The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the development of horse grazing and other activities in its place.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rough grazing and pastoral farming in the west
Arable cultivation in the east
Sheep, beef and some dairying


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed in local sandstone and millstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in local sandstone and millstone grit


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is significantly influenced by urban areas, with transport infrastructure, residential areas, industry and quarries present in most parts of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is significantly influenced by urban areas, with transport infrastructure, residential areas, industry and quarries present in most parts of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers are a formative feature in the landscape, having cut the narrow valleys that dissect the hills and allowed the development of the textile industry.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers are a formative feature in the landscape, having cut the narrow valleys that dissect the hills and allowed the development of the textile industry.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are marked by stone walls in the higher west and hedges in the lower east.  Most fields are small or medium sized with some unenclosed rough grazing and upland pastures on higher land to the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Most fields small or medium sized
Some unenclosed rough grazing and upland pastures
Stone walls in the higher west
Hedges in the lower east
Decline of field boundaries in urban fringe areas


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is underlain by carboniferous strata.  Coarse grained sandstone bed (gritstones) interbedded with softer siltstones and mudstones dominate the area creating smooth hills and plateaux.  In the east, the Millstone Grit is overlain by beds of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Coal Measures.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area is underlain by carboniferous strata.  Coarse grained sandstone bed (gritstones) interbedded with softer siltstones and mudstones dominate the area creating smooth hills and plateaux.  In the east, the Millstone Grit is overlain by beds of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Coal Measures.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic features reflect the pattern of industrialisation with older woollen mills and associated settlements (including enclosures) being supplemented by the mills, canals, railways and linear industrial settlements that are found in the area’s narrow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age and Roman sites and old packhorse routes on moorland
Industrial heritage, including woollen mills, canals and railways in valleys
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats include moorland areas and some broadleaved woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant grassland, moorland and blanket bog habitats


FG KeyChar:
•	The constraining influence of the landform, together with the early influence of transport by canal and rail, resulted in a linear pattern of development within the valleys and larger industrial centres such as Bradford, Sheffield and Huddersfield.
•	Much of the area is significantly influenced by urban areas, with transport infrastructure, residential areas, industry and quarries present in most parts of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The constraining influence of the landform, together with the early influence of transport by canal and rail, resulted in a linear pattern of development within the valleys and larger industrial centres such as Bradford, Sheffield and Huddersfield.
•	Much of the area is significantly influenced by urban areas, with transport infrastructure, residential areas, industry and quarries present in most parts of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is underlain by carboniferous strata.  Coarse grained sandstone bed (gritstones) interbedded with softer siltstones and mudstones dominate the area creating smooth hills and plateaux.  In the east, the Millstone Grit is overlain by beds of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Coal Measures.
•	The area is highest in the west, marking the transition from the Pennine Moorlands to lower ground in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area is underlain by carboniferous strata.  Coarse grained sandstone bed (gritstones) interbedded with softer siltstones and mudstones dominate the area creating smooth hills and plateaux.  In the east, the Millstone Grit is overlain by beds of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Coal Measures.
•	The area is highest in the west, marking the transition from the Pennine Moorlands to lower ground in the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Treecover is comparatively sparse overall, though framework of hedgerow trees and small woods, together with more extensive woodlands on some of the steeper valley slopes, creates the impression of a well wooded landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree cover sparse overall
Network of hedgerow trees and small woods
More extensive broadleaved woods on valley slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Coal measures give rise to generally poor quality soils that support grazing.  Permanent pasture is dominant to the west where dairy farms predominate.  To the east, and on lower ground the land tends to be of better quality and arable crops and improved grassland are more common.  Horse grazing is common around urban fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Grazing on poor quality soils (coal measures)
Permanent pasture and dairying to west
Arable and improved grass to east on lower, better quality land
Horse grazing around urban fringes


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are built in local sandstone and Millstone Grit.  Nineteenth century industrial and urban development is of brick and slate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings of local sandstone and Millstone Grit


FG KeyChar:
•	The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the presence of degraded pasture, gappy hedges and broken fences.  Transport routes, including motorways, add further urban influences to the surrounding landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the presence of degraded pasture, gappy hedges and broken fences.  Transport routes, including motorways, add further urban influences to the surrounding landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Several major rivers cross the area, including the Aire, Calder, Dearne, Rother, Don and Erewash, carving broad valleys. They often tend to be obscured by industrial development along them.  Subsidence flashes and lagoons are present in some areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Several major rivers cross the area, including the Aire, Calder, Dearne, Rother, Don and Erewash, carving broad valleys. They often tend to be obscured by industrial development along them.  Subsidence flashes and lagoons are present in some areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field sizes, boundaries and shapes are highly variable.  They range from thick, well-maintained hedges with ash and oak trees, to close-cropped or neglected hawthorn hedges.  Holly is found in some of the older hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variable field sizes, boundaries and shapes
Old, thick, well-maintained hedges with holly in some areas
Close-cropped or neglected hawthorn hedges in other areas
Ditches in valley bottoms
Stone walls on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is underlain by Coal Measures comprising mudstone with beds of sandstone and many seams of coal.   The area lies below 300 metres AOD, contrasting with the neighbouring areas of the Peak District and Pennine fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area is underlain by Coal Measures comprising mudstone with beds of sandstone and many seams of coal.   The area lies below 300 metres AOD, contrasting with the neighbouring areas of the Peak District and Pennine fringes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic features include churches, country houses and follies, together with the extensive industrial archaeology and associated settlements dating back to 19th century industrialisation. 
•	Industrial development, much of it based on the exploitation of coal and steel, has had a profound influence on this landscape.  There is widespread evidence of past and present industrial activity in the form of mine buildings, former spoil tips and iron and steel plants.

Edited_KeyChars:
Churches, country houses and follies
Extensive industrial archaeology associated with 19th century industrialisation
Water features unknown but probably mixture of farm/estate ponds and industrial features such as mill ponds and subsidence flashes


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats include open water, wetlands (including subsidence flashes), grassland and remnant heaths and woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open water, washlands and wetlands (including subsidence flashes)
Remnant heaths


FG KeyChar:
•	In addition to major industrial areas such as Sheffield and the Lower Don Valley, there are many smaller mining and manufacturing settlements.
•	The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the presence of degraded pasture, gappy hedges and broken fences.  Transport routes, including motorways, add further urban influences to the surrounding landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In addition to major industrial areas such as Sheffield and the Lower Don Valley, there are many smaller mining and manufacturing settlements.
•	The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the presence of degraded pasture, gappy hedges and broken fences.  Transport routes, including motorways, add further urban influences to the surrounding landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Treecover is variable but generally low.  There has been woodland planting associated with the South Yorkshire Community Forest.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variable but low tree cover
Hedgerow and in-field trees of oak and ash in some areas, important in relatively open landscape
Woodland planting in South Yorkshire Community Forest


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area is intensively farmed with predominantly root crops and cereals and livestock farming of pigs, poultry, beef cattle and dairy herds.  This is one of the most productive areas of the UK

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly intensively farmed for root crops, cereals and livestock (pigs, poultry, beef and dairy)
Some areas of small scale pastoral agriculture eg Isle of Axholme


FG KeyChar:
•	The local buildings are constructed from red ‘Barton’ brick and red pantiles, though slate is found in the north.  More recent development uses a range of materials including orange bricks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of red ‘Barton’ brick and red pantiles (or slate in north)


FG KeyChar:
•	There are also larger more industrial centres like Goole and Selby together with motorways, roads, embankments and power stations which impact on the flat, open landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are also larger more industrial centres like Goole and Selby together with motorways, roads, embankments and power stations which impact on the flat, open landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area contains a number of often navigable rivers of the Aire, Derwent, Don, Idle, Ouse, Trent Torne and Went which drain into the Humber and the artificial waterways of the Aire and Calder Navigation and Selby Canal.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area contains a number of often navigable rivers of the Aire, Derwent, Don, Idle, Ouse, Trent Torne and Went which drain into the Humber and the artificial waterways of the Aire and Calder Navigation and Selby Canal.


FG KeyChar:
•	The fields are usually divided by dykes, with few hedges and field trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields usually divided by dykes with few hedges or field trees (remaining hedges often degraded)
Localised areas with small, thickly hedged fields eg Isle of Axholme


FG KeyChar:
•	This low lying, flat landscape is formed by drift deposits which overlie the bedrock of mudstone occupying the area of the former Lake Humber which was impounded by ice blocking the Humber gap.  There are higher ridges of sandstone or mudstone and also moundy glacial deposits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This low lying, flat landscape is formed by drift deposits which overlie the bedrock of mudstone occupying the area of the former Lake Humber which was impounded by ice blocking the Humber gap.  There are higher ridges of sandstone or mudstone and also moundy glacial deposits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic influences on the landscape largely relate to early attempts at drainage of the marshes, dating back to the 17th century.  Prominent features include drainage dykes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many features associated with drainage of the marshes 17th century onwards
Remnants of ridge and furrow and parklands with old trees in Isle of Axholme


FG KeyChar:
•	The Ings are alluvial flood meadows which are important for their wetland vegetation and as habitats for wintering and migrating birds.  There are some areas of remnant heathland and there are also some areas of neutral grassland on clay soils which are of wildlife importance.  The remnant raised mires on peat deposits are also of great importance.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of neutral grassland on clay soils
Important wetlands (alluvial flood meadows or ings)
Remnant raised mires on peat deposits
Remnant heathlands


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is scattered across the area and is traditionally located on the higher ground out of reach of the floods.  Many villages tend to be strung out along roads and there are larger, nucleated villages, and small market towns.
•	There are also larger more industrial centres like Goole and Selby together with motorways, roads, embankments and power stations which impact on the flat, open landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is scattered across the area and is traditionally located on the higher ground out of reach of the floods.  Many villages tend to be strung out along roads and there are larger, nucleated villages, and small market towns.
•	There are also larger more industrial centres like Goole and Selby together with motorways, roads, embankments and power stations which impact on the flat, open landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is restricted in extent except in the areas of sandy soils to the north and south where remnant birch and oak woods and extensive conifer plantations occur.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally limited woodland cover
Remnant oak and birch woodland and conifers on sandy soils to north and south
Localised areas with mature hedgerow oaks eg Isle of Axholme


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly arable farmland but some pasture occurs and intensive indoor pig rearing is significant.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable farmland
Some pasture and floodplain grazing marsh
Intensive indoor pig rearing


FG KeyChar:
•	Local buildings are commonly constructed from brick and pantiles.  Limestone is also used in some buildings and near the coast the distinctive Holderness ‘cobbles’ appear.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local buildings of brick and pantile with some limestone
Near coast distinctive Holderness ‘cobbles’


JM KeyChar:
•	The coast itself is characterised by low boulder clay cliffs, rapidly eroding into the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low boulder clay cliffs, rapidly eroding into the sea
Some salt marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	The character area is predominantly rural although there are urban fringe influences on the landscape around Hull with housing, industry, roads and pylons.  The coastal landscape around Bridlington and Hornsea is influenced by holiday homes and caravan parks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The character area is predominantly rural although there are urban fringe influences on the landscape around Hull with housing, industry, roads and pylons.  The coastal landscape around Bridlington and Hornsea is influenced by holiday homes and caravan parks.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area contains the River Hull, which flows from north to south, and the valley has a broad indistinct and shallow form.  The proximity of the coast and Humber estuary has an important influence on the landscape.  The Driffield and Leven Canal is also an important feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area contains the River Hull, which flows from north to south, and the valley has a broad indistinct and shallow form.  The proximity of the coast and Humber estuary has an important influence on the landscape.  The Driffield and Leven Canal is also an important feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are often divided by ditches especially on the floodplain of the River Hull and by hedges on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large regular fields, with smaller enclosures around settlements
Fields divided by ditches on floodplain
Hedges on higher ground, affected by loss and deterioration
Some stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	The Holderness landscape is formed by superficial drift deposits overlying chalk below.  Glacial till covers much of the area and gradually increases in thickness towards the coast and forms hummocky coastal terrain and soft clay cliffs.  There are a number of glacial landforms such as hummocky terrain, kettle holes, drumlins and moraine-like ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Holderness landscape is formed by superficial drift deposits overlying chalk below.  Glacial till covers much of the area and gradually increases in thickness towards the coast and forms hummocky coastal terrain and soft clay cliffs.  There are a number of glacial landforms such as hummocky terrain, kettle holes, drumlins and moraine-like ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Early settlers cleared the area of trees and early drainage of the area took place in the 18th century.  Much of the land was enclosed prior to Parliamentary Enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
History of 18th century drainage
Much land enclosed prior to Parliamentary enclosure
Meres
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi natural vegetation only remains in small fragments and although marshland and meres were once common Hornsea Mere is the largest surviving example.  There is some unimproved neutral grassland on the bolder clays.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fragments of marshland and mere
Some unimproved neutral grassland on the boulder clays


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is usually on higher ground and often surrounded by smaller fields.  Hamlets and villages are widely dispersed, some are closely packed and nucleated and others are strung out along roads.  Farmsteads are usually large and widely dispersed.
•	The character area is predominantly rural although there are urban fringe influences on the landscape around Hull with housing, industry, roads and pylons.  The coastal landscape around Bridlington and Hornsea is influenced by holiday homes and caravan parks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is usually on higher ground and often surrounded by smaller fields.  Hamlets and villages are widely dispersed, some are closely packed and nucleated and others are strung out along roads.  Farmsteads are usually large and widely dispersed.
•	The character area is predominantly rural although there are urban fringe influences on the landscape around Hull with housing, industry, roads and pylons.  The coastal landscape around Bridlington and Hornsea is influenced by holiday homes and caravan parks.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is limited woodland cover varying in extent and distribution.  Most is of recent origin, with a limited occurance of ancient woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland limited
Most woodland of recent origin (shelterbelts and farm woodlands)
Some ancient woodland
Hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Outside of the urban areas the main land cover is arable farmland although some grassland remains and is grazed by cattle.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable with some grassland and rough grassland grazed by cattle


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are built of soft red brick and red pantiles, they sometimes include cobbles nearer to the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of soft red brick and red pantiles
Sometimes cobbles near to the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	The Spurn peninsula is a sand and shingle spit extending out between the Humber and the North Sea.
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th century, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.
•	The City of Hull, the Humber Bridge and various industrial installations are the main examples of building and settlement in the Humber Estuary.  Along the coast there are some lighthouses, concrete sea defences and coastal buildings on the Spurn peninsula.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historical coastal reclamation
Spurn peninsula is a sand and shingle spit
Relict areas of salt marsh, marshy grassland and mudflats


FG KeyChar:
•	The disused Barton clay pits contain open water and lie below the Humber Bridge and the open water.  Their  reedbeds and other wetland vegetation are of value for birds.
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th centrury, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The disused Barton clay pits contain open water and lie below the Humber Bridge and the open water.  Their  reedbeds and other wetland vegetation are of value for birds.
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th centrury, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The field boundaries are predominantly formed by dykes, drains and embankments.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dykes, drains and embankments
Some hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th centrury, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic coastal reclamation with drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, flood protection berms and sluice and pumping systems


FG KeyChar:
•	There are a few relict areas of salt marsh and reedbeds along the tidal channels which cross the drained marshes and there is also some remaining marshy grassland.  The mudflats in the estuary are of international importance as feeding areas for birds.
•	The disused Barton clay pits contain open water and lie below the Humber Bridge and the open water.  Their  reedbeds and other wetland vegetation are of value for birds.

Edited_KeyChars:
Reedbeds and other wetland vegetation around disused clay pits
Remnant species-rich grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement pattern is restricted to drier land and villages and hamlets lie mainly in adjacent areas like Holderness.
•	The City of Hull, the Humber Bridge and various industrial installations are the main examples of building and settlement in the Humber Estuary.  Along the coast there are some lighthouses, concrete sea defences and coastal buildings on the Spurn peninsula.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement pattern is restricted to drier land and villages and hamlets lie mainly in adjacent areas like Holderness.
•	The City of Hull, the Humber Bridge and various industrial installations are the main examples of building and settlement in the Humber Estuary.  Along the coast there are some lighthouses, concrete sea defences and coastal buildings on the Spurn peninsula.


FG KeyChar:
•	Flat, low-lying landscape created when ice blocked the mouth of the estuary.  The landscape is bordered by high flood banks.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Flat, low-lying landscape created when ice blocked the mouth of the estuary.  The landscape is bordered by high flood banks.


