# Tbl_FG_JM_KeyChars_Maria

FG KeyChar:
•	Generally large geometric fields divided by regular pattern of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, although a local pattern of small fields surrounds hilltop villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally large geometric fields divided by regular pattern of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, with a local pattern of small fields near hilltop villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.
•	The limestone is overlain in places by clay and on higher parts of the ridge by Greensand.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.
•	The limestone is overlain in places by clay and on higher parts of the ridge by Greensand.


FG KeyChar:
•	There area is important for survival of medieval ridge and furrow and the associated remains of deserted settlements.
•	Visual historic associations with a number of designed parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic designed parklands are present, as are medieval ridge and furrow and deserted settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	Important semi-natural habitats include the extensive areas of ancient woodland, including coppice with standards, plus small areas of limestone grassland and isolated patches of heath and acid grassland on the Greensand.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural habitats include areas of limestone grassland and isolated patches of heath and calcareous and acid grassland on the Greensand.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small villages perched high up on spurs, hilltops and ridges.  Hilltop villages are often focussed around a village green and church.  Also, in Oxfordshire, small springline villages.
•	A network of winding sunken lanes connects the villages.  
•	Expanding urban centres are at Swindon, to the western end of the ridge, and Oxford.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small villages perched high up on spurs, hilltops and ridges.  Hilltop villages are often focussed around a village green and church.  Also, in Oxfordshire, small springline villages.
•	A network of winding sunken lanes connects the villages.  
•	Expanding urban centres are at Swindon, to the western end of the ridge, and Oxford.


FG KeyChar:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive woodland cover, particularly in the west, including blocks of ancient woodland (mainly oak, ash, birch) and coniferous plantation (mainly larch) along the ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive woodland cover, particularly in the west, including blocks of ancient woodland (mainly oak, ash, birch) and coniferous plantation (mainly larch) along the ridge.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many surviving areas of semi-open common land on the plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open, intensively farmed arable fields in many areas
Arable land affected by loss of winter stubble
Pasture adjacent to river corridors


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of small fields ancient hedges, often characterises steep ground. The agricultural landscape features hedges, trees and small woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Network of small fields with ancient hedges on steep ground
Larger, more regular hedged fields in other areas


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are often constructed of red brick, sometimes with blue brick or ironstone details; in places buildings are constructed of Lias limestone.


JM KeyChar:
•	River valleys are narrow and mainly arable, but in places there are remnant flood meadows, bankside pollard trees and reedbeds.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are usually large, with regular or rectilinear shapes, although there are some smaller fields.
•	Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by lower Lias clays and Mercia mudstones, with extensive surface deposits of glacial drift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by lower Lias clays and Mercia mudstones, with extensive surface deposits of glacial drift.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a nucleated settlement pattern of villages, with occasional outlying farms.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.
•	In some areas there is a strong urban influence, particularly near to the urban centres of Leamington Spa, Coventry and Rugby.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a nucleated settlement pattern of villages, with occasional outlying farms.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.
•	In some areas there is a strong urban influence, particularly near to the urban centres of Leamington Spa, Coventry and Rugby.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the landscape is gently undulating with localised low hills and plateaux.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the landscape is gently undulating with localised low hills and plateaux.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a general lack of woodland cover across the area, although there is a well-wooded character in Dunsmore.


FG KeyChar:
•	Away from the urban areas, the main land uses are pasture grassland and rough grazing, particularly on the thinner and more acidic soils.
•	Arable land-use has increased across the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Main land uses are pasture grassland and rough grazing, particularly on thinner and more acidic soils
Narrow alluvial floodplains with grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland
Arable land-use has increased


FG KeyChar:
•	Most older buildings are constructed of brick and timber.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings mainly of brick and timber


FG KeyChar:
•	River corridors are defined by narrow alluvial floodplains, which are characterised by grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	River corridors are defined by narrow alluvial floodplains, which are characterised by grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient patterns of well-hedged, irregular fields and small woodlands that contrast with larger semi-regular fields on former deer parks and estates and geometric patterns on former commons.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient patterns of well-hedged, irregular fields
Larger semi-regular hedged fields on former deer parks and estates
Geometric field patterns on former commons


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying geology in the north of the area is dominated by Palaeozoic rocks, including coal measures, while the centre and south of the area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones, with frequent deposits of glacial drift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying geology in the north of the area is dominated by Palaeozoic rocks, including coal measures, while the centre and south of the area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones, with frequent deposits of glacial drift.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is Shakespeare's 'Forest of Arden' which was historically a region of wood pasture and heathland.

JM KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include medieval military and ecclesiastical sites and moated manors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medieval military and ecclesiastical sites and moated manors
Shakespeare's 'Forest of Arden', historic region of wood pasture and heathland
Field ponds and marl-pits in need of management


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas of heathland persist on poorer soils in central and northern areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant heathlands on poorer soils in centre and north


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the Arden landscape is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, with just a few villages along the river valleys, and frequent isolated farms. 
•	The former commons attracted settlement by landless labourers which formed the basis for many of the Arden hamlets and the isolated wayside cottages with long, narrow gardens.
•	Small mining settlements, with terraced housing, have developed in the north-east of the area.
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the Arden landscape is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, with just a few villages along the river valleys, and frequent isolated farms. 
•	The former commons attracted settlement by landless labourers which formed the basis for many of the Arden hamlets and the isolated wayside cottages with long, narrow gardens.
•	Small mining settlements, with terraced housing, have developed in the north-east of the area.
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a rolling landform of low hills and valleys, with narrow meandering flood plains and occasional steeper scarps.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a rolling landform of low hills and valleys, with narrow meandering flood plains and occasional steeper scarps.


FG KeyChar:
•	Mature hedgerow oaks are a defining characteristic of the area, together with ancient woodlands and plantation woodlands that often date from the time of enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mature hedgerow oaks - a defining characteristic but at risk
Ancient woodlands
Plantation woodlands from time of parliamentary enclosure


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grasslands with occasional arable fields on the lower hills and vales and intensive mixed farming in the wide, flat-bottomed valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of improved and unimproved grasslands
Occasional arable fields on lower hills and vales
Intensive mixed farming in wide, flat-bottomed valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally of grey Silurian stone or whitewash.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rural buildings traditionally of grey Silurian stone or whitewash


FG KeyChar:
•	River systems are an important feature of this landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	River systems are an important feature of this landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are irregular field patterns in valleys and around settlements contrasting with large rectilinear fields on higher ground.
•	To the west are open hilltop pastures, rough grazing and moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedges throughout
Irregular field patterns in valleys and around settlements
Large rectilinear fields on higher ground
Open hilltop pastures, rough grazing and moorland to west


FG KeyChar:
•	Offa’s Dyke is an important historic landscape feature, along with several Iron Age hillforts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Offa’s Dyke
Iron Age hillforts
Mottes and baileys and castles in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There are occasional species-rich grasslands, heathlands and ancient woodlands throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Occasional species-rich grasslands and heathlands


FG KeyChar:
•	Welsh settlement patterns of isolated farmsteads, small fields and Welsh farm names in the western uplands contrast with scattered villages, castles and anglicised names in the valleys.
•	The former market towns of Kington and Bishop’s Castle are the principal settlements in the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Welsh settlement patterns of isolated farmsteads, small fields and Welsh farm names in the western uplands contrast with scattered villages, castles and anglicised names in the valleys.
•	The former market towns of Kington and Bishop’s Castle are the principal settlements in the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rounded upland hills with steep slopes divided by narrow valleys which widen to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rounded upland hills with steep slopes divided by narrow valleys which widen to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large, recent conifer plantations occur alongside or interlocking with remnant, ancient, semi-natural woodland on central hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant, ancient, semi-natural woodland on central hills
Waterside trees and pollards in need of management


FG KeyChar:
•	The agriculture is variable, ranging from rough grazing in the west, through low to moderate intensity pastoral land use, to intensive arable cultivation on the valley floors of the Golden Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Agriculture is variable; rough grazing in the west; low to moderate intensity pastoral land use and intensive arable cultivation on the valley floors.


FG KeyChar:
•	The older buildings are of Old Red Sandstone in a mixture of hues from red to grey.

Edited_KeyChars:
The older buildings are of Old Red Sandstone in a mixture of hues from red to grey.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a predominantly irregular enclosure pattern of small fields with thick, mixed hedges, becoming larger and semi-regular on the lower ground to the east; the high hills to the west are mostly unenclosed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular enclosure pattern of small fields with thick, mixed species-rich hedges, becoming larger and semi-regular on the lower ground to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Occasional Iron Age hillforts and older monuments are found in the area.
•	Some areas of parkland occur on the eastern ridges and slopes.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence across much of the area and many defensive mottes are found.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient deer park and areas of parkland on eastern ridges and slopes. Defensive mottes and Iron Age hillforts and monuments.


FG KeyChar:
•	On more fertile soils fields are rectangular while in the valleys small, irregular shaped ancient fields are enclosed by traditional Cornish hedges .
•	A mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes the plateau while more productive land is dominated by pasture, with some arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
On fertile soils, rectangular fields
In valleys, small, irregular shaped ancient fields enclosed by traditional Cornish hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age barrows on the downs, ancient trackways, and prehistoric defended farming settlements (rounds) form important landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows on downs, ancient trackways, and prehistoric defended farming settlements (rounds)


FG KeyChar:
•	Heathland with heather and moorland grasses dominates the plateau while remaining fragments of cliff top heathland also survive, in the past providing common grazing.  The majority of both cliff top and moorland heath forms part of the Lizard National Nature Reserve.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland with heather and moorland grasses on plateau 
Fragments of cliff top heathland that in the past provided common grazing


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement pattern is dispersed and linked by minor lanes, with ancient hamlets and farmsteads concentrated in the valleys and main settlements along the coastline.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement pattern is dispersed and linked by minor lanes, with ancient hamlets and farmsteads concentrated in the valleys and main settlements along the coastline.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by a gently undulating exposed heathland plateau (downs) cut by narrow river valleys.
•	Off the plateau is a more sheltered, gently rolling landscape with small valleys and derelict coastal quarries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by a gently undulating exposed heathland plateau (downs) cut by narrow river valleys.
•	Off the plateau is a more sheltered, gently rolling landscape with small valleys and derelict coastal quarries.


FG KeyChar:
•	Recent conifer plantations disrupt the generally treeless plateau.  Stunted patches of woodland cover are found in the steep valleys which dissect the moorland.  Small woodlands and copses occupy the more sheltered valleys on the lower lying land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally treeless plateau
Stunted patches of woodland cover in steep moorland valleys Small woodlands and copses in more sheltered valleys on lower-lying land


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are of a distinctive granite vernacular.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings are of a distinctive granite vernacular.


FG KeyChar:
•	A unique pattern of small bulb fields enclosed by evergreen hedges (Escallonia, Euonymus, Pittosporum and Hebe) intermixed with areas of pasture enclosed by stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small bulb field enclosed by evergreen hedges. Ancient areas of pasture enclosed by stone walls.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.
•	Many uninhabited islands and offshore rocks, forming complex seascapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.
•	Many uninhabited islands and offshore rocks, forming complex seascapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Outstanding prehistoric monuments including chambered barrows and standing stones of the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age.
•	Forts and castles are a prominent feature on areas of higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Outstanding prehistoric monuments including chambered barrows and standing stones and forts and castles.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, unenclosed areas of maritime heath and grassland fringe the islands, now often dominated by gorse and bracken.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of maritime heath and acid grassland, with gorse and bracken. Coastal sand dune, dune pastures and wetlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hughtown on St. Mary’s forms the principal settlement with small hamlets and solitary farmhouses elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Hughtown on St. Mary’s forms the principal settlement with small hamlets and solitary farmhouses elsewhere.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Largely treeless and windswept, part from occasional pine shelterbelts, notably on Tresco, and elm sheltering in the valleys of St. Mary’s.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely treeless with occasional pine and elm shelterbelts. Small orchards in places.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open heathland on the plateau is grazed by sheep and goats.  The southern half of the island supports a mixture of arable cultivation and pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heath on the plateau grazed by sheep and goats. Mixture of arable and pastoral farming in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	The northern half of the island is open heath, intersected by only three stone walls which run across the whole width of the plateau.  The southern half of the island consists of small fields enclosed by stone walls or wire fencing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open in the north with few stone walls as boundaries. In the south small fields enclosed by stone walls or wire fences.


FG KeyChar:
•	A small, isolated island with distinctive flat-topped granite landform, steeply sloping sides and vertical cliffs.  The south-eastern peninsular is comprised of Devonian slates.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A small, isolated island with distinctive flat-topped granite landform, steeply sloping sides and vertical cliffs.  The south-eastern peninsular is comprised of Devonian slates.


FG KeyChar:
•	Lundy has a rich archaeological heritage with remains of settlements dating back to c1500BC still visible above ground at the northern end of the island.  Other examples include burial cairns and standing stones, early Christian memorial stones, Celtic field systems, and Second World War anti-aircraft trenches.  The remains of the 13th Century Marisco Castle are a prominent landmark.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich archaelogical heritage with remains of settlements from 1500BC. Other remains from prehistory to WW2. The remains of the 13th Century Marisco Castle are a prominent landmark


FG KeyChar:
•	Patchy scrub and maritime grassland cover the cliffs and adjacent steep slopes on the more sheltered eastern coast.  The windward west coast is more rugged, steep and largely bare of vegetation.  The central plateau is dominated by dry heathland vegetation, with some areas of dry heath/acid grassland mosaic, and patches of bracken.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly dry heathland with areas of acid grassland and patches of bracken. Patchy scrub and maritime grassland on the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is only one settlement, in the south of the island.  It comprises a small group of farm buildings, cottages, a shop and an inn, together with a church, hotel and the remains of older buildings.  It is also the location of the landing stage for visitors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is only one settlement, in the south of the island.  It comprises a small group of farm buildings, cottages, a shop and an inn, together with a church, hotel and the remains of older buildings.  It is also the location of the landing stage for visitors.


FG KeyChar:
•	A small, isolated island with distinctive flat-topped granite landform, steeply sloping sides and vertical cliffs.  The south-eastern peninsular is comprised of Devonian slates.
•	It forms a prominent landmark when viewed from the mainland.  Views from the open plateau over the sea are extensive, giving a strong sense of isolation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A small, isolated island with distinctive flat-topped granite landform, steeply sloping sides and vertical cliffs.  The south-eastern peninsular is comprised of Devonian slates.
•	It forms a prominent landmark when viewed from the mainland.  Views from the open plateau over the sea are extensive, giving a strong sense of isolation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open heather moorland, acid grassland and extensive areas of bracken are found on the upper hill slopes and summits.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open heather moorland, acid grassland and extensive areas of bracken are found on the upper hill slopes and summits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered farmsteads and hamlets form a dispersed settlement pattern with occasional villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Scattered farmsteads and hamlets form a dispersed settlement pattern with occasional villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.
•	The lower landscape to the east has been cut by rivers, giving a north-west to south-east orientated pattern of ridges and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.
•	The lower landscape to the east has been cut by rivers, giving a north-west to south-east orientated pattern of ridges and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is predominantly found on the slopes of the eastern and northern hills, including the ancient deer park at Moccas, and is mostly broadleaved, but with some blocks of mixed and coniferous plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland is predominantly found on the slopes of the eastern and northern hills and is mostly broadleaved, but with some blocks of mixed and coniferous plantations.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the lower lying land is in intensive arable cultivation with localised traditional and bush orchards, and occasional hop fields.
•	Pasture is also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers.


FG KeyChar:
•	Timber framed (black and white) buildings are typical across much of the area but stone and red brick are also frequently used.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are wide meandering river valleys, including the Wye, Lugg and Frome with occasional pollarded willows.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are wide meandering river valleys, including the Wye, Lugg and Frome with occasional pollarded willows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Parkland is also a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands.
•	The hedgerows are often cut low with sparse tree cover, although locally high or planted windbreaks occur around orchards and hop fields.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, with localised deposits of alluvium and glacial drift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, with localised deposits of alluvium and glacial drift.


FG KeyChar:
•	Parkland is also a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture is also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern with scattered villages, hamlets and farmsteads throughout, and clustered settlements around commons.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern with scattered villages, hamlets and farmsteads throughout, and clustered settlements around commons.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating landscape with localised steep-sided hills and wide flood plains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating landscape with localised steep-sided hills and wide flood plains.


FG KeyChar:
•	The steep slopes of the central hills are dominated by woodlands, but there are scattered copses and plantations throughout the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable farming dominates the plateau, although there are areas of pasture and mixed farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable farming dominates the plateau, although there are areas of pasture and mixed farming.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many streams and rivers, the Frome being the largest, flowing through incised valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are many streams and rivers, the Frome being the largest, flowing through incised valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The fields are medium to large in size on the open, flatter ground of the plateau, whilst smaller, more irregular and with higher hedges on the slopes and in the valleys.
•	Scattered damson trees are a distinctive feature along many hedgerows in this area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields are medium/large on  the plateau, and small/irregular with higher hedges on the slopes and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Iron Age hillforts are found on some of the higher hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ocassional wooded estates and parkland with mature trees, Iron Age hillforts on higher hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Localised heaths and commons are found on the hills east of Bromyard.

Edited_KeyChars:
Localised heaths and commons with scrub, bracken and unimproved grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs on and around Bringsty Common and Bromyard Downs.
•	Bromyard is the principal settlement of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs on and around Bringsty Common and Bromyard Downs.
•	Bromyard is the principal settlement of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.
•	The plateau has an abrupt western edge down to the River Lugg, and northern and eastern edges to the River Teme.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.
•	The plateau has an abrupt western edge down to the River Lugg, and northern and eastern edges to the River Teme.


FG KeyChar:
•	A formation of Chalk hills and plateau with a prominent escarpment and extensive dip slope with numerous dry valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A formation of Chalk hills and plateau with a prominent escarpment and extensive dip slope with numerous dry valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including Ridgeway
Numerous archaeological sites
Grand country houses and designed landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	There are remnants of chalk downland on the escarpment and valley sides with extensive areas of downland invaded by scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Chalk grassland and downland on escarpment and valley sides (often invaded by scrub)
Remnant acid grassland on semi-open common land of plateau
Small areas of flower-rich wet meadow


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement consists of scattered villages and farmsteads, some of medieval origin, displaying consistent use of traditional building materials including flint, brick and clay tiles.
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.
•	Frequent grand country houses and designed landscapes occupy prominent positions on sloping valley sides.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement consists of scattered villages and farmsteads, some of medieval origin, displaying consistent use of traditional building materials including flint, brick and clay tiles.
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.
•	Frequent grand country houses and designed landscapes occupy prominent positions on sloping valley sides.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of woodland, dominated by beech on the plateau, and ‘hanging’ woodlands in the valleys, make the Chilterns one of the most wooded lowland landscapes in England.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive beech plateau and ‘hanging’ woods
Small woodlands and hedgerow and in-field trees on farmland
Pollarded willows, alders and other trees along river courses
Traditional orchards (decline mentioned as issue)


FG KeyChar:
•	A varied land use pattern comprising a mix of arable and pasture land.

Edited_KeyChars:
A varied land use pattern comprising a mix of arable and pasture land. Ponds frequent across the Brentwood Hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers and streams including the broad valleys of the major rivers Ver, Colne and Lea flow through the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers and streams including the broad valleys of the major rivers Ver, Colne and Lea flow through the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are varied and contrast from areas of well-hedged landscape across the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges to low and gappy across the heathlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field boundaries are varied from areas of well-hedged landscape across the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges to low and gappy across the heathlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	A mixed landscape consisting of four distinct sub-areas; the Hertfordshire Plateau and River Valleys, Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges, London Clay Lowlands and the Essex Heathlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A mixed landscape consisting of four distinct sub-areas; the Hertfordshire Plateau and River Valleys, Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges, London Clay Lowlands and the Essex Heathlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Notable medieval and later historic homes are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Notable medieval and later historic homes are a feature with parkland and wood pasture.


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of unimproved acid grasslands, heath and fen add texture to the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of unimproved acid grasslands, heath and fen add texture to the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is extensive across the Hertfordshire Plateau and the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges. Smaller intimate tree-lined valleys provide a strong contrast through un-wooded areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland cover is extensive across the Hertfordshire Plateau and the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges. Ancient beech, oak and hornbeam broadleaved woodland. Tree-lined valleys provide contrast through un-wooded areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	Intensively cropped arable fields to the west with a greater density of horticulture and orchards to the east.  Pasture is very limited.
•	Rectangular, regular field patterns defined by crops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Intensively cropped arable fields to the west with a greater density of horticulture and orchards to the east.  Pasture is very limited.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings include oast houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings include oast houses.


JM KeyChar:
•	This area includes, in the east, the extensive, flat Wantsum and Lower Stour river and coastal marshes, as well as coastal flats at Sandwich.

Edited_KeyChars:
This area includes, in the east, the extensive, flat Wantsum and Lower Stour river and coastal marshes, as well as coastal flats at Sandwich.


FG KeyChar:
•	Sparse hedgerow pattern with some shelterbelt planting around settlement and farmsteads.
•	To the east, poplar and alder shelter hedges form a distinctive boundary feature.
•	Rectangular, regular field patterns defined by crops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular, rectangular field pattern with sparse hedgerows which are mainly poplar and alder in the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low and gently undulating landscape characterised by high quality, fertile loam soils.  To the east Thanet is a geological outlier of the chalk.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low and gently undulating landscape characterised by high quality, fertile loam soils.  To the east Thanet is a geological outlier of the chalk.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings include oast houses.
•	Historic features include Roman roads and defences at Reculver and Richborough.
•	Historic parklands characterise the junction between the plain and the chalk
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Presence of historic parklands, Roman roads and defences, and the historically important settlement of Canterbury.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of ancient woodland on higher ground at Blean, plus grazing marsh at transition to Character Area 81: Greater Thames Estuary.

Edited_KeyChars:
Grazing marsh and fen near the estuary, heath at Dartford and chalk grassland on cliffs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Dispersed settlement pattern with significant urban centres at Sandwich, Canterbury, Faversham, Sittingbourne and Dartford and the Medway Towns, plus seaside towns along the Thanet coast.
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dispersed settlement pattern with significant urban centres at Sandwich, Canterbury, Faversham, Sittingbourne and Dartford and the Medway Towns, plus seaside towns along the Thanet coast.
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, often treeless landscape with occasional scattered small woodlands - extensive areas of woodland limited to the distinct sub-area area around Blean.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly treeless with occasional scattered small woodlands - extensive areas of ancient  woodland limited to the distinct sub-area area around Blean.


FG KeyChar:
•	A predominantly pastoral landscape dominated by fields of permanent pasture.
•	A number of large areas of estate land and landscaped parks, particularly along the river valleys, are now intensively farmed.


FG KeyChar:
•	Characterised by small mixed holdings with brick-built farms.
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A gentle lowland character reinforced by two rivers, the Mole and the Wey and river tributaries which meander through flat farmed landscapes towards the Thames.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A gentle lowland character reinforced by two rivers, the Mole and the Wey and river tributaries which meander through flat farmed landscapes towards the Thames.


FG KeyChar:
•	A landscape pattern comprising small or medium-sized, farmed, uneven fields.
•	Field boundaries varying from thin, straight, pure hawthorn hedges on flatter land and wider, irregular, mixed-species hedgerows on more undulating land.


FG KeyChar:
•	A small-scale lowland farmed landscape lying within a generally flat but gently undulating clay vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A small-scale lowland farmed landscape lying within a generally flat but gently undulating clay vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	A number of large areas of estate land and landscaped parks, particularly along the river valleys, are now intensively farmed.


FG KeyChar:
•	A mosaic of field ponds, meadows, remnant heathland and some individual mature tree species.


FG KeyChar:
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A moderately wooded landscape interspersed by oak/ash woods and shaws.
•	Field trees occur in straight lines, marking old hedgerow lines, typically oak, ash and field maple.


FG KeyChar:
•	Overall this Character Area contains fragmented, poor agricultural land.
•	Fertile alluvium and free draining gravel terraces have been utilised for market gardening and fruit growing.
•	The cultivated parts of the Thames floodplain are dominated by grazing land.
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Agricultural parts of the Thames floodplain dominated by grazing land, while fertile alluvium and free draining gravel terraces have been utilised for market gardening and fruit growing.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings include large houses set within ornamental parkland, indicating the wealth of the Thames Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Black timber-framed and red brick/ flint farm buildings and traditional large houses set within ornamental parkland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	The presence of water is a key feature – in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, canals and open water bodies (the result of restored gravel workings).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	The presence of water is a key feature – in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, canals and open water bodies (the result of restored gravel workings).


FG KeyChar:
•	Regular field patterns on the floodplain suggest late enclosure.
•	Smaller field patterns on higher ground suggest earlier enclosure of drier land.
•	Hedgerows create landscape structure – mature oaks are a feature of the hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular, late enclosure field patterns on the floodplain and smaller field patterns on higher ground. Bound by hedgerows, often with mature trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying geology is dominated by London Clay, with an outcrop of Chalk to the north of the Character Area bordering the Chilterns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying geology is dominated by London Clay, with an outcrop of Chalk to the north of the Character Area bordering the Chilterns.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	Windsor Castle is located on an outcrop of chalk on the edge of the Thames.
•	The sloping banks of the Thames are occasionally dominated by extensive historic parklands, including Windsor Great Park.
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive historic parklands and buildings such as Windsor Great Park.


FG KeyChar:
•	Towards London in the east, the natural character of the area is overtaken by urban influences; a dense network of roads including the M25 corridor, Heathrow Airport, railway lines, golf courses, pylon lines, reservoirs and extensive mineral workings.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Towards London in the east, the natural character of the area is overtaken by urban influences; a dense network of roads including the M25 corridor, Heathrow Airport, railway lines, golf courses, pylon lines, reservoirs and extensive mineral workings.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant heathland in places and ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.


FG KeyChar:
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is generally confined to a matrix of small farm woods although woodlands characterise the north-western area, the wooded character extending up to the southern edge of the Chiltern Hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland is generally confined to a matrix of small farm woods in the north-western area and mature hedgerow oaks.


FG KeyChar:
•	Predominantly characterised by intensive arable farmland, plus areas of pasture associated with the valleys and dairying within the vale landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly intensive arable farmland
Areas of pasture associated with valleys and dairying in vales
Remnant traditional water meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic buildings include knapped flint and weathered chalk in walls and locally occurring sarsen stones.

Edited_KeyChars:
Diverse historic building materials including brick, knapped flint, weathered chalk, locally occurring sarsen stones, weatherboard, cob, tile and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Chalk stream and rivers (e.g. Kennet, Lambourn and Pang are key feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Chalk stream and rivers (e.g. Kennet, Lambourn and Pang are key feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large geometric fields on the open downs are characterised by post and wire fencing. Within lower areas woodland, hedgerows and shelterbelts frequently form boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large geometric fields enclosed by fencing on open downs
In lower areas, hedgerows and shelterbelt boundaries
Small hedged fields in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast. 
•	To the west, sarsen stones are a particular feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast. 
•	To the west, sarsen stones are a particular feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	Savernake Forest with its remnant Royal Hunting Forest, ancient trees and historic parkland is a distinctive area.
•	Numerous barrows and other prehistoric earthworks including the Neolithic stone circle at Avebury, Silbury Hill and West Kennet Longbarrow, collectively designated as a World Heritage Site.  Bronze Age and Iron Age hillforts cluster on scarp ridges.  
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.
•	Chalk cut white horses are a dramatic visual feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Savernake Forest former royal hunting forest
Numerous barrows and other prehistoric earthworks
Ridgeway ancient chalk track; chalk-cut white horses
Network of green lanes and drove roads
Extensive historic parkland/ deer park


FG KeyChar:
•	Grazed chalk grassland is largely restricted to the scarps and steep slopes of dry valleys.  Substantial areas of ancient semi-natural woodland persist.

Edited_KeyChars:
Grazed chalk grassland on scarps and steep slopes of dry valleys
Chalk rivers with watercress beds


FG KeyChar:
•	Sparse settlement pattern on the open downs of occasional farm buildings and racehorse training establishments, contrasting with compact villages and hamlets clustering in the valleys.  
•	Includes the historic market towns of Marlborough and Hungerford in the Kennet Valley and Pewsey in the Vale. Expanding urban centres border the Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sparse settlement pattern on the open downs of occasional farm buildings and racehorse training establishments, contrasting with compact villages and hamlets clustering in the valleys.  
•	Includes the historic market towns of Marlborough and Hungerford in the Kennet Valley and Pewsey in the Vale. Expanding urban centres border the Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large-scale open downs form a classic chalk landscape with strong escarpment backed by an elevated plateau of rolling or undulating topography extending as the dipslope.
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large-scale open downs form a classic chalk landscape with strong escarpment backed by an elevated plateau of rolling or undulating topography extending as the dipslope.
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Absence of woodland on the open chalk downs apart from characteristic beech clumps.  Woodland blocks are concentrated on areas of clay with flint on the lower parts of the dipslope creating a more enclosed landscape.
•	Savernake Forest with its remnant Royal Hunting Forest, ancient trees and historic parkland is a distinctive area.

Edited_KeyChars:
No woodland on open chalk downs except beech clumps
Woodland blocks on clay-with-flints on lower dip slope 
Remnant royal hunting forest at Savernake Forest (ancient trees and historic parkland)
Wet woodlands in river valleys (alder, poplar, willow pollards)


FG KeyChar:
•	A mixture of arable and pasture dominates the landscape with pasture often in smaller fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
A mixture of arable and pasture dominates the landscape with pasture often in smaller fields.


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive towns such as Malmesbury, Calne, Chippenham, Melksham and Trowbridge are dominated by attractive centres built of limestone ashlar, reflecting their prosperity as centres of the wool trade.  Other stone used throughout the area includes Cotswold stone and Corallian rag.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive towns of limestone ashlar. Other stone used throughout the area includes Cotswold stone and Corallian rag.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst hedgecover on arable land is poor, affected by agricultural intensification, overgrown hedgerows and hedgerow trees are a characteristic feature of pasture and low lying wet grasslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgrows are poor on arable land but more dense with hedgerow trees on pasture. Larger field sizes to south and east. Occasional dry stone walls.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age barrows, Iron Age hillforts, Bronze Age occupation sites and later medieval forests of Chippenham, Melksham and Chelwood are important features.
•	Extensive areas of ridge and furrow suggest that the area was dominated by arable cultivation.  Large historic mansions and parks, some of which were designed by Capability Brown are surrounded by woodland e.g. Bowood.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large historic designed parks are surrounded by woodland. Also extensive archaeological evidence and ancient ridge and furrow.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the wide river corridor is influenced by modern development, there are ancient patterns of flood meadows, pollards, alders and rich wetland pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
There are ancient patterns of flood meadows, pollards, alders and rich wetland pasture, as well as heath and moorland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is concentrated in a few areas; notably mixed woodland between Chittoe and Sudley, on former commonland, on steeper slopes and adjacent to streams and river banks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed woodland (some ancient) concentrated on former commonland, on steeper slopes and adjacent to streams and river banks. Mature hedgerow trees and parkland trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable is prevalent in the north east and pasture on downland; semi-improved grasslands remain in wetter valley bottoms and on downland slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable is prevalent in the north east and pasture on downland; semi-improved grasslands remain in wetter valley bottoms and on downland slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Older village buildings, manor houses and mansions are of local ashlar which includes pale yellow Jurassic oolite, grey Carboniferous and Lias Limestone.  In some locations in the north, buildings are constructed of red or brown sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings made of local ashlar including pale yellow Jurassic oolite, grey Carboniferous and Lias Limestone. Some buildings in the north of red/brown sandstone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Avon cuts a steep sided valley through the area from the east.  It is joined by the Frome at the centre of Bristol and the Chew near Keynsham.  Other streams and rivers in the south east flow eastwards to join the Avon outside the Character Area and the Yeo on the south western edge flows directly to the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Avon cuts a steep sided valley through the area from the east.  It is joined by the Frome at the centre of Bristol and the Chew near Keynsham.  Other streams and rivers in the south east flow eastwards to join the Avon outside the Character Area and the Yeo on the south western edge flows directly to the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst flatter land and downland consist of large fields with low intermittent hedges and few hedgerow trees, valleys and steeper slopes predominantly in the south east have irregular fields and overgrown species rich hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular fields with overgrown species rich hedges found in the valleys and slopes of the south east. Elsewhere larger fields with low, fragmented hedges with few trees. Dry stone walls in places.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landform reflects the complex underlying geology, comprised of carboniferous limestones with sandstones, silts, conglomerates, together with muds, clays and alluvium.  Coal measures are also present reflecting the development of the mining industry.
•	Soils range from brown earths on limestone outcrops to poorly draining gleys on clays.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landform reflects the complex underlying geology, comprised of carboniferous limestones with sandstones, silts, conglomerates, together with muds, clays and alluvium.  Coal measures are also present reflecting the development of the mining industry.
•	Soils range from brown earths on limestone outcrops to poorly draining gleys on clays.


FG KeyChar:
•	Neolithic long barrows and stone circles and Iron Age hillforts are important landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic long barrows and stone circles and Iron Age hillforts are important landscape features.  Historic parkland and gardens.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bristol and its commercial, industrial and residential areas, major roads (M4 and M5), airfields and reservoirs occupy a substantial area around Bristol.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bristol and its commercial, industrial and residential areas, major roads (M4 and M5), airfields and reservoirs occupy a substantial area around Bristol.


Edited_KeyChars:
Semi natural habitats of remnant acidic, calcareous and neutral semi natural grassland as well as unenclosed common and heathland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements patterns are clustered around springsheads in limestone areas, whilst in the vales they are scattered, linked by a complex network of lanes with linear mining villages superimposed.  Settlement becomes especially dense in the south with many villages enlarged as commuter settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements patterns are clustered around springsheads in limestone areas, whilst in the vales they are scattered, linked by a complex network of lanes with linear mining villages superimposed.  Settlement becomes especially dense in the south with many villages enlarged as commuter settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low lying, shallow vales contrast sharply with high open downland ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low lying, shallow vales contrast sharply with high open downland ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	The most extensive areas of woodland lies between Congresbury and the Avon Gorge and on the Failand Ridge.  Elsewhere woodlands are smaller and fragmented mainly confined to steeper land.
•	Parkland is a characteristic feature of  the south and west where the woodlands and mature and exotic trees bring a distinctive local character.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant amounts of parkland with parkland trees including ancient oak pollards. Small fragmented woodland on steep land. Extensive woodland in Avon Gorge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas of open unenclosed downland grazing but mostly dominated by regular arable fields.  Extensive tracts of cereals, root and horticultural crops on the dip slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some open unenclosed downland grazing
Mostly cereals, root and horticultural crops on the dip slope


FG KeyChar:
•	Local building materials include flint and Wealden bricks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local building materials that include flint and Wealden bricks


JM KeyChar:
•	Where the Downs meet the sea in the east they end abruptly at the distinctive chalk cliffs of Dover.


FG KeyChar:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Cut by valleys of the rivers Stour, Medway, Darent and Mole.  The steep scarp is incised by dry valleys which form gentle wide coombes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Cut by valleys of the rivers Stour, Medway, Darent and Mole.  The steep scarp is incised by dry valleys which form gentle wide coombes.


Edited_KeyChars:
Thick woodland shaws and mixed species hedges on slopes
Denuded hedgerows around arable land
Historic parish boundaries that take in downland, scarp foot and chartland


FG KeyChar:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.


FG KeyChar:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Drove roads and ancient tracks including North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way
Many historic parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	High quality unimproved chalk grassland survives on the scarp slope and dry valleys.  Ancient woodland and shaws characterise the dry valley sides and ridge tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved chalk grassland on scarp slope and dry valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.
•	A predominantly rural landscape with a few large settlements (Guildford, Chatham and Dover).  Where the Downs underlie London towards Croydon and Sutton they are dominated by urban development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.
•	A predominantly rural landscape with a few large settlements (Guildford, Chatham and Dover).  Where the Downs underlie London towards Croydon and Sutton they are dominated by urban development.


FG KeyChar:
•	Dramatic and distinctive chalk downland with a continuous and steep scarp giving extensive views across Kent and Surrey towards the South Downs and a broad, gentle dipslope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dramatic and distinctive chalk downland with a continuous and steep scarp giving extensive views across Kent and Surrey towards the South Downs and a broad, gentle dipslope.


FG KeyChar:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.
•	In Surrey, extensive areas of yew with box woodland are a distinctive feature of the scarp.

Edited_KeyChars:
A wooded chalk landscape with ancient woodland and shaws
Oak-ash woodland and scrub on scarp and higher ground
Beech/ash/maple on valley sides
Sweet chestnut coppice on dip slope in Kent
Extensive areas of yew with box woodland on scarp in Surrey


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural land comprises a mosaic of mixed farming, pasture and arable land set within a wooded framework.  A fruit growing orchard belts persists in Kent.


FG KeyChar:
•	The local vernacular includes timber framing and weatherboarding plus houses of sandstone laid in rubble courses patterned with dark carstone in the mortar between stones.


FG KeyChar:
•	Surface water is an important feature across the Greensand with many streams and rivers (e,g Rother, Way, Arun, Medway)  draining off the dipslope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Surface water is an important feature across the Greensand with many streams and rivers (e,g Rother, Way, Arun, Medway)  draining off the dipslope.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the soils.  On the clay hedges are dense, species rich with occasional standard oaks.  On more acidic soils they generally consist of hawthorn\blackthorn, also with occasional oak trees and trimmed low.


FG KeyChar:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	A range of historic landscape features including field monuments (tumuli and Iron Age hill forts), numerous landscaped parks, small quarries and relics of the iron industry including hammer ponds.
•	Distinctive sunken lanes cut into the sandstone are a historic and characteristic feature of the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Important semi-natural habitats include lowland heath (although this is much reduced in area), extensive ancient woodland and pasture plus wetlands associated with the River Arun in West Sussex.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small settlements are dispersed through the western and south-west part of the Character Area.  Large houses set within extensive gardens are found through the character area.
•	Much of the eastern Greensand belt is heavily dominated by modern development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small settlements are dispersed through the western and south-west part of the Character Area.  Large houses set within extensive gardens are found through the character area.
•	Much of the eastern Greensand belt is heavily dominated by modern development.


FG KeyChar:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.
•	The combination of landform and topography creates an intimate, secretive character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.
•	The combination of landform and topography creates an intimate, secretive character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch, chestnut coppice plus more recent coniferous plantation.  Local variations in woodland cover reflect the diverse geology.
•	Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the soils.  On the clay hedges are dense, species rich with occasional standard oaks.  On more acidic soils they generally consist of hawthorn\blackthorn, also with occasional oak trees and trimmed low.


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent pasture is the main farming land use.  Arable farming is associated with lighter soils on higher ground.
•	Areas of fruit cultivation are present, east of Tunbridge Wells in Kent.

Edited_KeyChars:
Permanent pasture is main farming land use
Arable farming on lighter soils on higher ground
Traditional hop gardens in Kent


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional rural vernacular of local brick, weatherboard and tile-hung buildings plus local use of distinctive Horsham slabs as a roofing material.  Black weatherboard barns are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional rural vernacular of local brick, weatherboard and tile-hung buildings plus distinctive Horsham slab roofs
Distinctive black weatherboard barns


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Heavily dissected by river floodplains with many small, narrow streams plus main rivers of the Adur, Arun, Beult and Medway.
•	Ponds frequently occur on the edges of fields and woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Heavily dissected by river floodplains with many small, narrow streams plus main rivers of the Adur, Arun, Beult and Medway.
•	Ponds frequently occur on the edges of fields and woodlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries of hedgerows and shaws enclose small, irregular fields.  Occasional lines of hedgerow trees mark former boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows and shaws enclosing small, irregular fields


FG KeyChar:
•	Broad low-lying gently undulating clay vales with outcrops of limestone or sandstone providing local variation.
•	Sandstone forms raised cliff above Romney Marsh at the eastern boundary of the Character Area

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Broad low-lying gently undulating clay vales with outcrops of limestone or sandstone providing local variation.
•	Sandstone forms raised cliff above Romney Marsh at the eastern boundary of the Character Area


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman iron industry revived in the 15th century has left legacy of hammer ponds.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hammer ponds, relics of Roman iron industry revived in 15th century


FG KeyChar:
•	Unimproved permanent pastures, species-rich damp grassland, roadside verges, small streams, rivers and ponds, and extensive ancient woodland are habitats of high nature conservation value.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved permanent pastures and species-rich damp grassland of conservation value along the many small streams


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements tend to be small and scattered forming linear groups along roadsides or centred on greens or commons.
•	Urban influences to west around Gatwick/Horley/Crawley.
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements tend to be small and scattered forming linear groups along roadsides or centred on greens or commons.
•	Urban influences to west around Gatwick/Horley/Crawley.
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.


FG KeyChar:
•	An intricate mix of woodlands (much of it ancient) – including extensive broadleaved oak over hazel coppice, shaws, plus small field copses and tree groups, and lines of riparian trees along watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient, extensive broadleaved oak woods over hazel coppice
Shaws, small field copses and tree groups (in need of management)
Lines of in-field trees marking former boundaries
Lines of riparian trees along watercourses
Traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	A predominantly grazed grassland agricultural landscape – mainly sheep with some cattle and pigs.


FG KeyChar:
•	High quality vernacular architecture with distinct local variation.  Timber framed barns are a particular notable and characteristic feature of the High Weald.


FG KeyChar:
•	Coastal cliffs to the south at Fairlight.

JM KeyChar:
•	Where the High Weald meets the coast in the east there are highly distinctive, terraced, crumbling cliffs of sandstone separated by deep glens which fall steeply to the sea, ending in cliffs and waterfalls.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dense network of small, narrow and winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by high hedgerows or woodland strips.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dense network of small, narrow and winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by high hedgerows or woodland strips.


FG KeyChar:
•	Main ridges, deeply dissected by tributaries in narrow ghylls.  Major rivers of the Rother, Brede, Ouse and Medway flow in broad valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Main ridges, deeply dissected by tributaries in narrow ghylls.  Major rivers of the Rother, Brede, Ouse and Medway flow in broad valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small and medium sized fields enclosed by a network of hedgerows and wooded shaws.


FG KeyChar:
•	Underlain by sands, soft sandstones and clays – giving rise to hilly country of east-west running ridges and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Underlain by sands, soft sandstones and clays – giving rise to hilly country of east-west running ridges and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	Strong influence of the Wealden Iron Industry (15th – 17th century) with features such as hammer ponds surviving today.
•	Wealth generated by iron industry resulted in grand houses and parklands, which are a particular feature of the area today.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive ancient semi-natural woodland, including ancient oak and beech, notably high number of small ponds, plus heathland, notably at Ashdown Forest, and some remaining unimproved herb-rich meadows.


FG KeyChar:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of hamlets and scattered farmsteads traditionally located on the ridges.  Church towers and spires on the ridges are an important local landmark.
•	Includes several large towns such as Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough, East Grinstead, Bexhill, Hastings and Horsham.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of hamlets and scattered farmsteads traditionally located on the ridges.  Church towers and spires on the ridges are an important local landmark.
•	Includes several large towns such as Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough, East Grinstead, Bexhill, Hastings and Horsham.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive broadleaved woodland cover with high forest, small woods, shaws, plus steep valleys with ‘ghyll woodland’.


FG KeyChar:
•	High quality agricultural land dominated by large scale arable fields, with some smaller areas of grazed wet pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
High quality agricultural land dominated by large scale arable fields, with some smaller areas of grazed wet pasture.


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive architectural character within settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles, with some fine medieval churches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles with medieval churches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Strong contrast of agricultural marshes with the coastal edge shingle and sand dune landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong contrast of agricultural marshes with the coastal edge shingle and sand dune landscapes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive architectural character within settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles, with some fine medieval churches.  
•	The Martello Towers along the coast and the Royal Military Canal, relicts of Napoleonic War are notable historic features.
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
Flooded gravel pits now areas of open water. Evidence of old reclamation from the sea through settlemnet/road pattern. Napoleonic War reclicts and Royal Military Canal.


FG KeyChar:
•	High nature conservation value associated with the wet grazing marshes, dykes, mudflats and coastal sand dunes and shingle ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
High nature conservation value associated with the wet grazing marshes, reeds, dykes, mudflats and coastal sand dunes and shingle ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Visually prominent power station at Dungeness plus associated transmission lines, on going gravel extraction and holiday resorts along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Visually prominent power station at Dungeness plus associated transmission lines, on going gravel extraction and holiday resorts along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	A distinctive remote flat, marshland landscape with an absence of trees and dominant skies.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A distinctive remote flat, marshland landscape with an absence of trees and dominant skies.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, windswept character with trees limited to clumps on pockets on higher ground around farmsteads and small hamlets such as Romney and Newchurch.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly treeless,  with sporadic oaks and willows. Clumps of trees on higher ground and around settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly wet pasture, managed for grazing with little converted to arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly wet pasture managed for grazing
Limited arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings have flint or brick walls, with weatherboarding or hung tiles.  Plain tiles are commonly used as a roofing material.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of flint or brick, with weatherboarding or hung tiles and plain tile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Electricity transmission lines and pylons form dominant features in the flat and open landscape.  Concrete walls form sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation by the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
Concrete wall sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Electricity transmission lines and pylons form dominant features in the flat and open landscape.  Concrete walls form sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation by the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Patches of standing water reinforce the wetland character of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Patches of standing water reinforce the wetland character of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Infrequent hedges and fences only line roadways.  Drainage ditches and banks divide fields, with channels forming barriers to grazing stock, creating a chequer-board pattern.

Edited_KeyChars:
Infrequent hedges and fences along roads
Drainage ditches and banks divide fields in chequer-board pattern


FG KeyChar:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Crooked Ditch, a 14th Century sea defence and its embankment, and Mark Dyke, an ancient drain, are still visible in the landscape.  Pevensey Castle overlooks the Levels and Martello towers along the coast are important features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Crooked Ditch and embankment, a 14th century sea defence
Mark Dyke, an ancient drain still visible in the landscape  Pevensey Castle overlooking the Levels
Martello towers along the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Reed-fringed drainage ditches, rushy pasture and wet meadows are the key semi-natural habitats found within the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Reed-fringed drainage ditches
Rushy pasture and wet meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are scattered on the pockets of higher land, linked by slightly raised roads.   
•	Eastbourne has a significant urban influence, and modern development around the fringes of the Levels is often unsympathetic to local character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are scattered on the pockets of higher land, linked by slightly raised roads.   
•	Eastbourne has a significant urban influence, and modern development around the fringes of the Levels is often unsympathetic to local character.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.
•	Views north are framed by the South Downs – a dramatic and distinctive backdrop.
•	Local landscape diversity is added by ‘eyes’ or islands of higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.
•	Views north are framed by the South Downs – a dramatic and distinctive backdrop.
•	Local landscape diversity is added by ‘eyes’ or islands of higher ground.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape is largely devoid of significant tree cover; woodland is restricted to areas of higher ground associated with settlements.  Isolated, windswept trees mark the lines of dykes or roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
Little significant tree cover
Woodland restricted to higher ground around settlements
Isolated, windswept trees marking lines of dykes or roads


FG KeyChar:
•	A gentle, rolling dip slope of open arable fields with a large-scale geometric pattern flows gradually down to the narrow coastal plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open grazed downland
Dip slope mainly arable fields in large-scale geometric pattern
More mixed, pastoral character in some river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Roads and settlements are concentrated in the broad river valleys; elsewhere the land is sparsely settled. Flint is conspicuous in the built environment – in walls, buildings, churches and barns.

Edited_KeyChars:
Use of flint common in walls, buildings, churches and barns


FG KeyChar:
•	The iconic white cliffs of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head mark the eastern end of the South Downs where they join the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iconic white cliffs of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head at eastern end of the South Downs


FG KeyChar:
•	Public rights of way follow drove roads and ancient routes along the accessible downland tops; they benefit from dramatic panoramic across the downs and the Low Weald.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Public rights of way follow drove roads and ancient routes along the accessible downland tops; they benefit from dramatic panoramic across the downs and the Low Weald.


FG KeyChar:
•	The principal rivers – Arun, Adur, Ouse and Cuckmere – slice through the Downs as steep-sided valleys with flat alluvial floodplains; these fertile river valley landscapes of wet pastures, criss-crossing ditches and meandering river channels support intensive dairying and crops.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The principal rivers – Arun, Adur, Ouse and Cuckmere – slice through the Downs as steep-sided valleys with flat alluvial floodplains; these fertile river valley landscapes of wet pastures, criss-crossing ditches and meandering river channels support intensive dairying and crops.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are rare features on the open eastern downs, but provide enclosure between woodlands and designed parkland landscapes on the more wooded western downs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerow enclosures on the western downs
Few hedgerows on open eastern downs
Straight reed-filled drainage ditches on floodplains


FG KeyChar:
•	A broad elevated east-west chalkland spine with a steep north-facing scarp slope of close-cropped grassland, woodland and scrub overlooking the Low Weald to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A broad elevated east-west chalkland spine with a steep north-facing scarp slope of close-cropped grassland, woodland and scrub overlooking the Low Weald to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fragments of semi-natural chalk grassland are found on scarp slopes and combes; lack of grazing often leads to scrub invasion.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural chalk grassland on scarp slopes and combes (lack of grazing may lead to scrub invasion)
Chalk valley wetlands - ponds, marsh and meadows subject to frequent flooding


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Roads and settlements are concentrated in the broad river valleys; elsewhere the land is sparsely settled. Flint is conspicuous in the built environment – in walls, buildings, churches and barns.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is concentrated on steep scarp slopes, but there are also extensive plantations on the broad dip slopes of the western downs in Hampshire and West Sussex where clay-with-flints often overlies the chalk; scattered copses are prominent skyline features on the open eastern downs.
•	Tree cover is either broadleaved woodland, with beech, ash and sycamore, or is mixed with conifers; there are also some large plantations of Corsican pine and western red cedar and isolated remnants of yew forest.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive broadleaved and mixed woodland (mainly beech and ash, including hangers) on steep scarp and broad dip slopes of western downs
Scattered copses forming prominent skyline features on open eastern downs
Isolated remnants of yew forest


FG KeyChar:
•	The fertile soils of the lower plain support intensive arable farming and horticulture, with some dairy, beef and poultry.  Permanent grassland is a feature of the poorer quality land.  Mixed farming, including pig rearing and horse paddocks, occurs on the thicker gravel deposits.

Edited_KeyChars:
Intensive arable and horticulture, with some dairy, beef and poultry on lower plain
Permanent grassland on poorer quality land
Traditional coastal grazing marshes (in decline)
Mixed farming on  thicker gravel deposits inland


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are of a mixture of materials – timber frame, flint, cob and thatch are all common.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of timber frame, flint, cob and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	Sand dune grasses and intertidal marsh communities are characteristic of the coastline while areas of species-rich meadow remain inland

Edited_KeyChars:
Sand dunes, mudflats, saltmarshes, saline lagoons and coastal grazing marshes


FG KeyChar:
•	The continuity of the Plain is interrupted by many streams and rivers flowing to the sea and forming wide, alluvial floodplains.  Flooded gravel pits comprise some of the largest areas of freshwater in the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The continuity of the Plain is interrupted by many streams and rivers flowing to the sea and forming wide, alluvial floodplains.  Flooded gravel pits comprise some of the largest areas of freshwater in the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Drainage ditches, wire fences or low banks are the predominant field boundary features across the lower coastal plain, with few hedgerows and hedgerow trees.  Hedgerows enclose the smaller scale landscape of the upper plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Drainage ditches and banks across the lower coastal plain, with few hedgerows
Hedgerows enclosing smaller scale landscape on upper plain


FG KeyChar:
•	The South Coast Plain is a flat landscape with an intricately indented shoreline, of flinty marine and valley gravels extending several miles inland, divided into a lower and upper plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The South Coast Plain is a flat landscape with an intricately indented shoreline, of flinty marine and valley gravels extending several miles inland, divided into a lower and upper plain.


FG KeyChar:
•	Important Roman villa sites around Chichester are still visible features, as are the Roman fort at Portchester and a post-medieval abbey at Titchfield.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important Roman and medieval sites and features
Farm ponds


FG KeyChar:
•	The Character Area has significant urban development; with settlements along the coastline dominated by suburban villages and the extensive seaside towns between Brighton and Southampton including Portsmouth, Littlehampton and Worthing linked by major road systems.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Character Area has significant urban development; with settlements along the coastline dominated by suburban villages and the extensive seaside towns between Brighton and Southampton including Portsmouth, Littlehampton and Worthing linked by major road systems.


FG KeyChar:
•	Along the exposed open coastal plain and shoreline tree cover is limited to isolated wind-sculpted woodlands and shelterbelts.  A strong network of ancient and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands and coniferous plantations is present on the upper coastal plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Near coast tree cover limited to isolated wind-sculpted woodlands and shelterbelts
On upper coastal plain, strong network of ancient and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands


FG KeyChar:
•	The island is characterised by mixed agricultural use - mainly permanent grassland in the north, intensive arable in the south and horticulture in the east. There are also areas of rough grazing on the chalk ridge and high downs, and some orchards.  Pony paddocks and vineyards are increasingly found on the edges of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly permanent grassland in the north, including some coastal grassland
Intensive arable in the south
Horticulture in the east
Rough grazing on the chalk ridge and high downs


FG KeyChar:
•	Local limestones and sandstones are the main traditional building materials.  Local brick buildings are common, and a few ancient buildings are roofed with a combination of limestone slabs and tile upper courses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings mainly in local limestones and sandstones or brick
Some ancient buildings roofed with limestone slabs and tile upper courses


FG KeyChar:
•	The Medina and Yar rivers rise near the south coast and flow northwards to the Solent through deep gaps in the central chalk ridge.  Downstream sections form rias.  South flowing streams arise from the base of the chalk ridge to cut the island's distinctive 'chines' in the south-west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Medina and Yar rivers rise near the south coast and flow northwards to the Solent through deep gaps in the central chalk ridge.  Downstream sections form rias.  South flowing streams arise from the base of the chalk ridge to cut the island's distinctive 'chines' in the south-west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are the predominant boundary feature throughout – with variations in field size and pattern.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly hedgerows throughout; varied field sizes and patterns


FG KeyChar:
•	The island has a varied landscape, reflecting its underlying geology.  A central chalk ridge divides the island on an east-west axis.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The island has a varied landscape, reflecting its underlying geology.  A central chalk ridge divides the island on an east-west axis.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historical landscape features include prehistoric burial mounds, former medieval deer parks, and Victorian country houses and parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Features include prehistoric burial mounds, former medieval deer parks, and Victorian country houses and parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	Ancient woodland, heathland, unimproved meadows and grasslands, marshes, creeks and bogs are the island's key semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland
Remnant chalk downland
Unimproved meadows and grasslands
Wetland landscapes (marsh, bog and wet meadows)


FG KeyChar:
•	Patterns of settlement vary.  Small, linear villages connected by winding lanes are located at the base of the chalk.  Victorian seaside resorts, estates and villas are concentrated along the coast.
•	Urban development is spreading into former agricultural land, with waste disposal sites, extensive holiday and industrial developments and caravan parks blurring the edge of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Patterns of settlement vary.  Small, linear villages connected by winding lanes are located at the base of the chalk.  Victorian seaside resorts, estates and villas are concentrated along the coast.
•	Urban development is spreading into former agricultural land, with waste disposal sites, extensive holiday and industrial developments and caravan parks blurring the edge of settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover varies; small copses, relict wood pastures and large plantations characterise the north of the Island, whilst ancient hangar woodlands and further plantations are found in the south.  Ancient woodland is also found along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient coppiced woodland, small copses and relict wood pastures, mainly in north
Ancient hangar woodlands, mainly in south
Ancient oak woodland along coast
Plantation woodlands throughout
Some orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape is dominated by grazing land on heavy, clayey soils with small pockets of horticulture and some arable use on higher ground.
•	Intensive market cropping, associated with garden centres, nurseries and smallholdings, is concentrated in the Meon Valley.
•	Former heathland or common, on pockets of acidic soils, are frequently used as paddocks or unintensive grazing land.
•	Wide lush river valley bottoms, with water meadows and riverine vegetation, afford open views in an otherwise small-scale and intimate landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly grazing land with small scale horticulture and arable use. Water meadows in the river valleys. Intensive market gardening in the Meon Valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	The patchwork of small, intimate and irregular fields are defined by ancient hedgerows.
•	Oaks are prevalent within hedgerows and help to create an impression of a well-wooded landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small, irregular fields are defined by ancient hedgerows with many oaks.


FG KeyChar:
•	The gently undulating landscape is characterised by a diversity of features and land uses which reflects changing soil types and local variations of topography.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The gently undulating landscape is characterised by a diversity of features and land uses which reflects changing soil types and local variations of topography.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.
•	Historic parks and large estates and their houses indicate the historical prosperity of the Hampshire lowlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic parks and large estates and their houses with deer parks are present.


FG KeyChar:
•	Wide, lush river valleys contain unimproved meadows and grazing marshes as well as numerous ponds.
•	Former heathland or common, on pockets of acidic soils, are frequently used as paddocks or unintensive grazing land.

Edited_KeyChars:
River valleys contain unimproved meadows and grazing marshes as well as numerous ponds. Former heathland on acid soils.


FG KeyChar:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of villages and scattered farmsteads is linked by winding roads and lanes.
•	There are major urban centres are Southampton, Eastleigh and Havant.
•	Urban expansion and the busy M27/M3 corridors diminish the rural character of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of villages and scattered farmsteads is linked by winding roads and lanes.
•	There are major urban centres are Southampton, Eastleigh and Havant.
•	Urban expansion and the busy M27/M3 corridors diminish the rural character of the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree cover consists of ancient woodland and hedgerow oaks. There are also floodplain trees, riverine vegetation and wet woodlands (sallow and alder carr).


FG KeyChar:
•	Farming is small scale and land use is dominated by pasture and widespread horse grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farming is small scale and land use is dominated by pasture and widespread horse grazing.


FG KeyChar:
•	Variety and contrast is given by the wide grazed floodplain, drainage ditches, restored gravel workings and lush wetland vegetation associated with the Kennet Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Variety and contrast is given by the wide grazed floodplain, drainage ditches, restored gravel workings and lush wetland vegetation associated with the Kennet Valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	Cultivated farmland and pasture is typically enclosed within small and irregularly shaped fields.
•	Fields are enclosed by hedgerows with hedgerow trees.
•	The unenclosed nature of the remnant heaths is unusual within the context of the south-east region.
•	Winding, sunken lanes are an historic landscape feature, as are henges, long and round barrows and traces of ancient field systems.

Edited_KeyChars:
Typically small/irregular fields from ancient field systems, enclosed by hedgerows with trees. Unusually for the area there is open remnant heath.


FG KeyChar:
•	Winding, sunken lanes are an historic landscape feature, as are henges, long and round barrows and traces of ancient field systems.
•	The Forest of Eversley and Bracknell Forest reflect historic use of the land as medieval hunting forests.

•	This was an important occupation area from Mesolithic to modern times based on exploitation of the rivers - with numerous Prehistoric, Roman and medieval settlements survive.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traces of ancient field systems, historic settlements and historic lanes. There are park estates and country houses and medieval hunting forests.


FG KeyChar:
•	A subtle mosaic of grassland, bogs, ponds and fringes of scrub is found between the woodlands.
•	Fragmented blocks of largely neglected remnant heathland are found on large commons or as Ministry of Defence training areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
A subtle mosaic of grassland, bogs, ponds and fringes of scrub is found between the woodlands. Reed beds and wetland vegetation. Remnant heathland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Barracks, army housing, camps and military signs and notices give the landscape an inescapable military tone.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.
•	Intensive residential development over the past 50 years has led to large towns such as Ascot, Camberley, Farnborough and Woking, linked by major transport routes (the M3, M4, M25, and A34).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Barracks, army housing, camps and military signs and notices give the landscape an inescapable military tone.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.
•	Intensive residential development over the past 50 years has led to large towns such as Ascot, Camberley, Farnborough and Woking, linked by major transport routes (the M3, M4, M25, and A34).


FG KeyChar:
•	Landform is dominated by flat to gently sloping plateaux incised by broad river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Landform is dominated by flat to gently sloping plateaux incised by broad river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are a significant feature in the form of wooded gardens, belts of woodland along roadsides and substantial areas of woodland (mixed wood with beech and birch) and forestry (coniferous plantations).
•	Pockets of ancient semi-natural woods and wood-pasture.
•	The area has a heathy character due to the dominance of oak/birch/bracken/pine.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pockets of ancient semi-natural woods and wood-pasture. Significant tree cover with dominance of oak/birch/bracken/pine.


FG KeyChar:
•	Intensive arable production dominates, with a small proportion of grazing land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly intensive arable production
Small proportion of grazing land
Unimproved water meadows and remnant traditional watercress beds in Test and Itchen valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of brick, chalk cob or brick with flints with thatch common in the river valleys.  Timber frame barns are a common feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of brick, chalk cob or brick with flints
Thatch common in the river valleys
Timber frame barns a common feature


FG KeyChar:
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Test and Itchen valleys are notable features within the landscape.  The majority of other valleys are dry, although some support winter streams or ‘bournes’.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Test and Itchen valleys are notable features within the landscape.  The majority of other valleys are dry, although some support winter streams or ‘bournes’.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are generally large and rectilinear, with hedgerows, coniferous shelterbelts, fences or edges of ancient woodland defining the field pattern.  Trackways with wide verges also often form field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields generally large and rectilinear with hedgerows
Coniferous shelterbelts and fences may also bound fields


FG KeyChar:
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•	Iron Age hill-forts and Bronze Age burial mounds are prominent historical landscape features.
•Numerous wooded valleys are characteristic features, with a significant proportion of ancient semi-natural woodland.  Wood-pastures and plantations are also found within the landscape.  Parklands and estates feature widely.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iron Age hill-forts and Bronze Age burial mounds
Roman roads
Parklands and estates with wood pastures and plantations


FG KeyChar:
•	Ancient woodlands, hedgerows and wood-pastures, and areas of unimproved species-rich chalk grassland, are the key semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved species-rich chalk grassland
Reedbeds, fen, marsh in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a widely dispersed pattern of villages and hamlets, predominantly in valleys with the open downland sparsely populated.
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a widely dispersed pattern of villages and hamlets, predominantly in valleys with the open downland sparsely populated.
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Hampshire Downs are a strongly rolling chalk downland dissected by sheltered valleys and combes.
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Hampshire Downs are a strongly rolling chalk downland dissected by sheltered valleys and combes.
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•Numerous wooded valleys are characteristic features, with a significant proportion of ancient semi-natural woodland.  Wood-pastures and plantations are also found within the landscape.  Parklands and estates feature widely.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wooded valleys  and slopes with ancient semi-natural oak woodland and hazel coppice
Distinctive beech copses on higher chalk knolls 
Wood-pastures and plantations
Mature poplar plantations in valley bottoms
Alder, sallow and willow trees fringing water courses, with willows often pollarded


FG KeyChar:
•	Small enclosed fields and paddocks in, and on the edge of, the forest are bounded by Hampshire hedgebanks with hedgerows  and used for livestock rearing and back-up grazing.
•	Arable land uses predominate in the south on the richer agricultural soils where large regular fields are bounded by neat, low hedgerows with hedgerow oaks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive mixed grazing  by ponies and cattle on open Forest
Enclosed fields/ paddocks for stock rearing and back-up grazing
Arable in the south on richer agricultural soils


FG KeyChar:
•	There are bleak and exposed salt marshes and shingle beaches along the Solent coast from where there are views to the Isle of Wight.

Edited_KeyChars:
Salt marshes and shingle beaches along Solent coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Surface water drains into the Avon, Lymington, Beaulieu and Test Rivers which flow southwards into the Solent.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Surface water drains into the Avon, Lymington, Beaulieu and Test Rivers which flow southwards into the Solent.


Edited_KeyChars:
Small enclosures with Hampshire hedgebanks in and around Forest
Large regular fields with neat low hedgerows in arable areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The absence of intensive agriculture in the Forest core has ensured the survival of numerous historic features including Bronze Age round barrows and Iron Age field systems.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unique survival of historic commoning system on former royal hunting forest
Numerous historic features including Bronze Age round barrows and Iron Age field systems
Remnant medieval field systems


FG KeyChar:
•	The brown forest soils in the centre of the area support one of the largest tracts of semi-natural woodland in southern England – these ancient and ornamental woodlands are typically composed of oak, beech and sweet chestnut.
•	The open lawns, grassland, wood pasture and heath are maintained by close grazing enabled by common grazing rights.
•	Ancient oaks and wood pasture are features of the forest landscape.
•	Lowland heaths, acidic grasslands and mires occur in the central area.
•	Valley bogs and grasslands occur in the Avon Valley, alongside the expanses of open water left by the extraction of gravels in the valley bottom.
•	There are bleak and exposed salt marshes and shingle beaches along the Solent coast from where there are views to the Isle of Wight.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lawns, wood pasture, lowland heaths with common grazing
Acid grasslands and valley mires 
Valley bogs, floodplain grasslands and open water in Avon Valley


FG KeyChar:
•	The Forest is sparsely populated with small forest villages or isolated dwellings, each with their own garden or paddock, linked by a network of narrow lanes.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Forest is sparsely populated with small forest villages or isolated dwellings, each with their own garden or paddock, linked by a network of narrow lanes.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open and exposed plateaux and gently rolling hills are incised by wide U shaped valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Open and exposed plateaux and gently rolling hills are incised by wide U shaped valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.
•	The brown forest soils in the centre of the area support one of the largest tracts of semi-natural woodland in southern England – these ancient and ornamental woodlands are typically composed of oak, beech and sweet chestnut.
•	Ancient oaks and wood pasture are features of the forest landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive ancient and ornamental woodlands of oak, beech and sweet chestnut (wood pasture)
Scattered self-sown birch and pine trees on heath
Hedgerow oaks in enclosed landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of cereal cropping dominate the agricultural land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of cereal cropping dominant
Dry pastures on lower valley slopes, with meadows and damp pasture on the valley floor
Unimproved water meadows and remnant traditional watercress beds in valleys of Avon and tributaries


FG KeyChar:
•	Older cottages of cob and thatch roofs, with brick and tile common from the 19th century onwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older cottages of cob with thatch roofs
Brick and tile common from 19th century onwards


FG KeyChar:
•	The chalk upland is dissected by distinctive intimate river valleys part of the River Avon system.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The chalk upland is dissected by distinctive intimate river valleys part of the River Avon system.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large arable fields with very few hedges predominate across the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large arable fields with very few hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	Sarsen stones are scattered across Salisbury Plain and Downs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sarsen stones are scattered across Salisbury Plain and Downs.


FG KeyChar:
•	An outstanding prehistoric ritual landscape with widespread earthworks and monuments prominent in the open landscape, especially Stonehenge.
•	Locally distinctive features include chalk-cut white horses.
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Outstanding prehistoric ritual landscape with widespread prominent earthworks and monuments including Stonehenge
Locally distinctive features chalk-cut white horses
Large parkland and estate landscapes particularly in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Salisbury Plain contains one of the largest remaining areas of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe.

Edited_KeyChars:
Salisbury Plain has one of the largest remaining areas of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe
Valley bottom wetlands and grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.
•	Traditional settlement pattern of nucleated villages on the edges of the valley floodplain and foot of scarp slopes contrasting with the unsettled open downland.
•	Groups of estate cottages in uniform style are a notable feature.
•	The Character Area includes Salisbury with its fine riverside and waterside setting.
•	Military housing is present at Tidworth, Larkhill, Durrington and Amesbury .

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.
•	Traditional settlement pattern of nucleated villages on the edges of the valley floodplain and foot of scarp slopes contrasting with the unsettled open downland.
•	Groups of estate cottages in uniform style are a notable feature.
•	The Character Area includes Salisbury with its fine riverside and waterside setting.
•	Military housing is present at Tidworth, Larkhill, Durrington and Amesbury .


FG KeyChar:
•	An extensive, open rolling chalk plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An extensive, open rolling chalk plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered copses and shelterbelts on the high downs with woodlands confined mainly to valleys and steep slopes. Extensive ridge top ancient oak woodlands at Grovely Wood and Great Ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scattered copses and shelterbelts on high downs
Woodlands confined mainly to valleys and steep slopes
Extensive ridge top ancient oak woodlands at Grovely Wood and Great Ridge
Wet woodland and lines of willow and poplar along watercourses


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is characterised by mixed farming, although pasture dominates in the clay vales with arable on the Upper Greensand dip slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
The area is characterised by mixed farming, although pasture dominates in the clay vales with arable on the Upper Greensand dip slope.


FG KeyChar:
•	A wide variety of local building materials and techniques have been used, including local stone with brick and half timbering.  Fine dressed stone is reserved for mansions and manor houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variety of building materials, including local stone with brick and half timbering. Mansions and manors are of fine dressed stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Four principle river systems drain the area and include the Rive Stour, Brue, Frome and Nadder which cuts through the Vale of Wardour.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Four principle river systems drain the area and include the Rive Stour, Brue, Frome and Nadder which cuts through the Vale of Wardour.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field patterns include both rectilinear Parliamentary enclosures and small Medieval irregular enclosures, both bounded by hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field patterns include both rectilinear Parliamentary enclosures and small Medieval irregular enclosures, both bounded by hedgerows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.
•	To the south is the chalk escarpment of the Dorset Downs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.
•	To the south is the chalk escarpment of the Dorset Downs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant large estates and landscapes parkland from the 16th and 17th century. Remnants of hunting forests.


FG KeyChar:
•	Remnant flood meadows remain alongside streams and rivers while on higher ground and common land there are remnant patches of species rich acid grassland, with areas of scrub on the northern scarp slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant flood meadows alongside streams and rivers and on higher ground and common land there are remnant patches of species rich acid grassland, with areas of scrub on the northern scarp slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.
•	Small nucleated villages and hamlets are located in sheltered valleys and on the low limestone hillocks within the clay vale.  
•	Towns include Gillingham, Shaftesbury, Wincanton, Frome and Sturminster Newton.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.
•	Small nucleated villages and hamlets are located in sheltered valleys and on the low limestone hillocks within the clay vale.  
•	Towns include Gillingham, Shaftesbury, Wincanton, Frome and Sturminster Newton.


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	On the scarp slopes of the Greensand are ancient woodlands and coniferous plantations, whilst alongside streams and rivers, willows and alders are common.  Scattered broadleaved woodlands are evident throughout the area.
•	Hedgerow trees are widespread; predominately mature oaks

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient woodland and plantation on scarp slopes. Willow and alder along rivers. Mature hedgerow trees (oaks) abound.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip-slope with low and sparse hedgerows. 
•	Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, rendered buildings are common.  Flint with brick dressing, clunch and thatch are traditional materials reflecting the lack of a consistent supply of building stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Streams cut through the scarp in steep valleys.  Water meadows are found in the wider valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Streams cut through the scarp in steep valleys.  Water meadows are found in the wider valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip-slope with low and sparse hedgerows.
•	Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Prominent and vast hillforts and other prehistoric features crown the highest ridges above the steep scarp slope.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scarp slopes support species-rich calcareous grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Across the downs isolated farmsteads are linked by ancient lanes.
•	Linear villages are found in the sheltered valleys and ancient settlements cluster at the foot of the scarp along the springline.  
•	Blandford Forum and Dorchester are the only towns in this area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Across the downs isolated farmsteads are linked by ancient lanes.
•	Linear villages are found in the sheltered valleys and ancient settlements cluster at the foot of the scarp along the springline.  
•	Blandford Forum and Dorchester are the only towns in this area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.
•	Complex combes and steep-sided, sheltered valleys with woodlands, hedged fields, flood meadows and villages in flint and thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.
•	Complex combes and steep-sided, sheltered valleys with woodlands, hedged fields, flood meadows and villages in flint and thatch.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands, shelterbelts of beech, ash and sycamore, deer parks, clumps and copses containing ancient hazel coppice.
•	Hill top copses (mainly beech) are a feature.
•	Few trees on the dipslope, but woodland increases towards the lowlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture characterises the agricultural landscape with areas of arable confined mainly to the floodplains.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly pasture
Characteristic wet floodplain grasslands (at risk)
Areas of arable in floodplains


FG KeyChar:
•	Dispersed hamlets and isolated farms and cottages are traditionally of red brick, commonly clay from local pits, roofed in tiles or thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional farms and cottages of local red brick, roofed in tiles or thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour


FG KeyChar:
•	Off the heathland, small fields are divided by hedgerows with frequent hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unenclosed heathland
Elsewhere small fields are divided by hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Heathland covers the core of the area - broken locally by steep-sided sandstone hills and patches of exposed chalk.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Heathland covers the core of the area - broken locally by steep-sided sandstone hills and patches of exposed chalk.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age barrows are visible on more prominent heathland sites while the prehistoric port at Hengistbury Head is of international historic importance.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows on prominent heathland sites
Prehistoric port at Hengistbury Head of international importance


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is sparsely populated but the growing conurbation of Poole-Bournemouth, which takes up the full southern coastline of the area, is a major influence, with surrounding areas under severe development pressure.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is sparsely populated but the growing conurbation of Poole-Bournemouth, which takes up the full southern coastline of the area, is a major influence, with surrounding areas under severe development pressure.


FG KeyChar:
•	Heather dominates the open heathland with areas of purple moor-grass.  Areas of conifer plantation have now been restored to heathland to relink heathland fragments.
•	Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland of heather and purple moor-grass (affected by reversion to scrub and woodland)


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dispersed hamlets and isolated farms and cottages are traditionally of red brick, commonly clay from local pits, roofed in tiles or thatch.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a low undulating exposed and open broad-scale landscape of poor sandy soils with views north across  Poole Harbour.
•	The heathland is surrounded by a transitional landscape of rolling hills and broad, river valleys commonly bordered by river terrace deposits forming extensive terrace flats.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a low undulating exposed and open broad-scale landscape of poor sandy soils with views north across  Poole Harbour.
•	The heathland is surrounded by a transitional landscape of rolling hills and broad, river valleys commonly bordered by river terrace deposits forming extensive terrace flats.


FG KeyChar:
•	Blocks of conifers and successional oak-birch woodland break up the heathland  and form locally prominent landmarks while around the heathland edge secondary woodland, dominated by birch, forms an intricate mosaic with open pasture.
•	Occasional stunted pine stand out on the open heathland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive stunted pines and successional oak-birch on heath
Secondary woodland, mainly birch, round heathland edge in mosaic with open pasture
Frequent hedgerow trees in enclosed landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural land use is mixed, reflecting the varying geology.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many of the traditional buildings inland are of Purbeck or Portland Stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many traditional buildings of Purbeck or Portland Stone


FG KeyChar:
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dramatic, diverse coast of international geological importance including chalk and cliffs and stacks and lower-lying clays


FG KeyChar:
•	The Corfe  is the main river of the Character Area, draining into Poole Harbour.  Southward-draining dry valleys occur along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Corfe  is the main river of the Character Area, draining into Poole Harbour.  Southward-draining dry valleys occur along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Corfe Valley is enclosed by hedgerows with dense belts of hedgerow trees.  As the land rises up to the limestone plateau hedgerows are gradually replaced by dry stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Corfe Valley enclosed by hedgerows
On limestone plateau hedgerows replaced by dry stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.
•	The dramatic and diverse south coast is of international geological importance, embracing elements of all the inland landscapes.  
•	A narrow but prominent chalk ridge rises almost vertically to separate the Character Area from the adjacent Dorset Heaths to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.
•	The dramatic and diverse south coast is of international geological importance, embracing elements of all the inland landscapes.  
•	A narrow but prominent chalk ridge rises almost vertically to separate the Character Area from the adjacent Dorset Heaths to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is of significant historical interest, with early settlements, Medieval industrial sites and the prominent Corfe Castle.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant historical interest including early settlements, medieval industrial sites and Corfe Castle
Strip fields and lynchets characteristic features of valley sides alnd along coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Chalk grasslands, scrubby slopes and ancient woodlands of the chalk ridge combined with calcareous grasslands along the dramatic rolling cliff tops are the main semi-natural habitats of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Chalk grasslands and scrubby slopes on chalk ridge
Calcareous grasslands along dramatic rolling cliff tops
Acid grassland on Corfe Common


FG KeyChar:
•	Inland are many villages, hamlets and farms linked by a dense network of lanes.  Small villages on the plateau are centred around quarries.  
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Inland are many villages, hamlets and farms linked by a dense network of lanes.  Small villages on the plateau are centred around quarries.  
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover varies across the area, from the strong belts of ancient woodland along the northern edge of the chalk ridge, large copses and small woodlands in the central Corfe Valley, to the largely treeless limestone plateau to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
Belts of ancient woodland on northern edge of chalk ridge
Large copses, small woodlands and dense hedgerow tree cover in central Corfe Valley
Largely treeless limestone plateau to the south


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable dominates the higher ground with pasture on steeper slopes and in valley bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable dominates higher ground
Pasture on steeper slopes and in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are a mixture of materials – grey limestone and brick are widely used with thatch a traditional roofing material near the coast.  Buildings on the Isle of Portland are made from local Portland Limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rectilinear fields on the inland ridges are enclosed by sparse hedges with few hedgerow trees.  Dry stone walls are used on the steeper land and on Portland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small fields, enclosed by regular pattern of stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are mainly located on the lower valley slopes or close to streams.  Farmsteads or hamlets lie on valley sides, commonly close together linked by narrow lanes.  Portland is quite densely settled, with substantial stone villages dominating the open landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are mainly located on the lower valley slopes or close to streams.  Farmsteads or hamlets lie on valley sides, commonly close together linked by narrow lanes.  Portland is quite densely settled, with substantial stone villages dominating the open landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel.


Edited_KeyChars:
Arable dominates the higher ground with pasture on steeper slopes and in valley bottoms.


Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings are a mixture of materials – grey limestone and brick are widely used with thatch a traditional roofing material near the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Wey cuts through the ridge and valley pattern of the Weymouth Lowlands to form a coastal lagoon at Weymouth, around which the harbour and town has developed.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Wey cuts through the ridge and valley pattern of the Weymouth Lowlands to form a coastal lagoon at Weymouth, around which the harbour and town has developed.


Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear fields on inland ridges are enclosed by sparse hedges with few hedgerow trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Weymouth Lowlands are united by an underlying broad ridge and valley pattern. 
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel. 
•	It is linked to the mainland by Chesil Beach; a huge sweeping shingle ridge separated at its eastern end from the mainland by an elongated brackish tidal lagoon (The Fleet).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Weymouth Lowlands are united by an underlying broad ridge and valley pattern. 
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel. 
•	It is linked to the mainland by Chesil Beach; a huge sweeping shingle ridge separated at its eastern end from the mainland by an elongated brackish tidal lagoon (The Fleet).


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the area is treeless, although there are some valley woodlands and plantations in the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Blocks of deciduous woodland on valley sides.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture is the predominant land use in the Marshwood Vale, on the Powerstock Hills and on the steeper slopes of the greensand ridges and hills.  Arable cultivation predominates on shallower land and in the broad Brit valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement comprises small hamlets and many large farmsteads, linked by winding lanes, often with hedgebanks.  Older traditional buildings are built of limestone or Ham Hill Stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The coastline has a remote, varied character, with small valleys separating prominent headlands; landslips leaving dramatic stepped slopes; sheer amber-coloured cliffs and pebble beaches.


FG KeyChar:
•	The rhythmic pattern of this landscape is defined by its strong but varied network of hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees. Hedgerows are typically low and well trimmed on the greensand ridges, overgrown on the steeper slopes and dense but well managed in the vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.  
•	To the east, the flat Brit river valley is enclosed by the complex, small-scale landscape of conical oolitic limestone hills surrounding the village of Powerstock.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.  
•	To the east, the flat Brit river valley is enclosed by the complex, small-scale landscape of conical oolitic limestone hills surrounding the village of Powerstock.


JM KeyChar:
•	Many important historic landscape features occur in this area including concentrations of prehistoric barrows and hillforts, extensive strip lynchets, moated sites and castles.


FG KeyChar:
•	Unimproved grasslands, wet flushes and marshy areas are found along the springlines at the valley sides and there are prominent patches of heathland within mosaics of bracken, gorse and acid grassland on the ridges and steeper greensand slopes.


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement comprises small hamlets and many large farmsteads, linked by winding lanes, often with hedgebanks.  Older traditional buildings are built of limestone or Ham Hill Stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Marshwood Vale has a distinctive scattering of mature hedgerow oak trees, with narrow ribbons of woodland along the many streams; elsewhere woodlands and copses are confined to steeper slopes, with larger conifer plantations on the northwest borders of the area, where it merges with the Blackmore Vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although there is a mixture of arable, the dominant landcover is grassland, ranging from improved pastures in valley bottoms to rough pasture on steep hillsides.


FG KeyChar:
•	Building materials are varied, although local Ham Hill stone is most characteristic of the area, reflected in visually dominant churches.  Other construction materials include cream and pink coloured limestone, sandstones, timber, thatch and more recently, brick.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tributaries of the Brue, Parrett and Yeo drain from the scarp slopes cutting an intricate pattern of irregular hills and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Tributaries of the Brue, Parrett and Yeo drain from the scarp slopes cutting an intricate pattern of irregular hills and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst hedges are non existent or low in the south west, they are thick with substantial hedgebanks elsewhere.  On higher ground there are scattered areas of dry stone walls.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.
•	The soils are largely calcareous clays and brown earths with small areas of stagnogleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.
•	The soils are largely calcareous clays and brown earths with small areas of stagnogleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Prominent features include the prehistoric hill forts of South Cadbury and Ham Hill and houses such as Montacute, Barrington Court and Dillington House built from the Elizabethan period onwards.  Their surrounding parklands of lime, oak and beech are conspicuous features in the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area is well settled, there are few villages or towns of any size.  Most settlements are located in the valleys, close to watercourses with farmsteads on spring lines.  Winding minor lanes, link the settlements to higher ground.  
•	Larger settlements include the market towns of Sherborne and Yeovil – the latter having grown to a significant size, largely due to its industrial sector.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the area is well settled, there are few villages or towns of any size.  Most settlements are located in the valleys, close to watercourses with farmsteads on spring lines.  Winding minor lanes, link the settlements to higher ground.  
•	Larger settlements include the market towns of Sherborne and Yeovil – the latter having grown to a significant size, largely due to its industrial sector.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small woods, copses and scrub are most frequent on the steep ridges and in deep combes.  There are some coniferous plantations, semi natural ancient woodlands, remnant orchards with poplar shelter belts, and streamside willow pollards and alder, predominately in the vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the character area is under improved pasture, with some horticulture in the south west.  Pig rearing is becoming increasingly common on the plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly improved pasture with some pig rearing on plateau
Some horticulture in south-west
Floodplain under intensive cultivation


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed of red conglomerate, grey limestone and pale grey Doulting Stone.  Most older Mendip buildings are modest cottages in rough, exposed stone with almost no detailing of windows and doorways.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limestone and conglomerate in buildings give a unified character
Most older buildings cottages in rough, exposed stone with little detailing


FG KeyChar:
•	Natural surface water is almost absent on the plateau, aside from where recently abandoned mine workings have developed as ponds.  At the foot of the plateau springs emerge as the source of the Cheddar Yeo and Axe.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Natural surface water is almost absent on the plateau, aside from where recently abandoned mine workings have developed as ponds.  At the foot of the plateau springs emerge as the source of the Cheddar Yeo and Axe.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mixture of enclosure.  Hedgerows are the dominant field boundary of the Character Area but with stone walls on the plateau and some of the eastern slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows are main field boundary type
Stone walls on the plateau and some of the eastern slopes
Floodplain areas divided by ditches and irregular hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	An open limestone plateau with karst features including complex underground caves and river systems gives the area a unique character.  Sandstone outcrops form prominent features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An open limestone plateau with karst features including complex underground caves and river systems gives the area a unique character.  Sandstone outcrops form prominent features.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many industrial archaeological sites, reflecting the past lead, coal and cloth industries.  The plateau has an outstanding assemblage of prehistoric features such as burial mounds and hill forts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many relics of past lead, coal and cloth industries
Outstanding prehistoric features such as burial mounds and hillforts on plateau
Historic parkland with mature trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is characterised by unimproved limestone grassland on the plateau slopes, open moorland in the north, marshy land in the valley bottoms, including some neutral unimproved meadows and damp woodlands, and ‘gruffy ground’ left from the lead industry which has revegetated to form important semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved limestone grassland and karst features on plateau
Open heathland/ moorland in north
Marshy land in valley bottoms, including some neutral unimproved meadows
‘Gruffy ground’ left from the lead industry which has revegetated to form important semi-natural habitats


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages are concentrated at the foot of the plateau slopes.  Elsewhere, settlement is scattered.  Major transport routes such as the M5 and A38 cut through the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Villages are concentrated at the foot of the plateau slopes.  Elsewhere, settlement is scattered.  Major transport routes such as the M5 and A38 cut through the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Mendip Hills are a chain of prominent limestone hills extending inland from the coast and rising up sharply from the surrounding lowlands.
•	Dramatic gorges, cliffs and escarpment slopes surround the plateau.  Further west, land breaks into individual hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Mendip Hills are a chain of prominent limestone hills extending inland from the coast and rising up sharply from the surrounding lowlands.
•	Dramatic gorges, cliffs and escarpment slopes surround the plateau.  Further west, land breaks into individual hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The plateau and hilltops are largely treeless, except for a few old ash pollards and wind-shaped shelterbelts and conifer plantations.  The slopes and valleys surrounding the plateau have a wide range of woodlands forming an attractive mosaic with open land and other land uses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Plateau and hilltops largely treeless except for old ash pollards and wind-shaped shelterbelts
Slopes and valleys with wide range of woodlands in mosaic with other land uses
Damp woodland in valley bottoms
Orchards on the outskirts of  Loxton


FG KeyChar:
•	The landcover is dominated by improved pasture supporting dairying, with localised withy beds.

Edited_KeyChars:
The landcover is dominated by improved pasture supporting dairying, with localised withy beds.


FG KeyChar:
•	Building on the open Moors and Levels is restricted to occasional 19th Century or more recent farmsteads mainly in brick or occasional Blue Lias with clay, pantile roofs and thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
19th Century or more recent farmsteads mainly in brick or occasional Blue Lias with clay, pantile roofs and thatch.


FG KeyChar:
•	Reflecting the history of reclamation, roads are sinuous and narrow following the line of old seawalls, or straight and slightly raised.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Reflecting the history of reclamation, roads are sinuous and narrow following the line of old seawalls, or straight and slightly raised.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area lies below high tide level and the water level of the main river systems and is susceptible to flooding.
•	Rivers draining into the Levels and Moors include the Axe, Brue and Parrett.  Before the drainage schemes of the late 17th Century there was widespread sea and river flooding.  Current drainage relies on gravity pumps removing excessive backlogs of water.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the area lies below high tide level and the water level of the main river systems and is susceptible to flooding.
•	Rivers draining into the Levels and Moors include the Axe, Brue and Parrett.  Before the drainage schemes of the late 17th Century there was widespread sea and river flooding.  Current drainage relies on gravity pumps removing excessive backlogs of water.


FG KeyChar:
•	The strong chequer-board pattern of the ‘rhynes’ or ditches reflects a planned landscape reclaimed from wetland, initiated in the 13th Century with the construction of raised causeways and further major reclamation undertaken in the late 17th Century.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong chequer-board pattern from reclaimed land from the 13th to 17th century. Some rectilinear pattern. Hedge boundaries, varied in condition.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.


Edited_KeyChars:
Historical land reclaimation pattern on the land. Rich archaeological remains on the peat moors.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pockets of semi-natural unimproved grasslands, wet meadows, fen, mire and reed beds are highly characteristic and underline the area’s wetland character, as does the emergent vegetation of the rhynes.
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pockets of semi-natural unimproved grasslands, wet meadows, fen, mire and reed beds. Scrub near old peat extraction sites.


FG KeyChar:
•	A strong planned element is also evident in towns and villages, with buildings running along single streets e.g. Langport and surrounded by strip fields.
•	Settlements on the edge of the Levels include Weston super Mare and Bridgwater and the M5 is a significant feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A strong planned element is also evident in towns and villages, with buildings running along single streets e.g. Langport and surrounded by strip fields.
•	Settlements on the edge of the Levels include Weston super Mare and Bridgwater and the M5 is a significant feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area ranges from peat moors, clay levels, inland ‘burtles’ or gravel beds to the mudflats, storm gravel beaches and dune belt fringing the edge of Bridgwater Bay.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area ranges from peat moors, clay levels, inland ‘burtles’ or gravel beds to the mudflats, storm gravel beaches and dune belt fringing the edge of Bridgwater Bay.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many parts of the Levels and Moors are treeless, although groups of pollarded willow fringe the islands and ridges of higher ground and mark the lines of rhynes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely treeless, with groups of pollarded willow on islands and ridges and hedgerow trees (ash and oak)


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture tends to be the main landcover with remnant areas of calcareous and neutral grasslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Permanent pasture is the main landcover with some areas of arable.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although Blue Lias is the dominant building material, there are a variety of other materials such as oolite, sandstone and conglomerate, contrasting with many 19th Century buildings which are constructed in brick and pantile.  Tall church towers are evidence of Medieval wealth, St Michael’s on Glastonbury Tor, being the most visible landmark.

Edited_KeyChars:
Blue Lias is main building material, with oolite, sandstone and conglomerate. Contrasts with 19th century brick and pantile buildings.


FG KeyChar:
•	Major rivers such as the Brue, Axe and Parrett, rise on surrounding ground and cut through the Mid Somerset Hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Major rivers such as the Brue, Axe and Parrett, rise on surrounding ground and cut through the Mid Somerset Hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows, typically containing a wide range of species and hedgerow trees are common dividing small, irregular fields except where there are planned settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly small, irregular fields divided by species rich hedges with trees, some arable fields are larger.


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying geology is of late Triassic and early Jurassic grey clay and limestone overlaid by red Mercia Mudstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying geology is of late Triassic and early Jurassic grey clay and limestone overlaid by red Mercia Mudstone.


Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant areas of calcareous and neutral grasslands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst small towns and villages like Somerton and Street lie in sheltered sites, other settlements like Meare, Wedmore and Wookey lie on island rising out of the wetlands or at the wetland edge with characteristic tracks (droves) linking these settlements with the traditional summer grazing provided by the Levels and Moors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Whilst small towns and villages like Somerton and Street lie in sheltered sites, other settlements like Meare, Wedmore and Wookey lie on island rising out of the wetlands or at the wetland edge with characteristic tracks (droves) linking these settlements with the traditional summer grazing provided by the Levels and Moors.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Mid Somerset Hills are a series of distinctive low hills, ridges and islands dividing the Somerset Moors and Levels.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Mid Somerset Hills are a series of distinctive low hills, ridges and islands dividing the Somerset Moors and Levels.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst woodlands of ash and maple are a common feature on the ridge tops and steeper side slopes, orchards are a particular characteristic of lower land at the boundary of the Levels and Moors, close to settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ash and maple woodlands most common on ridges and side slopes with frequent small orchards on lower land. Mature hedgerow trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open heathland characterises the rounded summits of the northern hills, providing rough grazing.  Below the hilltops, mixed farming is predominant.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open heathland grazing on rounded summits of northern hills
Mixed farming predominant elsewhere


FG KeyChar:
•	The local vernacular building style varies due to the rich diversity of locally available building materials.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local vernacular building style varies due to  rich diversity of locally available building materials


FG KeyChar:
•	The mixed geology creates spring lines where water reaches less permeable layers.  Streams cut down the scarp to form deep, incised combes.  Long, broad valleys with streams flowing to the Vale of Taunton characterise land to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The mixed geology creates spring lines where water reaches less permeable layers.  Streams cut down the scarp to form deep, incised combes.  Long, broad valleys with streams flowing to the Vale of Taunton characterise land to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Former deer parks and designed parklands are a characteristic landscape feature.
•	Beech hedgebanks  bound the rectangular fields around the edge of the open plateau and on the lower agricultural land in the south.  Mixed hedgerows are used elsewhere, and stone-faced banks or earth banks are used within the combes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Beech hedgebanks bound rectangular fields around edge of open plateau and on lower ground in the south
Mixed hedgerows elsewhere
Stone-faced banks or earth banks within the combes


FG KeyChar:
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age burial mounds, barrows, standing stones and stone circles are surviving relics of the prehistoric landscape and important landscape features.  Ridge and furrow is also visible on the moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age burial mounds, barrows, standing stones and stone circles
Ridge and furrow is visible on  moorland
Former deer parks and designed parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	The extensive heathlands and sessile oak woodlands are important semi-natural habitats.  Rhododendron is abundant in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive heathlands affected by bracken and rhododendron
Unimproved grasslands on combe sides


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is sparse, consisting of isolated farms, hamlets or small villages located along the spring line or tucked into the narrow combes and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is sparse, consisting of isolated farms, hamlets or small villages located along the spring line or tucked into the narrow combes and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Quantock Hills are a discrete landform with a prominent and rounded profile.
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Quantock Hills are a discrete landform with a prominent and rounded profile.
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The broad hilltops and plateau are largely treeless.  The steep valleys and lower slopes are well wooded with semi natural broadleaved woodland and forestry plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Broad hilltops and plateau largely treeless
Steep valleys and lower slopes covered with semi-natural broadleaved woodland
Traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The heather and grass moorlands are used for rough grazing with pasture on the lower slopes.  There are some localised areas of arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heather and grass moorlands are used for rough grazing
Improved pasture on lower slopes
Localised areas of arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmsteads are built mainly of local slate and shale rubble, sometimes whitewashed.  A variety of local stone is used in the villages, along with cob and brick, with slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farmsteads mainly of local slate and shale rubble, sometimes whitewashed
Also some cob and brick with slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The plateau is deeply incised by short rivers sometimes cascading as waterfalls over the high coastal slopes and cliffs.  Steep sided valleys in the south form the headwaters of the Barle, Quarm and Exe rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The plateau is deeply incised by short rivers sometimes cascading as waterfalls over the high coastal slopes and cliffs.  Steep sided valleys in the south form the headwaters of the Barle, Quarm and Exe rivers.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rectilinear patterns of 19th Century enclosure extend high up to the moorland edge, bounded by beech-topped hedgebanks which have grown out to form wind-pruned lines of beech.  Elsewhere, older field patterns are enclosed by irregular hedges and stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear 19th century enclosures below moorland edge with beech-topped hedgebanks (many out-grown)
Older, irregular hedge and stone wall enclosures elsewhere


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is of high archaeological interest, with Bronze Age remains such as hill-forts, stone circles and barrows forming prominent features.

Edited_KeyChars:
High archaeological interest, including prominent hill-forts, stone circles and barrows


FG KeyChar:
•	Heather, blanket bog, grass heath and bracken dominate the moorlands with coastal and wet heath.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heather, blanket bog, grass heath and bracken on moorlands
Traditional moorland grazing by Exmoor ponies
Also coastal and wet heath
Species-rich valley grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	The central moorlands are largely devoid of settlement.  Villages are mainly concentrated in valley bottoms, often sited around river crossing points.  Along the coastal edge there is a greater variety and density of settlement.  
•	Minehead, Dunster, Dulverton and Lynton are the main towns which serve the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The central moorlands are largely devoid of settlement.  Villages are mainly concentrated in valley bottoms, often sited around river crossing points.  Along the coastal edge there is a greater variety and density of settlement.  
•	Minehead, Dunster, Dulverton and Lynton are the main towns which serve the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Exmoor is a diverse upland landscape, rising abruptly out of the surrounding lowlands.
•	A high and spectacular steeply sloping wooded coastline forms the northern edge of the area, fringing the Bristol Channel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Exmoor is a diverse upland landscape, rising abruptly out of the surrounding lowlands.
•	A high and spectacular steeply sloping wooded coastline forms the northern edge of the area, fringing the Bristol Channel.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland, mostly ancient and oak-dominated, cloaks the steep coastal combes and inland valleys.  Former deer parks and conifer plantations are features of the lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient oak-dominated woodland in steep coastal combes and inland valleys
Former deer parks on lower slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent grassland characterises the floodplain with arable, pasture, market gardening and orchards in the vales and pasture and arable on more undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
On the floodplain mainly pasture, with a mix on the higher land and market gardening and orchards in the vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Red sandstone buildings and perpendicular church towers of Triassic sandstone are prominent features in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Red sandstone buildings and perpendicular church towers of Triassic sandstone are prominent.


JM KeyChar:
•	The land ends in low cliffs, mainly in Blue Lias, which locally is folded and faulted, creating interesting exposed rock formations on the beaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
The land ends in low cliffs, mainly in Blue Lias, with exposed rock formations on the beaches.


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Tone and its tributaries drains the area to the south, whilst to the north Doniford Stream fed by tributaries arising from the Quantocks and Brendon Hill, drains into the sea at Watchet.  To the east many streams drain off the Quantock dip slopes and flow into the River Parrett.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Tone and its tributaries drains the area to the south, whilst to the north Doniford Stream fed by tributaries arising from the Quantocks and Brendon Hill, drains into the sea at Watchet.  To the east many streams drain off the Quantock dip slopes and flow into the River Parrett.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally low, although there are many hedgerow trees.
•	Whilst some fields systems were enclosed from the Medieval period, common pastures on the edge of the Vale and on the floodplains were enclosed during the 18th and 19th Century.
•	The thick hedgerows (and hedgebanks on higher ground) are species rich usually dominated by hazel with a mix of other woody species such as dogwood, holly and blackthorn.  The hedgerows were also managed as a source of wood.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly small/medium sized fields in a rectilinear pattern bound by well wooded hedgerows.


FG KeyChar:
•	The topography can be divided into four distinct areas: the floodplain, a gentle low vale, underlain by mudstones and clay, a more elevated, undulating vale underlain by sandstones and mudstones and the open windswept coast with low cliffs to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The topography can be divided into four distinct areas: the floodplain, a gentle low vale, underlain by mudstones and clay, a more elevated, undulating vale underlain by sandstones and mudstones and the open windswept coast with low cliffs to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst some fields systems were enclosed from the Medieval period, common pastures on the edge of the Vale and on the floodplains were enclosed during the 18th and 19th Century.
•	A number of Iron Age hillforts are located on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited medieval field systems, iron age hillforts and some woodland associated with large houses.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is densely settled with a dispersed pattern of hamlets and farms linked by winding lanes.
•	The main settlements which include Wellington, Taunton, the western edge of Bridgwater and Minehead have a strong visual influence on landscape character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is densely settled with a dispersed pattern of hamlets and farms linked by winding lanes.
•	The main settlements which include Wellington, Taunton, the western edge of Bridgwater and Minehead have a strong visual influence on landscape character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally low, although there are many hedgerow trees.
•	The area was once characterised by cider apple orchards, supporting the local cider industry.  The few old orchards that have survived are scattered thorough the landscape.  Modern bush orchards do not have the same visual impact as the older orchards.
•	The thick hedgerows (and hedgebanks on higher ground) are species rich usually dominated by hazel with a mix of other woody species such as dogwood, holly and blackthorn.  The hedgerows were also managed as a source of wood.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally low woodland cover but many hedgerow trees (hazel, dogwood, holly and blackthorn) and a mixture of historic and modern orchards.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although low intensity mixed livestock farming dominates the Character Area there has been an increase in arable farmland on lower valley sides and floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low intensity mixed livestock farming dominates
Increase in arable farmland on lower valley sides and floors


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed in chert, cob, flint or brick roofed in thatch, tile or slate, while older buildings in coastal locations are colour washed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in chert, cob, flint or brick roofed in thatch, tile or slate
Older buildings in coastal locations colour washed


FG KeyChar:
•	To the south the coastline is defined by unstable cliffs, irregular headlands and estuaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unstable cliffs, irregular headlands and estuaries
Extensive coastal salt marshes at mouth of Axe


FG KeyChar:
•	A complex pattern of rivers  -  the Axe, Sid, Otter and Yarty - flows southward whilst the Fivehead River flows to the north east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A complex pattern of rivers  -  the Axe, Sid, Otter and Yarty - flows southward whilst the Fivehead River flows to the north east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries throughout the area are defined by either hedgerows or hedgebanks.
•	A strong rectilinear pattern of 18th Century enclosure and straight roads characterises the plateau which contrasts with the small-scale Medieval enclosures of the slopes and vale bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows or hedgebanks throughout
Strong rectilinear pattern of 18th century enclosure on plateau
Small medieval enclosures on slopes and vale bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst the Upper Greensand of the upper plateaus and ridges gives rise to poor, slightly acidic soil, the river valleys consist of fine loams and silts.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Whilst the Upper Greensand of the upper plateaus and ridges gives rise to poor, slightly acidic soil, the river valleys consist of fine loams and silts.


FG KeyChar:
•	A strong rectilinear pattern of 18th Century enclosure and straight roads characterises the plateau which contrasts with the small-scale Medieval enclosures of the slopes and vale bottoms.
•	Bronze Age barrows are found predominately between Gittisham Hill and Black Down with Iron Age Hill forts both on the coast and inland including, Castle Neroche.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows and Iron Age Hill forts both on the coast and inland including Castle Neroche


FG KeyChar:
•	A mosaic of lowland and wet heathland, neutral/acidic and species rich grassland, wet and ancient oak ash woodland, are characteristic of the area with extensive coastal salt marshes in the Axe floodplain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lowland and wet heathland vulnerable to loss
Neutral/acidic and species-rich grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement on higher ground is sparse with farm buildings following straight enclosure roads.  Elsewhere settlements lie mainly along the spring lines at the foot of escarpments or at river crossing points.
•	The Character Area includes the towns of Honiton, Chard, Axminster and the coastal towns of Lyme Regis, Seaton and Sidmouth.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement on higher ground is sparse with farm buildings following straight enclosure roads.  Elsewhere settlements lie mainly along the spring lines at the foot of escarpments or at river crossing points.
•	The Character Area includes the towns of Honiton, Chard, Axminster and the coastal towns of Lyme Regis, Seaton and Sidmouth.


FG KeyChar:
•	The dramatic open, heathy windswept scarp slopes and plateaus up to 300m AD in the north fall southwards to sheltered lush valleys and ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The dramatic open, heathy windswept scarp slopes and plateaus up to 300m AD in the north fall southwards to sheltered lush valleys and ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	A well wooded appearance dominates the area, created by wooded scarp slopes, shelterbelts and avenues, and coniferous and deciduous plantations of beech, oak and pine, willow-dominated carr woodland on valley spring lines, and hedgerow trees and copses.
•	Traditional orchards were once a key characteristic of the southern half of the Character Area and remnants still remain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wooded scarp slopes
Ancient oak-ash woodland
Shelterbelts, copses, avenues, plantations of beech, oak, pine
Willow-dominated carr on valley spring lines
Mature hedgerow trees
Remnant traditional orchards in southern half of area


FG KeyChar:
•	Mixed farming predominates but as the land rises northwards to the Culm, pasture becomes more widespread and the Redland soils disappear.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming predominates with more pasture in the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	Cob, red sandstone and thatch rural buildings are distinctive to the area.
•	Linhays – open-fronted animal shelters of timber frame or stone – are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Cob, red sandstone and thatch rural buildings with linhay animal shelters are distinctive to the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is characterised by winding sunken lanes, irregular field patterns and varied hedgebanks, often rich in wildflowers.
•	The lower floodplain and coastal landscapes, by contrast, have large, open arable fields and low-cut hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Floodplain and coastal landscapes have large open fields with lowcut hedges, with irregular fields with flower rich hedgebanks elsewhere.


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils derived from red sandstone give this area its name.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils derived from red sandstone give this area its name.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
Parkland and estate planting associated with manor houses.


Edited_KeyChars:
Estuarine habitats; reedbeds, marshes, saltmarshes and sand and mud flats. Gorse and lowland heath found elsewhere.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.
•	Settlement is mainly dispersed farmsteads and hamlets; villages are often of medieval origin and layout.
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.
•	Settlement is mainly dispersed farmsteads and hamlets; villages are often of medieval origin and layout.
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steep-sided valleys with wide floodplains cut through the hilly landscape, the hills gradually decreasing in height toward the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Steep-sided valleys with wide floodplains cut through the hilly landscape, the hills gradually decreasing in height toward the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large woodlands are confined mainly to the steep valley sides.
•	Elsewhere, particularly in the upper valleys, small, irregular, broadleaved woodlands and copses may give a strong sense of enclosure.
•	East of the Exe the land rises to dry, open heathland with gorse, scattered pine, wind-trimmed beech and wooded ridges.
•	West of the Exe the conifer plantations and heathland of the Haldon Hills rise high above the valleys.
•	In the lower valleys there are open flood meadows with little tree cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large woodlands on valley sides, with small broadleaved woodland in the upper valleys. Scattered trees in more open landscapes. Some mature hedgerow trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture (dairying, beef cattle (traditionally including Devon Reds) and sheep) is the dominant land use and there are significant areas of semi-natural vegetation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally of cob and thatch or slate.


JM KeyChar:
•	There is a wide range of coastal landscape features, ranging from beach and estuarine features in the north near Barnstaple, through high wooded cliffs and combes around Clovelly, to rugged, rocky, exposed Atlantic coastal cliffs in the west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Main roads tend to follow ridges and have wide verges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Main roads tend to follow ridges and have wide verges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.


FG KeyChar:
•	Ridgetop fields are generally large and regular, representing parliamentary enclosures, with low hedgerows and hedgebanks that reveal long views.
•	By contrast, valley sides have winding sunken lanes, irregular older fields, and earth hedgebanks of mixed species.
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Culm Measures give rise to heavy, infertile soils on the hilltops and valley bottoms; some valley sides have more fertile and better-drained soils.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Culm Measures give rise to heavy, infertile soils on the hilltops and valley bottoms; some valley sides have more fertile and better-drained soils.


FG KeyChar:
•	Clusters of Bronze Age barrows are found on the ridgetops.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland.
•	Culm grasslands occur on patches of common and unimproved land.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small settlements are sited at river crossing points or in prominent hilltop locations.
•	Coastal resorts and development occur at Bideford, Westward Ho!, Clovelly and Bude and locally have a strong visual influence on landscape character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small settlements are sited at river crossing points or in prominent hilltop locations.
•	Coastal resorts and development occur at Bideford, Westward Ho!, Clovelly and Bude and locally have a strong visual influence on landscape character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Spectacular cliffs and broad, rolling ridges up to around 200m AOD offer wide views across a remote landscape.
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Spectacular cliffs and broad, rolling ridges up to around 200m AOD offer wide views across a remote landscape.
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are some substantial valley and coastal woodlands (oak, birch and rowan) and some large blocks of plantation woodland on the moors.
•	Otherwise there is little tree cover except wind-shaped hedgerow, in-field and farmstead trees (oak, ash and beech, the latter typically occurring on high ground).


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the open moor is common land that has long been used for extensive grazing by cattle, sheep and ponies, moorland grazing rights being an important part of many hill farm enterprises.


FG KeyChar:
•	Granite and slate in cottages, farmhouses, villages, abandoned mine buildings and walls unify the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of ancient roads, sunken lanes and hump-backed bridges connects the moor to the villages and towns beyond its outer edge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A network of ancient roads, sunken lanes and hump-backed bridges connects the moor to the villages and towns beyond its outer edge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Around the moorland lies a gentler landscape of small, irregular pasture fields with dry stone walls and high banks.
•	There are also extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ in the 19th century, some of which are now reverting to moorland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Dartmoor is underlain by a large granite batholith with an aureole of metamorphic rocks including tin, copper and china clay bearing deposits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dartmoor is underlain by a large granite batholith with an aureole of metamorphic rocks including tin, copper and china clay bearing deposits.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are also extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ in the 19th century, some of which are now reverting to moorland.
•	There is very high historic interest from Bronze Age onwards, with many visible features including hut circles, standing stones, reaves, field systems and hillforts.
•	The mining industry has made as strong impact on the landscape, with dramatically sited spoil heaps and ruins.


FG KeyChar:
•	The high, exposed core of Dartmoor is an irregular moorland plateau with blanket bogs and mires, surrounded by areas of heathland and grass moor with dramatic tors, clitters and broken rock.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has important and distinctive landscape features, notably its peri-glacial landforms, blanket bog, archaeology and traditional land management system.
•	The open, windswept moors, with wide views and stunted trees, contrast with sheltered, wooded, terraced landscapes in the valleys and fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has important and distinctive landscape features, notably its peri-glacial landforms, blanket bog, archaeology and traditional land management system.
•	The open, windswept moors, with wide views and stunted trees, contrast with sheltered, wooded, terraced landscapes in the valleys and fringes.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many ancient upland oak woods, and also scattered forestry plantations.
•	Woodland is more extensive on the eastern than the western slopes of the area.
•	Clumps of sycamore and beech shelter farmsteads on the moorland edge.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is characterised by mixed farming, red soils appearing when ploughed.
•	Orchards and market gardening are distinctive, particularly in the Tamar valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming, red soils appearing when ploughed
Orchards and market gardening  distinctive, particularly in Tamar valley


FG KeyChar:
•	Sunken lanes link farms and hamlets with cob, stone, slate and thatched buildings.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farms and hamlets of cob, stone, slate and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a diverse and complex coastline with fine scenery and views.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large expanses of tidal water, saltmarsh and mudflats extending far inland
Spectacular sandstone, slate and limestone cliffs and long sandy beaches


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers rising on Dartmoor cut through the plateau, with narrow rias at the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers rising on Dartmoor cut through the plateau, with narrow rias at the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of wildflower-rich, often treeless and closely trimmed Devon banks separates the patchwork of fields.
•	Larger fields occur on higher, flatter land and smaller fields on the valley sides; field patterns are generally irregular.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wildflower-rich, often treeless, closely trimmed Devon banks
Larger fields on higher, flatter land
Smaller fields on the valley sides
Field patterns generally irregular


FG KeyChar:
•	Ball clay extraction in the Bovey basin gives rise to a distinctive local landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Ball clay extraction in the Bovey basin gives rise to a distinctive local landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a wealth of archaeological remains including prehistoric field systems, drovers’ tracks and ridgeways, burial mounds, earthworks, and Iron Age hillforts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wealth of archaeological remains including prehistoric field systems, drovers’ tracks and ridgeways, burial mounds, earthworks, and Iron Age hillforts


FG KeyChar:
•	At its northern edge, the area merges with the mainly pastoral Dartmoor fringe, where patches of heathland are present.
•	Wider valleys, such as the Dart, have floodplain pasture, marsh, willow and alder.
•	There are large expanses of tidal water, saltmarsh and mudflats extending far inland, spectacular sandstone, slate and limestone cliffs, and long sandy beaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patches of heathland at northern edge on Dartmoor fringe
Floodplain patsure and marsh in wider valleys, such as Dart


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated out barns in open fields are characteristic of the area.
•	Villages are sited in sheltered valley locations; towns at ria heads or mouths.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Isolated out barns in open fields are characteristic of the area.
•	Villages are sited in sheltered valley locations; towns at ria heads or mouths.


FG KeyChar:
•	Landform is a much-dissected plateau where steep valleys separate intricate but smooth rounded hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Landform is a much-dissected plateau where steep valleys separate intricate but smooth rounded hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The steep slopes of the upper valleys and rias are heavily wooded, principally with oak, woodland often extending right down to the water’s edge.
•	Clumps of Monterey pine are distinctive in coastal areas such as Torbay.

Edited_KeyChars:
Steep slopes of upper valleys and rias heavily wooded mainly with oak
Woodland often extending right down to the water’s edge
Distinctive coastal clumps of Monterey pine eg near Torbay
Floodplain willow and alder


FG KeyChar:
•	Land use is mixed – mainly pasture and arable but with important localised areas of horticulture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed land use – mainly pasture and arable but with important localised areas of horticulture


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are of slate and granite, often whitewashed and with slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of slate and granite, often whitewashed and with slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	This is surrounded by a rugged coastline - exposed and windwept to the north with steep cliffs providing a backdrop to huge sweeping sandy beaches exposed at low water and often backed by dramatic sand dune systems.  
•	By contrast, the south coast is more sheltered with numerous small sandy coves huddled between cliff promontories and more major headlands.
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.

Edited_KeyChars:
Steep, rugged cliffs providing backdrop to huge sweeping sandy beaches and sand dune systems
More sheltered south coast with small sandy coves between cliff promontories and more major headlands


FG KeyChar:
•	On the north coast short, deeply-etched valleys cut through to the sea, often with streams spilling over the cliffs as waterfalls.  
•	Conversely, along the south coast, the slow geological sinking of the coastline has resulted in a landscape of drowned valleys (rias) with wide estuaries and ‘inland seas’ set within wood-clad valley sides and a concentration of designed parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	On the north coast short, deeply-etched valleys cut through to the sea, often with streams spilling over the cliffs as waterfalls.  
•	Conversely, along the south coast, the slow geological sinking of the coastline has resulted in a landscape of drowned valleys (rias) with wide estuaries and ‘inland seas’ set within wood-clad valley sides and a concentration of designed parklands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the landscape are varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th Century enclosure, largely bounded by Cornish hedges  or hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th century enclosure
Fields largely bounded by Cornish hedges or hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	A gently undulating slate plateau forms the ‘backbone’ of the area, dipping gently to the south with its highest point close to the north coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A gently undulating slate plateau forms the ‘backbone’ of the area, dipping gently to the south with its highest point close to the north coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the landscape are varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th Century enclosure, largely bounded by Cornish hedges  or hedgerows.
•	The area has important archaeological and industrial-archaeological sites, including the well-preserved remains of prehistoric castles, and relics of the china clay, tin and copper industries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic field patterns
Important archaeological and industrial-archaeological sites, including the well-preserved remains of prehistoric castles, and relics of china clay, tin and copper industries
Parks and gardens around southern rias


FG KeyChar:
•	Open grasses and heath line the coastline in fragmented sections.  There are also areas of heath and scrub on the open plateau, with hedgebanks often taking on a heathy character which significantly extends the visual influence of this vegetation type.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open grasses and heath on coast in fragmented sections
Also areas of heath and scrub on the open plateau
Hedgebanks with a heathy character


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are numerous broadleaved wooded valleys throughout the area, varying greatly in size.  There is limited tree cover on the exposed plateau and cliff tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Numerous broadleaved wooded valleys of varied size
Limited tree cover on exposed plateau and cliff tops
Traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Common grazing of the moor by sheep, cattle and ponies is widespread, while some areas suffer from overgrazing, others are undergrazed.
•	Pasture dominates the enclosed land, some of which has been improved and contrasts with surrounding areas.  Beef and cattle have substituted for dairy farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Common grazing of moor by sheep, cattle and ponies
Enclosed land mainly pasture, some improved (beef and dairy farming)


FG KeyChar:
•	Many older buildings are constructed in granite, with granite roofs and some slate hangings.  Other important features include clapper bridges, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings in granite, with granite roofs and some slate hangings
Clapper bridges, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles


FG KeyChar:
•	The head waters of streams and rivers are characterised by shallow valleys but from the edge of the granite they form deep valleys with cascades and gorges.  
•	The area has a number of man-made reservoirs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The head waters of streams and rivers are characterised by shallow valleys but from the edge of the granite they form deep valleys with cascades and gorges.  
•	The area has a number of man-made reservoirs.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is an even proportion of open and ringfenced moorland created by farming hamlets in the medieval period and by small farms in the 18th and 19th Century.
•	There is a striking difference between the irregular shaped ancient enclosures and the regular pattern of parliamentary enclosures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open and ringfenced moorland associated with medieval farming hamlets and small 18th and 19th century farms
Contrasting irregular ancient enclosures and regular parliamentary enclosures


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils on the Moor are acidic, predominately gravely and peaty whilst those on the fringes are well drained acid brown earths capable of cultivation.
•	Slates, shales and ores created from the formation of the granite intrusion have resulted in extensive mineral workings, including tin mining, china clay extraction and granite quarries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils on the Moor are acidic, predominately gravely and peaty whilst those on the fringes are well drained acid brown earths capable of cultivation.
•	Slates, shales and ores created from the formation of the granite intrusion have resulted in extensive mineral workings, including tin mining, china clay extraction and granite quarries.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is an even proportion of open and ringfenced moorland created by farming hamlets in the medieval period and by small farms in the 18th and 19th Century.
•	The Moor has a high concentration of important historic features including the remains of abandoned Neolithic, Bronze Age and Medieval enclosures, settlements and relics of a ritual landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
High concentration of important historic features including the remains of abandoned Neolithic, Bronze Age and Medieval enclosures, settlements and relics of a ritual landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive habitats include wet heaths, dry grassland, valley bogs, crags, extensive areas of semi natural grassland and gorse scrub, as well as woodland and rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of semi-natural grassland and gorse scrub
Wet heaths, dry grassland, valley bogs and crags


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements on the sparsely populated open moorland are linked by open, unenclosed tracks, whilst villages, hamlets and farmsteads of recent, industrial origin tend to lie on the moorland fringes and valleys linked by winding, sunken lanes.  Farming patterns, overlaid by miners’ small holdings account for the dispersed and complex pattern of settlement and piecemeal enclosure.
•	Other prominent features are the disused aerodrome at Davdistow and a windfarm at Cold Northcott near St Clether.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements on the sparsely populated open moorland are linked by open, unenclosed tracks, whilst villages, hamlets and farmsteads of recent, industrial origin tend to lie on the moorland fringes and valleys linked by winding, sunken lanes.  Farming patterns, overlaid by miners’ small holdings account for the dispersed and complex pattern of settlement and piecemeal enclosure.
•	Other prominent features are the disused aerodrome at Davdistow and a windfarm at Cold Northcott near St Clether.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bodmin Moor is an irregular granite plateau with poor surface drainage, cut by rivers and surrounded by a softer more settled landscape.  Rising from the plateau are high rocky tors and clitter slopes such as Brown Willy at 420 AD.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bodmin Moor is an irregular granite plateau with poor surface drainage, cut by rivers and surrounded by a softer more settled landscape.  Rising from the plateau are high rocky tors and clitter slopes such as Brown Willy at 420 AD.


FG KeyChar:
•	While the exposed uplands are treeless, the valleys and moorland edge offers shelter to deciduous woodlands, some of ancient origin.  There are also small copses and shelterbelts around farmsteads.
•	There are large coniferous plantations on higher land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Treeless exposed uplands
Deciduous woodlands, some of ancient origin, around moorland edge and in valleys 
Small copses and shelterbelts around farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	Small enclosures within the moorlands and around their edges contain pasture or rough grassland while pasture dominates within the valleys. Arable cultivation and market gardening is confined to a few sheltered spots.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly pastoral farming with some arable and market gardening.


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are almost universally built of granite with slate roofs and some have slate hanging.  On the more sheltered sites and better land, modern farm buildings tend to dominate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings are almost universally built of granite with slate roofs and some have slate hanging.


FG KeyChar:
•	Along its southern boundary is a rugged coastline with sandy beaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some parkland with mature trees. Rugged coastline with beaches and heathland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Water contributes significantly to the character of the area, with the white china clay wastelands enhanced by the turquoise or green waters of flooded clay pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Water contributes significantly to the character of the area, with the white china clay wastelands enhanced by the turquoise or green waters of flooded clay pits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Off the high ground, irregular fields, enclosed by Cornish hedges , stone walls and hedgerows, lie in complex patterns while, in places, old field systems have been enlarged, and are more regular in shape.
•	The hedgebanks are largely treeless but on lower more sheltered ground trees become more common, while sheltered valleys contain a wide variety of scrub and woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular fields enclosed by Cornish hedges, stone walls and mainly treeless hedgerows, enlarged in some places.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pylons, electricity lines and a variety of industrial works feature strongly in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant medieval strip field systems and hill forts.


FG KeyChar:
•	The central uplands mainly consists of a mixture of dry and wet heath.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural habitats are dry and wet heath, gorse scrub and grassy marshes.


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditionally dispersed settlement pattern has been augmented by roadside development and the enlargement of hamlets and small villages.  The Eden Project, a major tourist attraction, is located on the southern fringes of the Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditionally dispersed settlement pattern has been augmented by roadside development and the enlargement of hamlets and small villages.  The Eden Project, a major tourist attraction, is located on the southern fringes of the Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a unique landscape of china clay extraction, where a lunar landscape of flat-topped and older conical waste heaps and flooded pits dominate, surrounded by remnants of once extensive and exposed, windswept, heather moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a unique landscape of china clay extraction, where a lunar landscape of flat-topped and older conical waste heaps and flooded pits dominate, surrounded by remnants of once extensive and exposed, windswept, heather moorland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees have also been planted as clumps and shelterbelts around farmsteads.
•	The hedgebanks are largely treeless but on lower more sheltered ground trees become more common, while sheltered valleys contain a wide variety of scrub and woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
In the valleys mixed woodland found. Willow carr woodland in wetter areas.
Mature woodland in parkland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small enclosures within the moorlands and around their edges contain poor quality pasture or rough grassland supporting dairy farming.  There is some horticultural land on the gentler more fertile lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
On moorland pasture and rough grassland for dairy farms. Horticultural land on lower slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are constructed of local granite with slate roofs and some slate hangwalls.  In the more fertile areas, modern farm buildings dominate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings constructed of local granite with slate roofs and some slate hangwalls, modern buildings in fertile areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional settlement pattern of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads on lower ground, is overlain by miners’ cottages and small mining villages.  This dispersed pattern has been augmented by recent developments, often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  Settlements are linked by narrow, winding lanes, or straight lanes which follow field boundaries.  The main A394 crosses the area from Helston to Penryn, and the A39 bounds the area to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional settlement pattern of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads on lower ground, is overlain by miners’ cottages and small mining villages.  This dispersed pattern has been augmented by recent developments, often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  Settlements are linked by narrow, winding lanes, or straight lanes which follow field boundaries.  The main A394 crosses the area from Helston to Penryn, and the A39 bounds the area to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Stithians Reservoir and a number of smaller reservoirs are distinctive features in the landscape while the southern slopes of the area are drained by rivers and streams, forming long, gentle valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Stithians Reservoir and a number of smaller reservoirs are distinctive features in the landscape while the southern slopes of the area are drained by rivers and streams, forming long, gentle valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The central open moorland is surrounded by patterns of both irregular ancient fields and rectilinear 18th and 19th Century enclosures dominated by Cornish hedges  made from moorland boulders.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patterns of irregular ancient fields and rectilinear fields from enclosure, bound by Cornish hedges made from moorland boulders.


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils are thin, acidic and poor reflecting the underlying geology.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils are thin, acidic and poor reflecting the underlying geology.


FG KeyChar:
•	The central open moorland is surrounded by patterns of both irregular ancient fields and rectilinear 18th and 19th Century enclosures dominated by Cornish hedges  made from moorland boulders.
•	There is a Neolithic settlement at Carn Brea.  Granite walls, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles are other characteristic landscape features. Remnants of the 19th Century mining industry abound.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic settlement at Carn Brea.  Many granite walls, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles. Remnants of the 19th Century mining industry abound.


FG KeyChar:
•	Moorland dominates the granite plateau with poor surface drainage resulting in boggy mires. The valleys, often marked by heaps of mining spoil, have abundant wetland carr scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Moorland with boggy mires dominates the plateau. Abundant wetland carr scrub in the valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by bleak uplands with exposed granite outcrops offering long views over the surrounding open landscape.
•	Undulating landform dissected by small streams radiates from the highest points of granite.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is dominated by bleak uplands with exposed granite outcrops offering long views over the surrounding open landscape.
•	Undulating landform dissected by small streams radiates from the highest points of granite.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees and woodland are generally uncommon, reflecting the exposure and use of timber by the mining industry.  Wet willow woods are characteristic of the shallow valleys on higher ground while semi-natural deciduous woodlands occur on the deeper valley sides off the higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland uncommon. Wet willow woods in shallow valleys and semi-natural deciduous woodlands in deeper valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture dominates land off the moorland and supports mixed farming, with dairying on the lower lying areas.  Market gardening has grown significantly in the last 20 years.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly pasture supporting mixed farming
Dairying on lower lying areas
Recent growith in market gardening


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are granite with slate roofs and some slate hung walls.  Modern farm buildings now dominate over the traditional farm buildings on the more sheltered and agriculturally productive land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings of granite with slate roofs and some slate hung walls


FG KeyChar:
•	The coast is characterised by spectacular sea cliffs and coves, with coastal valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Spectacular sea cliffs and coves, with coastal valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Minor roads, lanes and tracks form a complex irregular network over the landscape within a framework of more direct routes radiating out from Penzance.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Minor roads, lanes and tracks form a complex irregular network over the landscape within a framework of more direct routes radiating out from Penzance.


FG KeyChar:
•	Streams wind through the higher ground and cut down sharply in their lower reaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Streams wind through the higher ground and cut down sharply in their lower reaches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Off the moorland, the area is characterised by small or medium sized fields divided by hedgebanks or characteristic ancient Cornish hedges , many of ancient origin.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open moorland
Elsewhere small or medium sized fields divided by hedgebanks or characteristic ancient Cornish hedges , many ancient
Distinctive ancient field patterns


FG KeyChar:
•	An exposed open windswept granite plateau forms the core of the area, with boulder strewn slopes and long views across the Atlantic and into the Cornish heartland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An exposed open windswept granite plateau forms the core of the area, with boulder strewn slopes and long views across the Atlantic and into the Cornish heartland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a high concentration of prehistoric monuments of international significance, well preserved remains of prehistoric settlements, and the remains of past industrial activities such as mining and quarrying.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many prehistoric monuments of international significance
Well-preserved remains of prehistoric settlements
Remains of industrial activities such as mining and quarrying


FG KeyChar:
•	The central plateau is dominated by unimproved grassland and moorland, with extensive coastal heathlands along cliff tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Central plateau is dominated by unimproved grassland and moorland
Extensive coastal heathlands along cliff tops


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads with villages of mainly recent industrial origin occupying the most sheltered sites.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads with villages of mainly recent industrial origin occupying the most sheltered sites.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands are limited to the valleys, with scrub filled valleys on the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodlands limited to the valleys
Scrub filled valleys on the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	A mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes the plateau while more productive land is dominated by pasture, with some arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes plateau
More productive land dominated by pasture with some arable.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are simple, constructed of local stone and thatch.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings simple, constructed of local stone and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	The surrounding coastline is rugged and geologically complex with caves, enclosed bays and skerries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rugged and geologically complex coast with caves, enclosed bays and skerries


Edited_KeyChars:
Many bulb fields with areas of pasture and grass ley.


Edited_KeyChars:
Large arable fields on thinner soils
Mixed farmland west of Peterborough
Wet floodplain pastures in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a transition from heather and grass moor on the higher ground, through scrub and woodland, to improved farmland and parkland on the lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Improved and semi-improved farmland for grazing sheep and cattle.


Edited_KeyChars:
Farmsteads on the plateau built of local brick, flint, carstone and clunch.


Edited_KeyChars:
Small villages in honey coloured limestone.


Edited_KeyChars:
Variety of traditional buildings ranging from hunting lodges and estate villages to small thatched cottages


Edited_KeyChars:
Farmsteads, some of medieval origin, traditionally of flint, brick and clay tiles


Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in red brick and timber frame with thatch


Edited_KeyChars:
Red-brick villages contained within the valleys.


Edited_KeyChars:
Medieval terraced arable strips survive in cultivation


Edited_KeyChars:
Iron age hillfort ramparts and Nelithic barrows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street and High Dyke follow north-south routes with one significant east-west route, Salter’s Road. Green lanes occur throughout the southern area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Evidence of ancient trackways and Roman roads.


Edited_KeyChars:
Historic halls and associated parkland landscapes. Bronze age landscape features and abandoned airfields.


Edited_KeyChars:
Parkland with estate woodland and tall medieval church towers.


Edited_KeyChars:
Archaeology, drove roads and ancient routes along  downland tops
Designed parkland landscapes on the more wooded western downs


Edited_KeyChars:
Rich archaeology with barrows, cairns, tumuli and historic tracks.


Edited_KeyChars:
Wetland vegetation and valley fens in the river valleys. Areas of heathland commons and greens.


Edited_KeyChars:
Nature conservation on sand dunes with buckthorn and saltmarshes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of open water and wetland occur in areas of mining subsidence and as features within restored landscapes; in places these have been developed as recreational landscapes.
•	Mudflats and saltmarshes are found within the river estuaries and there are expansive sandy beaches backed by dunes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Restored semi-natural wetland habitat. Mudflats and saltmarshes found within the river estuaries.


Edited_KeyChars:
Rich woodland ground flora with areas of extensive scrub and bracken, and small areas of heathland.


Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal grasslands with gorse and bramble scrub and remnant calcareous grassland.


Edited_KeyChars:
Watercourses and floodplains are marked by riparian trees.


Edited_KeyChars:
Limestone grassland medows and arable habitats.


Edited_KeyChars:
Localised areas of reedbed
Remnant mosses and fen carr - at risk from drainage


Edited_KeyChars:
Blocks of low lying wet pasture and scrub.


Edited_KeyChars:
Bracken and gorse along field and woodland edges. Rare and distinctive inland dune systems on the coversands.


Edited_KeyChars:
Mosses and meres
Heathland remnants on higher ground
Species-rich grassland in stream valleys


Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive dunes systems with some areas of coastal marsh.


Edited_KeyChars:
Sea walls
Mudflats
Deeply indented coastline with creeks, islands and peninsulas


Edited_KeyChars:
Scrub and maritime grassland on cliffs and steep slopes in the east, more rugged and steep and mostly bare of vegetation in the west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small streams have eroded picturesque gorges through the sandstone outcrops.  Coastal areas include extensive dune systems such as at Meols.

Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal areas include extensive dune systems, mudflats and saltmarsh.


# Tbl_NCA

NCA_Name:
NORTH YORKSHIRE MOORS AND CLEVELAND HILLS


NCA_Name:
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, DERBYSHIRE AND YORKSHIRE COALFIELD


NCA_Name:
NORTHERN LINCOLNSHIRE EDGE WITH COVERSANDS


NCA_Name:
DERBYSHIRE PEAK FRINGE AND LOWER DERWENT


NCA_Name:
SHROPSHIRE, CHESHIRE AND STAFFORDSHIRE PLAIN


NCA_Name:
LEICESTERSHIRE AND SOUTH DERBYSHIRE COALFIELD


NCA_Name:
SOUTH NORFOLK AND HIGH SUFFOLK CLAYLANDS


NCA_Name:
SALISBURY PLAIN AND WEST WILTSHIRE DOWNS


# Tbl_NCA_KeyCharacteristics

Description:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.


Description:
•	The flatter, more open arable farmland to the north contrasts with the strong patchwork of mixed farmland, hedgerows and hedgerow trees within the vales.


Description:
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The open moorland plateaux are managed as grouse moors and for grazing by distinctive white-faced Cheviot and black-faced Border sheep; there are also elusive wild goats.
•	Better quality grassland on the lower slopes is grazed by both beef cattle and sheep.


Description:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	The main agricultural land use is rough or semi-improved pasture for cattle and sheep rearing, with semi-improved or improved in-bye land in sheltered valleys.


Description:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture grazed by dairy cattle and sheep.


Description:
•	Low undulating pasture inland from the coast.  Intensive grazing by sheep and cattle in the Derwent valley which is a flat, linear pastoral landscape


Description:
•	A decline in cattle and an increase in sheep numbers, a reduction in shepherding and an increase in the overwintering of stock on the fells has influenced the character of the area.


Description:
•	The area is mainly covered by improved pasture.  Arable farming is a feature of the valley floors.


Description:
•	The broad ridges of heather moorland and acid grassland that separate the principal dales in the north and east are managed for sheep and grouse.


Description:
•	Farmland is pastoral in the west, merging to mixed and arable in the east.


Description:
•	Arable and cattle farming on the lower land merge into sheep farming on higher ground and moorland to the west.


Description:
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.
•	Large, open, regular arable fields are interspersed with pastures grazed by sheep and cattle and urban fringe pony paddocks on the poorer, reclaimed soils.


Description:
•	Gently rolling terraces of open arable and mixed farmland with low hedges and few trees or woodlands occupy much of the area.
•	On land restored from spoil heaps or opencast mining, pastures for sheep grazing are divided by fences or strips of mixed or coniferous plantation; these landscapes lack maturity.


Description:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.
•	The land around the larger settlements shows strong urban fringe influences such as pony paddocks, sheds and allotments.


Description:
•	On the ridges, most farmland is used for sheep and cattle grazing; in the valleys there is a mixture of arable fields and improved pastures.


Description:
•	The area is largely rough grazing for both sheep and cattle.  The higher areas have open moorland, whilst the slopes have rough grassland, heather and bracken and are used for grazing.


Description:
•	A pastoral landscape, with improved undulating pastures and some areas being particularly well managed to provide a parkland character, particularly around the edges of the lakes (e.g. adjacent to Windermere and Coniston), on the valley bottoms and within estates.  Semi improved pasture with ridges and hollows.


Description:
•	Sheep and cattle graze the coastal pasture and intertidal commons.  Lowland raised mires surrounding the limestone outcrops have been reclaimed for agriculture.  Rough grazing is a feature of the higher grounds on unimproved limestone grassland or rough fell vegetation.


Description:
•	Agriculture is based on upland sheep farming and cattle grazing.  Rough grazing on the upper hill slopes gives way to permanent pastures on the dales sides and hay meadows and silage fields on the more fertile dale floor.


Description:
•	The area is predominantly pastoral though some arable farming is found on lighter soils in the north and east of the area.


Description:
•	To the west is a broad area of open arable and mixed farmland, large in scale, with limited hedgerow trees of ash and sycamore.
•	To the north the land rises gently and is more undulating with permanent pastures and leys grazed by sheep and cattle.
•	To the south is an attractive, rolling, mixed farming landscape on the edge of the Vale of Mowbray and the North York Moors National Park.


Description:
•	Agriculture is a combination of arable and mixed dairy and cropping with some poultry and pig rearing.  Agriculture tends to be more intensive in the south and west.


Description:
•	Agriculture comprises rough grazing on the higher moorlands, mixed, predominantly pastoral farming in the Dales and arable on the lighter soils of lower areas to the south.


Description:
•	Agriculture reflects the difference in soils within the vale.  To the east, arable farming dominates, with large rectilinear fields enclosed by low hedges having been created as the wetlands were drained.  Pastures are found along some of the river floodplains.  The west is characterised by mixed farming with a higher proportion of pastures.


Description:
•	The fertile, chalky soils support mainly arable farming, though there are remnants of unimproved or semi-improved chalk grassland in steep side dry valleys defined by a hedge at the break of slope.


Description:
•	Some areas of heathland remain on poorer, sandy soils where agricultural improvement has not occurred.  Some of these heathy areas have been afforested.  Washlands and hay meadows are found along the river floodplains.


Description:
•	The area is predominantly under arable cultivation with some areas of pastures and improved grassland.  The latter are most common on steeper slopes and damper valley floors.


Description:
•	Most of the farming in the area is intensive and arable.  Small areas of permanent pasture exist, especially on steeper slopes or in the narrow valley bottoms, comprising a characteristic component of the landscape.


Description:
•	The inland plain comprises improved pasture which is grazed by dairy cattle.  The poorer draining clays and coastal marsh areas are grazed by cattle and sheep.  Drained areas of moss and coastal plain are under arable cultivation or intensive market gardening.


Description:
•	Medium to large fields form an open, large-scale agricultural landscape with a rich patchwork of lush pasture and arable land.  Localised areas of intensive market gardening provide seasonally varied colours and textures.


Description:
•	Land use is mainly permanent, improved pasture for dairy and livestock farming.


Description:
•	The open, rolling heather moorland and blanket bog are managed for grouse shooting and grazed by sheep.


Description:
•	There are remnants of agricultural land, fragmented by industry and scattered development.


Description:
•	The main agricultural use is sheep grazing with improved grasslands on the valley floor, unimproved grassland on the valley sides and rough or moorland grazing on the upper slopes and moorland.


Description:
•	Agriculture reflects the west to east transition, with rough grazing and pastoral farming in the west giving way in places to arable cultivation in the east.  The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the development of horse grazing and other activities in its place.


Description:
•	Coal measures give rise to generally poor quality soils that support grazing.  Permanent pasture is dominant to the west where dairy farms predominate.  To the east, and on lower ground the land tends to be of better quality and arable crops and improved grassland are more common.  Horse grazing is common around urban fringes.


Description:
•	Most of the area is intensively farmed with predominantly root crops and cereals and livestock farming of pigs, poultry, beef cattle and dairy herds.  This is one of the most productive areas of the UK


Description:
•	The area is predominantly arable farmland but some pasture occurs and intensive indoor pig rearing is significant.


Description:
•	Outside of the urban areas the main land cover is arable farmland although some grassland remains and is grazed by cattle.


Description:
•	A predominantly open, medium-scale agricultural landscape, with mixed arable farmland on the Middle Marsh to the west and smaller farm units with traditional drained pastures and some vegetable crops on the Outmarsh to the east.


Description:
•	Most land throughout the area is in arable use with large, rectilinear parliamentary enclosure fields, enclosed by clipped hawthorn hedges (although older enclosures do occur in parts).


Description:
•	A regular pattern of medium-sized arable fields interspersed with pasture on heavy clays; variations include pre-enclosure hay meadows and pasture near Wragby, and the drained open flatlands to the north of Brigg.


Description:
•	Rich and varied agricultural land use including wide range of arable, root crops, bulbs, vegetable and livestock.  Horticultural glasshouses are a feature.


Description:
•	The majority of the area is an open, arable or mixed farmland landscape with a deeply rural character; but the heavier clays of the Belvoir Vale have a greater predominance of permanent pasture.


Description:
•	The extensive historic estates and parklands of the Dukeries dominate the central; western area, south west of Worksop, but there are also small prominent pockets of estate land amidst the arable fields of the northern part of the area.


Description:
•	This area is dominated by pastoral farming, together with rough grazing on the highest land and some arable on better soils in the valleys.


Description:
•	Grouse shooting and sheep grazing dominate the wild, semi-natural open moors.
•	Dairy farming with some beef cattle is typical in the sheltered valleys around the margins to the plateaux.


Description:
•	The dominant land use is improved grassland for intensive dairy farming.


Description:
•	Rough grazing is found on the highest land and permanent pasture dominates the slopes.


Description:
•	Agriculture is based on stock rearing, with fields comprising a mixture of variable quality grassland and rough grazing.


Description:
•	While the valleys do still include areas of farming (including arable and pastures), some areas are now used for horsiculture or recreational uses (playing fields, golf courses etc), water treatment works and country parks.


Description:
•	Most farming is arable, though in many places the drainage has been severely disrupted by colliery subsidence.  Often the land is little more than recreational open space, used in many cases for horticulture.


Description:
•	The area includes a mixture of agriculture, ranging from open marshes grazed by sheep, areas of reclaimed pasture and enclosed fields supporting dairy or beef cattle and some arable farming.


Description:
•	Fragments of farmland remain around the fringes of the urban area, representing the continuation of landscapes in surrounding areas.  In most cases the land is versatile and of good quality (often Grade 2), though urban influences such as settlement expansion, transport and utility infrastructure, together with urban fringe pressures, mean they are not cultivated as intensively as in the past.


Description:
•	The area is predominantly mixed agricultural land with areas of improved pasture, arable farming and market gardens.  Some remnant coastal marshes traditionally grazed by sheep.


Description:
•	To the north of the Mersey, agriculture is dominated by arable farming which, with the poor field boundaries, creates an open, large scale landscape.  To the south of the Mersey mixed arable and dairy farming predominates.  The mosslands are characterised by market gardening with some arable and pastures.


Description:
•	The area is dominated by dairy farming although more arable is found in the north and south-east.


Description:
•	The farmland is predominantly associated with dairy farming, although some arable is found on gentler slopes.


Description:
•	Pasture is the dominant land use on the higher ground, with mixed, more intensive agriculture on the foothills to the east.


Description:
•	The agricultural land quality is generally poor and three quarters of the area is permanent pasture. There is also some horticultural activity, mostly hardy nursery stock production and in the south there is a small area of arable cropping, mainly of cereals.


Description:
•	Hill slopes with patchworks of small pasture fields give way to mixed and arable farming in the dales, on the plateaux and on the lower ground.


Description:
•	Much of the area is dominated by intensive arable farming, although pasture is more common on valley sides and on the heavier land in the west.


Description:
•	Generally mixed farming, together with horticulture is the main agricultural land use, with more demanding crops such as potatoes and sugar beet on the higher quality land. Grassland supporting dairying and other livestock enterprises is generally concentrated further north.


Description:
•	Medium scale pastures with irregular field patterns predominate, with localised but often extensive areas of larger scale arable land with a rectilinear pattern wherever soil and topographic conditions are favourable.


Description:
•	Arable farming predominates on the loamy soils of the river terraces, with relatively large fields; pastures and grass leys are more commonly located along the alluvial river floodplains, where the soils are poor draining and subject to frequent flooding.


Description:
•	This is an area of mixed farming, with large open arable fields on the broader plateaux and small-scale pastures with more irregular shapes and some historic hedgerow boundaries on heavier soils, steep slopes and around settlements.


Description:
•	The farmland is in mixed arable and pasture use; where arable predominates, some fields have been enlarged and the diverse landscape pattern is eroded.  There is a wide variation in field pattern, with many irregular fields interspersed with areas of parliamentary enclosure with geometric shaped fields.


Description:
•	On steeper ground and heavier clays the land is less intensively farmed and arable and pasture are mixed.  Here hedgerows are more substantial, hedgerow trees more frequent and there is some permanent pasture.


Description:
•	The area is dominated by pasture, with isolated arable fields on a few areas of more fertile land.  Stone walls are characteristic on the more elevated rocky land.


Description:
•	The open ridgetops are under arable cultivation, while the steeper slopes and valleys are predominantly pasture.


Description:
•	Large arable fields predominate on the higher ground, with intermittent clipped hedges, while the river valleys on heavier land provide good grazing for cattle and sheep.


Description:
•	Dominant impression throughout the landscape is of a large-scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields containing extensive arable cropping and some areas of mixed farming.


Description:
•	There are some small areas of arable and pasture (where extensive areas have been drained to create freshwater grazing marshes, reedbeds and some arable land) but the abiding impression is a landscape of sand and mud.


Description:
•	Long-settled agricultural character interspersed with woodland and heath.  Formerly mixed agricultural land use with sheep on lighter land an cattle on heavy but now it is predominantly under arable cultivation. 
•	Cereals now dominate with break crops of sugarbeet and oilseed rape.


Description:
•	Comprising both arable and pastoral land. Due to soil fertility, the area has been subject to extensive post-war agricultural rationalisation.


Description:
•	The agriculture of the area is based on a long history of lowland livestock grazing interspersed with arable cropping.
•	The agricultural landscape is dominated by pasture (drained grazing marsh, improved grass leys or pastures in the upper reaches of valleys).
•	Arable cultivation creates areas of uniform texture and colour in this traditional pastoral landscape.


Description:
•	Traditional unimproved wet pasture is grazed with sheep and cattle. 
•	Extensive drained and ploughed productive arable land is protected from floods by sea walls.
•	There are some areas of more mixed agriculture on higher ground.


Description:
•	Arable cultivation dominates much of the remaining area of the Sandlings.  In some areas field boundaries have been removed creating extensive open landscapes.  Elsewhere hedges and tree belts have been retained creating a smaller scale landscape.  Open air pig farming is also found across the area.  Soils are light and sandy often resulting in wind erosion.  The use of large scale irrigation equipment is common.


Description:
•	Almost entirely under arable cultivation with the exception of dairying in river valleys, some intensive livestock housing of pig and poultry, remnant parkland, areas of heathland commons and greens.


Description:
•	Agricultural practices such as outdoor pigs, intensive indoor poultry rearing, plastic crop growth and water storage reservoirs are recent developments.


Description:
•	The agricultural landscape is predominantly arable with some pasture in the valleys and fruit farms and market gardening on lighter land.


Description:
•	The large-scale rolling downland is mainly arable.
•	Grazing occurs in smaller fields within the tight river valleys and around Newmarket where the stud farms impose a distinctive, manicured character.


Description:
•	This is predominantly an open and intensive arable landscape.


Description:
•	There is a mix of arable and pasture land, with arable land on the broader flat river terraces and smaller pastures on the slopes of many minor valleys and on more undulating ground.


Description:
•	Medium-sized arable and wooded landscape on dip-slope to the south-west.
•	Considerable areas of pasture intersperse arable and wooded land cover.


Description:
•	The area has a mix of arable, mixed and pastoral farmland with pasture predominant in the west and a more open arable landscape to the east.


Description:
•	There is mixed farming with open arable land concentrated on ridge tops and the wider valley bottoms. Field ponds are notable local features.


Description:
•	There is a mixture of pasture and arable land, with arable predominant on shallow slopes and pasture on undulating land.


Description:
•	Feldon is dominated by pasture, while in Dunsmore there is more mixed farming, including areas of intensive arable.


Description:
•	Away from the urban areas, the main land uses are pasture grassland and rough grazing, particularly on the thinner and more acidic soils.
•	Arable land-use has increased across the area.


Description:
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grasslands with occasional arable fields on the lower hills and vales and intensive mixed farming in the wide, flat-bottomed valleys.


Description:
•	The agriculture is variable, ranging from rough grazing in the west, through low to moderate intensity pastoral land use, to intensive arable cultivation on the valley floors of the Golden Valley.


Description:
•	Much of the lower lying land is in intensive arable cultivation with localised traditional and bush orchards, and occasional hop fields.
•	Pasture is also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers.


Description:
•	Arable farming dominates the plateau, although there are areas of pasture and mixed farming.
•	Hops and orchards (traditional and bush) are found throughout the area.


Description:
•	There is a mosaic of mixed agriculture, intensively cultivated in places, but with less improved pastures on the steeper slopes.
•	Traditional orchards and hops are found scattered throughout the area.


Description:
•	Rough grazing is dominant on the high ground, whilst small pastures are typical of the lower slopes.
•	Localised orchards and hop fields are found throughout the area, whilst larger fields with mixed or arable farming are less common and confined to the lower ground.


Description:
•	Extensive arable farming dominates the fertile soils of the lower ground; pasture is more common on the higher ground with steeper slopes.
•	There are many traditional and bush orchards on slopes throughout the area.


Description:
•	Agriculture is primarily dairying with some livestock rearing.  In addition, there are small holdings of small to medium-sized fields supporting market gardening, orchards, livestock rearing and horse grazing.
•	Commons, together with areas of enclosed farmland are used extensively for sheep grazing which tends to be unrestricted.


Description:
•	Small pasture fields and commons tend to be prevalent in the west whilst in the east agriculture is more intensive; with arable, fruit growing and market gardening.


Description:
•	Much of the high ground of the plateaux is arable.  Pasture is predominant in the valleys, at least on the steeper slopes.  Meadows and tree-lined watercourses are found along the valley bottoms.


Description:
•	Mainly pastoral dominated by stock rearing with some arable farmland particularly the Vale of White Horse, plus unimproved hay meadows on drier areas and wet meadows along the river terraces.
•	Otmoor with its chequerboard patchwork of small pasture and arable fields bound by elm hedgerows is distinctive.


Description:
•	The agricultural land includes a mix of both arable and pasture.


Description:
•	There are many surviving areas of semi-open common land on the plateau.


Description:
•	A varied land use pattern comprising a mix of arable and pasture land.


Description:
•	Intensively cropped arable fields to the west with a greater density of horticulture and orchards to the east.  Pasture is very limited.
•	Rectangular, regular field patterns defined by crops.


Description:
•	A predominantly pastoral landscape dominated by fields of permanent pasture.
•	A number of large areas of estate land and landscaped parks, particularly along the river valleys, are now intensively farmed.


Description:
•	Overall this Character Area contains fragmented, poor agricultural land.
•	Fertile alluvium and free draining gravel terraces have been utilised for market gardening and fruit growing.
•	The cultivated parts of the Thames floodplain are dominated by grazing land.


Description:
•	Predominantly characterised by intensive arable farmland, plus areas of pasture associated with the valleys and dairying within the vale landscapes.


Description:
•	A mixture of arable and pasture dominates the landscape with pasture often in smaller fields.


Description:
•	Arable is prevalent in the north east and pasture on downland; semi-improved grasslands remain in wetter valley bottoms and on downland slopes.


Description:
•	Some areas of open unenclosed downland grazing but mostly dominated by regular arable fields.  Extensive tracts of cereals, root and horticultural crops on the dip slope.


Description:
•	Agricultural land comprises a mosaic of mixed farming, pasture and arable land set within a wooded framework.  A fruit growing orchard belts persists in Kent.


Description:
•	Permanent pasture is the main farming land use.  Arable farming is associated with lighter soils on higher ground.
•	Areas of fruit cultivation are present, east of Tunbridge Wells in Kent.


Description:
•	A predominantly grazed grassland agricultural landscape – mainly sheep with some cattle and pigs.


Description:
•	High quality agricultural land dominated by large scale arable fields, with some smaller areas of grazed wet pasture.


Description:
•	The area is predominantly wet pasture, managed for grazing with little converted to arable.


Description:
•	A gentle, rolling dip slope of open arable fields with a large-scale geometric pattern flows gradually down to the narrow coastal plain.


Description:
•	The fertile soils of the lower plain support intensive arable farming and horticulture, with some dairy, beef and poultry.  Permanent grassland is a feature of the poorer quality land.  Mixed farming, including pig rearing and horse paddocks, occurs on the thicker gravel deposits.


Description:
•	The island is characterised by mixed agricultural use - mainly permanent grassland in the north, intensive arable in the south and horticulture in the east. There are also areas of rough grazing on the chalk ridge and high downs, and some orchards.  Pony paddocks and vineyards are increasingly found on the edges of settlements.


Description:
•	The landscape is dominated by grazing land on heavy, clayey soils with small pockets of horticulture and some arable use on higher ground.
•	Intensive market cropping, associated with garden centres, nurseries and smallholdings, is concentrated in the Meon Valley.
•	Former heathland or common, on pockets of acidic soils, are frequently used as paddocks or unintensive grazing land.


Description:
•	Farming is small scale and land use is dominated by pasture and widespread horse grazing.


Description:
•	Intensive arable production dominates, with a small proportion of grazing land.


Description:
•	Small enclosed fields and paddocks in, and on the edge of, the forest are bounded by Hampshire hedgebanks with hedgerows  and used for livestock rearing and back-up grazing.
•	Arable land uses predominate in the south on the richer agricultural soils where large regular fields are bounded by neat, low hedgerows with hedgerow oaks.


Description:
•	Extensive areas of cereal cropping dominate the agricultural land.


Description:
•	The area is characterised by mixed farming, although pasture dominates in the clay vales with arable on the Upper Greensand dip slope.


Description:
•	Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip-slope with low and sparse hedgerows. 
•	Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys.


Description:
•	Pasture characterises the agricultural landscape with areas of arable confined mainly to the floodplains.


Description:
•	Agricultural land use is mixed, reflecting the varying geology.


Description:
•	Arable dominates the higher ground with pasture on steeper slopes and in valley bottoms.


Description:
•	Pasture is the predominant land use in the Marshwood Vale, on the Powerstock Hills and on the steeper slopes of the greensand ridges and hills.  Arable cultivation predominates on shallower land and in the broad Brit valley.


Description:
•	Although there is a mixture of arable, the dominant landcover is grassland, ranging from improved pastures in valley bottoms to rough pasture on steep hillsides.


Description:
•	The majority of the character area is under improved pasture, with some horticulture in the south west.  Pig rearing is becoming increasingly common on the plateau.


Description:
•	The landcover is dominated by improved pasture supporting dairying, with localised withy beds.


Description:
•	Pasture tends to be the main landcover with remnant areas of calcareous and neutral grasslands.


Description:
•	Open heathland characterises the rounded summits of the northern hills, providing rough grazing.  Below the hilltops, mixed farming is predominant.


Description:
•	The heather and grass moorlands are used for rough grazing with pasture on the lower slopes.  There are some localised areas of arable.


Description:
•	Permanent grassland characterises the floodplain with arable, pasture, market gardening and orchards in the vales and pasture and arable on more undulating land.


Description:
•	Although low intensity mixed livestock farming dominates the Character Area there has been an increase in arable farmland on lower valley sides and floors.


Description:
•	Mixed farming predominates but as the land rises northwards to the Culm, pasture becomes more widespread and the Redland soils disappear.


Description:
•	Pasture (dairying, beef cattle (traditionally including Devon Reds) and sheep) is the dominant land use and there are significant areas of semi-natural vegetation.


Description:
•	Most of the open moor is common land that has long been used for extensive grazing by cattle, sheep and ponies, moorland grazing rights being an important part of many hill farm enterprises.


Description:
•	The area is characterised by mixed farming, red soils appearing when ploughed.
•	Orchards and market gardening are distinctive, particularly in the Tamar valley.


Description:
•	Land use is mixed – mainly pasture and arable but with important localised areas of horticulture.


Description:
•	Common grazing of the moor by sheep, cattle and ponies is widespread, while some areas suffer from overgrazing, others are undergrazed.
•	Pasture dominates the enclosed land, some of which has been improved and contrasts with surrounding areas.  Beef and cattle have substituted for dairy farming.


Description:
•	Small enclosures within the moorlands and around their edges contain pasture or rough grassland while pasture dominates within the valleys. Arable cultivation and market gardening is confined to a few sheltered spots.


Description:
•	Small enclosures within the moorlands and around their edges contain poor quality pasture or rough grassland supporting dairy farming.  There is some horticultural land on the gentler more fertile lower slopes.


Description:
•	Pasture dominates land off the moorland and supports mixed farming, with dairying on the lower lying areas.  Market gardening has grown significantly in the last 20 years.


Description:
•	A mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes the plateau while more productive land is dominated by pasture, with some arable.


Description:
•	Open heathland on the plateau is grazed by sheep and goats.  The southern half of the island supports a mixture of arable cultivation and pasture.


Description:
•	The area’s heritage reflects ecclesiastical influences and the need for border defence, including prominent medieval castles, fortifications and structures, and religious buildings, often forming outstanding coastal landmarks.


Description:
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.
•	This is an important prehistoric archaeological landscape, with ‘cup and ring’ marked rocks, Bronze Age burial cists, earthwork remains of Iron Age hillfort systems, standing stones, enclosures and cairns.
•	Remains of deserted medieval villages and ridge and furrow cultivation are common, especially on land to the east and south of the main plateau area.


Description:
•	Fortified castles, ‘bastle houses’, ‘tower houses’ and other defensive structures are common.


Description:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	The well-preserved remains of extensive tracts of prehistoric landscape (hillforts, settlements and prehistoric field systems) can be clearly seen; the hills are also criss-crossed by ancient Roman tracks and border drove roads.


Description:
•	There are important archaeological landscapes with evidence of settlements, tracks, field systems, sheilings, burial areas and Roman forts and camps.


Description:
•	The area is rich in archaeological remains, being located close to the English-Scottish Border and particularly in relation to Roman and medieval monastic remains.


Description:
•	Roman coastal forts form part of the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site.  The spread of monasticism in the 12th century had a key influence on patterns of agricultural activity in the area, as well as woodland management.  Perhaps most evident is the more recent industrial past of the area.  There are some historic landscapes and estates in the area including Fitz Park, Cockermouth and Curwen Park, and Workington.


Description:
•	Historic landscape features include Roman roads and the remains of Roman forts, and ruined castles associated with cross border strategic positions.


Description:
•	In places the landscape is heavily scarred by mineral extraction, with many active and abandoned quarries and relics of widespread lead workings.


Description:
•	Bronze Age stone circles and cairns and Iron Age hillforts are common.
•	Very evident remains of the Roman wall, forts and associated features occur on the Whin Sill scarp.
•	There are many large country houses, often incorporating earlier medieval fortified structures and set in designed parklands.


Description:
•	There are frequent country houses and fortified defensive structures, typically set in landscaped parklands.
•	The ancient market town of Morpeth serves a surrounding medieval pattern of small, nucleated villages.
•	Villages are often centred on greens and surrounded by extensive medieval ridge and furrow and earthworks.


Description:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.


Description:
•	Higher ground offers panoramic views within which the Tyne bridges and Durham Cathedral are prominent landmarks.
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.


Description:
•	Limestone quarries are prominent on the escarpment and areas of derelict or recently restored colliery land lie close to settlements.


Description:
•	There are numerous relics of the mining industry.


Description:
•	There are rich archaeological resources in the area.


Description:
•	Historic field systems date from medieval times and there are several deer parks in the area. Sheep walks, established on the fells from the 13th century, are also historic landscape features.


Description:
•	Historic features include burial mounds and stone circles on higher grounds, prehistoric settlements and enclosures on Birkrigg Common and medieval field patterns. Coppice woodlands are a further feature of the area which reflect past traditional management practices.


Description:
•	This is an historic landscape with remnants of strip lynchet field systems and the sites of Norse settlements.  The networks of stone field boundaries, barns and lanes are perhaps the most visible components of the historic landscape. Extensive remains from the lead mining industry, and the Settle to Carlisle Railway with its famous Ribblehead viaduct, are also prominent historic features within the landscape.


Description:
•	Field boundaries include stone walls on higher ground and hedges in lower areas.  Around villages, fields are often small, reflecting their medieval origins and the combination of dairy farming with textile weaving.  Fields on higher ground tend to be larger and more regular, dating from parliamentary enclosure.


Description:
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.


Description:
•	Unlike surrounding upland areas where change has been slow and many historic sites have survived, the Vale of Mowbray has comparatively few historic sites, reflecting the processes of enclosure and drainage that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries.


Description:
•	The Vale is rich in historic features including the remains of Mesolithic settlements where archaeological finds have been preserved in waterlogged conditions.  The Vale also includes Neolithic sites (earthen long barrows) and Bronze and Iron Age sites around the fringes.  Medieval sites include castles, fortified manor houses and churches, together with medieval strip fields.  17th and 18th century country houses and designed landscapes are also key features.


Description:
•	A combination of hedges and fences enclose large, regular shaped fields dating back to Parliamentary enclosure.


Description:
•	Historic sites date back the Bronze Age. 17th and 18th century enclosure created the straight sided, rectangular fields characteristic to the area. 18th century country houses and ornamental houses, such as Castle Howard, are key historic features.


Description:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.


Description:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.


Description:
•	The complex network of raised drainage ditches and dykes with localised reedbeds is a reminder of the area’s heritage of wetland reclamation.


Description:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.


Description:
•	In medieval times the Bowland Fells was part of the Royal Forest of Lancaster, the top providing hunting ground for wolves, with deer on lower slopes.


Description:
•	Numerous large country houses with associated parklands occur, particularly on the northern valley sides away from major urban areas.
•	There is a strong industrial heritage associated with the textile industry, and redundant mill buildings, mill lodges and ponds are common.


Description:
•	Although the area includes prehistoric and Roman remains, 18th and 19th century influences are clearly seen in the pattern of villages, enclosures, commons, packhorse trails, canals and textile mills in many of the valleys and on parts of the moors.


Description:
•	Historic features reflect the pattern of industrialisation with older woollen mills and associated settlements (including enclosures) being supplemented by the mills, canals, railways and linear industrial settlements that are found in the area’s narrow valleys.


Description:
•	Historic features include churches, country houses and follies, together with the extensive industrial archaeology and associated settlements dating back to 19th century industrialisation. 
•	Industrial development, much of it based on the exploitation of coal and steel, has had a profound influence on this landscape.  There is widespread evidence of past and present industrial activity in the form of mine buildings, former spoil tips and iron and steel plants.


Description:
•	Historic influences on the landscape largely relate to early attempts at drainage of the marshes, dating back to the 17th century.  Prominent features include drainage dykes.


Description:
•	Early settlers cleared the area of trees and early drainage of the area took place in the 18th century.  Much of the land was enclosed prior to Parliamentary Enclosure.


Description:
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th centrury, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.


Description:
•	Traces of ridge and furrow are found throughout the Outmarsh and there is evidence of ancient salt works at Castle Hills, Tetney and Somercotes.


Description:
•	Other features from this period are Georgian manors and parkland, shelterbelt and avenue tree plantings, and broad drove roads created to provide grazing for sheep en route to the coastal marshes.
•	Most land throughout the area is in arable use with large, rectilinear parliamentary enclosure fields, enclosed by clipped hawthorn hedges (although older enclosures do occur in parts).
•	The area is rich in archaeological remains, including ancient trackways, tumuli along the scarp and a strong concentration of deserted medieval villages – many make a visible contribution to landscape character.


Description:
•	The area is rich in ridge and furrow and deserted medieval villages such as Spridlington and Goltho.


Description:
•	Although seemingly monotonous, there is considerable variation from fen to fen (amount of settlement, landscape scale and pattern) reflecting settlement history.


Description:
•	The extensive historic estates and parklands of the Dukeries dominate the central; western area, south west of Worksop, but there are also small prominent pockets of estate land amidst the arable fields of the northern part of the area.
•	The remnants of the coal industry are often conspicuous and include disused mines, pit heaps, old railway lines and mining settlements.


Description:
•	There is a rich industrial heritage in the area, particularly associated with the mills along the Derwent Valley.


Description:
•	Small narrow fields, often of medieval origin are found around many villages, while larger rectangular fields occur away from the villages.
•	Long-disused workings for limestone and ores, particularly lead rakes, provide features rich in ecological, historical and cultural interest.


Description:
•	Industrial heritage is common along the valleys, including remains of the textile industry.


Description:
•	While there are prehistoric and medieval landscape elements (barrows and field systems), 18th and 19th century industrialisation that has had the most significant influence on this landscape.  The area continues to be affected by a number of heavy industries including quarrying, sand and gravel working, landfilling and brick making.


Description:
•	There are few surviving examples of traditional vernacular development, though the area has an increasingly recognised legacy of industrial archaeology.


Description:
•	The area includes many towns that developed during industrialisation in the nineteenth century.  Allied to these settlements are pits, spoil tips and open cast sites.  Many of these are now being reclaimed and landscaped.


Description:
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.


Description:
•	The lower estuary of the River Mersey cuts through the area, but pinched between the sandstone hills it has cut a relatively deep river channel, contributing to the historic development of Liverpool as a port.


Description:
•	The estuary of the River Mersey is a defining element in the landscape, having created the valley landform, the wetland and contributing to the area’s industrial and settlement history.  From many parts of the area, however, the river and its tributaries are not visible.


Description:
•	Remains of forts and castles are found along the ridge-top.


Description:
•	Offa’s Dyke is an important historic landscape feature running north-south through the area, along with the Iron Age hillforts such as found at Oswestry.
•	Scattered parks and estates are found, in particular on the lower slopes around Oswestry.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence on place names, dispersed settlement character and farming pattern particularly in the west and south of the area.


Description:
•	There is rich industrial heritage associated with manufacturing, transport and mining of coal, clay and metal ores.


Description:
•	There are occasional Iron-Age hillforts on the hills and castles and mottes on the lower ground.


Description:
•	Rich industrial heritage is found across the area, particularly along the Severn Valley and at Ironbridge.


Description:
•	There are many industrial and archaeological features.


Description:
•	There is extensive ridge and furrow throughout the settled farmlands of the South Derbyshire Claylands and sunken narrow lanes are also typical on elevated land.
•	Parkland is locally an important influence throughout the area, but particularly in the former Needwood Forest.


Description:
•	Extensive designed parkland landscapes and houses with woodlands, parkland trees, avenues and estate buildings are a dominant influence throughout the character area.


Description:
•	The area has a strong industrial heritage, with the Ashby Canal, Moira Furnace and many tramways, miner’s cottages and old brick buildings, but there are no significant historic landscape features.


Description:
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.
•	Small villages on rising land with red brick buildings and spired churches are often prominent landscape features and isolated large 19th century red brick farmsteads are also conspicuous.


Description:
•	Charnwood formerly contained several large parks. Some of these, such as Bradgate Park, still survive, containing heathland and huge ancient pollarded oaks.


Description:
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.


Description:
•	There are a number of fine houses with well managed designed parkland landscapes which have a strong influence on local landscape character, eg Burghley House, Grimsthorpe, Woolsthorpe Manor and Stoke Rochford Hall.
•	This is an archaeologically rich area, containing ancient trackways.


Description:
•	Dominant impression throughout the landscape is of a large-scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields containing extensive arable cropping and some areas of mixed farming.
•	Dominated by vast estates – unifying and bringing a well-managed quality to the landscape.


Description:
•	Large number of small to medium size 18th century estates with more parkland to the north of the River Wensum and a notable parkland belt between the Rivers Wensum and Bure.


Description:
•	Isolated, prominent flint churches – either round-towered Saxo-Norman or medieval wool churches.


Description:
•	Windpumps and isolated farmhouses are the most significant artifacts in the marshes.


Description:
•	Distinctive military heritage, such as Napoleonic military defences and 20th century pillboxes, occurs on the coastline.
•	The modern day pattern of local parishes reflects the historical layout of settlements, surrounded by farmland on the higher ground inland and giving way to marsh on the waterfront.
•	The historically important coastal cargo transport network of 'Thames Barges' developed as a result of the settlement pattern.


Description:
•	Historic houses set in designed landscapes are characteristic of the estuaries and river valleys.


Description:
•	Mixture of remnant medieval ancient countryside (irregular small fields and pollard hedgerow oaks), early co-axial field patterns and large modern fields largely devoid of hedges and trees.
	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.


Description:
•	There are a number of impressive churches, a rich heritage of barns and surviving medieval enclosure.
•	There is a concentration of historic moated sites in this Character Area.
•	There are a number of well preserved medieval towns and villages with elaborate timber-frame houses e.g. Lavenham, Finchingfield, Cavendish and Thaxted.


Description:
•	Significant linear ancient or Roman earthworks include Devil’s Dyke, Fleam Dyke and Icknield Way.


Description:
•	Medieval earthworks including deserted villages are key historic landscape features.
•	Brickfields of Marston Vale and Peterborough form a major industrial landscape of extraction, landfill and redundant pits.


Description:
•	Historic designed parklands are quite frequent and are sited at the edge of the area, adjacent to more wooded landscapes.


Description:
•	Number of historic parklands and estates including Woburn, Haynes, Shuttleworth, Sandy Lodge and Southill.


Description:
•	The distinctive character of the ridge stems from its history as the site of a series of Royal Forests from the 13th century.  The remnants of these woodlands at Salcey Forest (Yardley Chase) and Whittlewood remain important landscape features.
•	The area has a number of significant parkland landscapes, including Stowe Park, Castle Ashby, Chase Park, Biddlesen, Melchbourne and Whittlebury.


Description:
•	Apart from the woodlands, the main tree cover comes from the frequent large historic parks such as Rockingham, Deene, Drayton and Boughton.


Description:
•	The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater (eg Owston Woods and Launde Big Wood) are generally ancient and survive from the Leighfield Forest.  They are of significant nature conservation interest in an area with relatively limited woodland cover.
•	The area also contains some fine country houses (eg Quenby and Noseley) set within parkland on sheltered sites.  Many parkland landscapes are associated with a nearby deserted medieval settlement.
•	Frequent and very prominent ridge and furrow, as well as many deserted settlements.


Description:
•	There are outstanding and extensive examples of ridge and furrow and deserted villages on pastoral land throughout the character area.
•	The area has many impressive mansions and designed historic landscapes, including Althorp Hall, Canons Ashby, Cottesbrooke, Harlestone and Holdenby.


Description:
•	Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.


Description:
•	This is Shakespeare's 'Forest of Arden' which was historically a region of wood pasture and heathland.


Description:
•	Offa’s Dyke is an important historic landscape feature, along with several Iron Age hillforts.


Description:
•	Occasional Iron Age hillforts and older monuments are found in the area.
•	Some areas of parkland occur on the eastern ridges and slopes.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence across much of the area and many defensive mottes are found.


Description:
•	Parkland is also a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.


Description:
•	Iron Age hillforts are found on some of the higher hills.


Description:
•	There are many dramatically-sited historic sites, including Iron Age hillforts, along the ridge.
•	Several large estates with designed landscapes are found in the foothills, such as at Eastnor.


Description:
•	Iron Age forts are found on several hill summits.
•	The west of the area was part of Archenfield, giving Welsh character.


Description:
•	Aside from relics of an industrial past (iron ore and coal extraction) evident in tips, shallow iron workings or scowles, quarry faces and disused railway lines, most of which have been subsumed by the forest canopy, there are Norman Castles and Offa’s Dyke formerly marking the border between England and Wales


Description:
•	Extensive prehistoric activity has left remains of standing stones and hillforts, areas of ridge and furrow from the cultivation of early fields, old sea walls and designed parklands and estates such as Croome, Westbury, Overbury and Hindlip.


Description:
•	Parkland estates are also a highly characteristic feature with significant blocks of woodland.
•	Iron Age hillforts and Roman roads form prominent features – the Foss Way runs the full length of the area.


Description:
•	Significant visible archaeological features including Roman Roads, ancient field systems including ridge and furrow, plus evidence of early settlements preserved on gravels.  The Icknield Way, a prehistoric trackway runs along foot of chalk scarp.
•	Extensive areas of flooded gravel workings around Cotswold Water Park.


Description:
•	There area is important for survival of medieval ridge and furrow and the associated remains of deserted settlements.
•	Visual historic associations with a number of designed parklands.


Description:
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.


Description:
•	Notable medieval and later historic homes are a feature.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings include oast houses.
•	Historic features include Roman roads and defences at Reculver and Richborough.
•	Historic parklands characterise the junction between the plain and the chalk
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.


Description:
•	A number of large areas of estate land and landscaped parks, particularly along the river valleys, are now intensively farmed.


Description:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	Windsor Castle is located on an outcrop of chalk on the edge of the Thames.
•	The sloping banks of the Thames are occasionally dominated by extensive historic parklands, including Windsor Great Park.
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.


Description:
•	Savernake Forest with its remnant Royal Hunting Forest, ancient trees and historic parkland is a distinctive area.
•	Numerous barrows and other prehistoric earthworks including the Neolithic stone circle at Avebury, Silbury Hill and West Kennet Longbarrow, collectively designated as a World Heritage Site.  Bronze Age and Iron Age hillforts cluster on scarp ridges.  
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.
•	Chalk cut white horses are a dramatic visual feature.


Description:
•	Bronze Age barrows, Iron Age hillforts, Bronze Age occupation sites and later medieval forests of Chippenham, Melksham and Chelwood are important features.
•	Extensive areas of ridge and furrow suggest that the area was dominated by arable cultivation.  Large historic mansions and parks, some of which were designed by Capability Brown are surrounded by woodland e.g. Bowood.


Description:
•	Neolithic long barrows and stone circles and Iron Age hillforts are important landscape features.


Description:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.


Description:
•	A range of historic landscape features including field monuments (tumuli and Iron Age hill forts), numerous landscaped parks, small quarries and relics of the iron industry including hammer ponds.
•	Distinctive sunken lanes cut into the sandstone are a historic and characteristic feature of the landscape.


Description:
•	Roman iron industry revived in the 15th century has left legacy of hammer ponds.


Description:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	Strong influence of the Wealden Iron Industry (15th – 17th century) with features such as hammer ponds surviving today.
•	Wealth generated by iron industry resulted in grand houses and parklands, which are a particular feature of the area today.


Description:
•	Distinctive architectural character within settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles, with some fine medieval churches.  
•	The Martello Towers along the coast and the Royal Military Canal, relicts of Napoleonic War are notable historic features.
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.


Description:
•	The Crooked Ditch, a 14th Century sea defence and its embankment, and Mark Dyke, an ancient drain, are still visible in the landscape.  Pevensey Castle overlooks the Levels and Martello towers along the coast are important features.


Description:
•	Important Roman villa sites around Chichester are still visible features, as are the Roman fort at Portchester and a post-medieval abbey at Titchfield.


Description:
•	Historical landscape features include prehistoric burial mounds, former medieval deer parks, and Victorian country houses and parklands.


Description:
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.
•	Historic parks and large estates and their houses indicate the historical prosperity of the Hampshire lowlands.


Description:
•	Winding, sunken lanes are an historic landscape feature, as are henges, long and round barrows and traces of ancient field systems.
•	The Forest of Eversley and Bracknell Forest reflect historic use of the land as medieval hunting forests.
•	Fragmented blocks of largely neglected remnant heathland are found on large commons or as Ministry of Defence training areas.
•	This was an important occupation area from Mesolithic to modern times based on exploitation of the rivers - with numerous Prehistoric, Roman and medieval settlements survive.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.


Description:
•	Iron Age hill-forts and Bronze Age burial mounds are prominent historical landscape features.
•Numerous wooded valleys are characteristic features, with a significant proportion of ancient semi-natural woodland.  Wood-pastures and plantations are also found within the landscape.  Parklands and estates feature widely.


Description:
•	The absence of intensive agriculture in the Forest core has ensured the survival of numerous historic features including Bronze Age round barrows and Iron Age field systems.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.


Description:
•	An outstanding prehistoric ritual landscape with widespread earthworks and monuments prominent in the open landscape, especially Stonehenge.
•	Locally distinctive features include chalk-cut white horses.
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.


Description:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.


Description:
•	Prominent and vast hillforts and other prehistoric features crown the highest ridges above the steep scarp slope.


Description:
•	Bronze Age barrows are visible on more prominent heathland sites while the prehistoric port at Hengistbury Head is of international historic importance.


Description:
•	The area is of significant historical interest, with early settlements, Medieval industrial sites and the prominent Corfe Castle.


Description:
•	Prominent features include the prehistoric hill forts of South Cadbury and Ham Hill and houses such as Montacute, Barrington Court and Dillington House built from the Elizabethan period onwards.  Their surrounding parklands of lime, oak and beech are conspicuous features in the landscape.


Description:
•	There are many industrial archaeological sites, reflecting the past lead, coal and cloth industries.  The plateau has an outstanding assemblage of prehistoric features such as burial mounds and hill forts.


Description:
•	The strong chequer-board pattern of the ‘rhynes’ or ditches reflects a planned landscape reclaimed from wetland, initiated in the 13th Century with the construction of raised causeways and further major reclamation undertaken in the late 17th Century.


Description:
•	Bronze Age burial mounds, barrows, standing stones and stone circles are surviving relics of the prehistoric landscape and important landscape features.  Ridge and furrow is also visible on the moorland.


Description:
•	The area is of high archaeological interest, with Bronze Age remains such as hill-forts, stone circles and barrows forming prominent features.


Description:
•	Whilst some fields systems were enclosed from the Medieval period, common pastures on the edge of the Vale and on the floodplains were enclosed during the 18th and 19th Century.
•	A number of Iron Age hillforts are located on higher ground.


Description:
•	A strong rectilinear pattern of 18th Century enclosure and straight roads characterises the plateau which contrasts with the small-scale Medieval enclosures of the slopes and vale bottoms.
•	Bronze Age barrows are found predominately between Gittisham Hill and Black Down with Iron Age Hill forts both on the coast and inland including, Castle Neroche.


Description:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.


Description:
•	Clusters of Bronze Age barrows are found on the ridgetops.


Description:
•	There are also extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ in the 19th century, some of which are now reverting to moorland.
•	There is very high historic interest from Bronze Age onwards, with many visible features including hut circles, standing stones, reaves, field systems and hillforts.
•	The mining industry has made as strong impact on the landscape, with dramatically sited spoil heaps and ruins.


Description:
•	There is a wealth of archaeological remains including prehistoric field systems, drovers’ tracks and ridgeways, burial mounds, earthworks, and Iron Age hillforts.


Description:
•	Within the landscape are varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th Century enclosure, largely bounded by Cornish hedges  or hedgerows.
•	The area has important archaeological and industrial-archaeological sites, including the well-preserved remains of prehistoric castles, and relics of the china clay, tin and copper industries.


Description:
•	There is an even proportion of open and ringfenced moorland created by farming hamlets in the medieval period and by small farms in the 18th and 19th Century.
•	The Moor has a high concentration of important historic features including the remains of abandoned Neolithic, Bronze Age and Medieval enclosures, settlements and relics of a ritual landscape.


Description:
•	Pylons, electricity lines and a variety of industrial works feature strongly in the landscape.


Description:
•	The central open moorland is surrounded by patterns of both irregular ancient fields and rectilinear 18th and 19th Century enclosures dominated by Cornish hedges  made from moorland boulders.
•	There is a Neolithic settlement at Carn Brea.  Granite walls, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles are other characteristic landscape features. Remnants of the 19th Century mining industry abound.


Description:
•	There is a high concentration of prehistoric monuments of international significance, well preserved remains of prehistoric settlements, and the remains of past industrial activities such as mining and quarrying.


Description:
•	Bronze Age barrows on the downs, ancient trackways, and prehistoric defended farming settlements (rounds) form important landscape features.


Description:
•	Outstanding prehistoric monuments including chambered barrows and standing stones of the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age.
•	Forts and castles are a prominent feature on areas of higher ground.


Description:
•	Lundy has a rich archaeological heritage with remains of settlements dating back to c1500BC still visible above ground at the northern end of the island.  Other examples include burial cairns and standing stones, early Christian memorial stones, Celtic field systems, and Second World War anti-aircraft trenches.  The remains of the 13th Century Marisco Castle are a prominent landmark.


Description:
•	There is widespread evidence of prehistoric settlement (burial cairns, stone circles, enclosures); Roman influence (forts, roads such as High Street, farmstead sites); and early cultivation (ridge and furrow and lynchets).
•	Many farmhouses and other domestic buildings date from 1650-1750, a period of prosperity here.  18th and 19th century mining and processing is visible in the landscape in many areas.


Description:
•	This area has very rich archaeological and historic resources including stone circles, evidence of prehistoric settlement and cultivation, Roman roads, monastic granges, planned medieval limestone villages, associated field patterns and droveways, tower houses and deer parks.


Description:
•	Fells utilised since prehistoric times for summer grazing, peat, heather and bracken and continue to support commoning.  Medieval trackways and shielings can be found in many places, especially on the lower western slopes.


Description:
•	In the north of this area, landscape patterns have been influenced by Roman settlement along Dere Street (A1).  Medieval abbeys and castles, packhorse and masonry bridges across the area’s many rivers, and country houses and parks (often former medieval deer parks) are distinctive historic landscape features.


Description:
•	Notable historic landscape features include extensive evidence of prehistoric settlement, high concentrations of deserted medieval villages such as Wharram Percy, and large estates and parks such as Sledmere developed from the 18th century onwards.


Description:
•	Key historic landscape features include Roman remains, early timber frame buildings, designed parklands and fine masonry bridges.


Description:
•	Historic landscape features include early churches, drainage works and canals.


Description:
•	Country house estates, often with well wooded parkland, are commonplace.  Small mill settlements, lead mining remains and derelict lime kilns along the Ribble Valley are also characteristic features.


Description:
•	The open field system has left numerous traces in this landscape, notably at Laxton; and remnant ridge and furrow can be seen in the vales.  Great country house parks and gardens (some former medieval deer parks) are a feature of the Trent Valley around Newark, with smaller estates and parklands in the Vale of Belvoir.


Description:
•	The many visible historic landscape features include prehistoric stone circles, cairnfields, barrows and hillforts as well as early coal mining remains.


Description:
•	Many Bronze Age barrows are visible around the margins of the valleys.  There are many remnant early coal mining features and, within the valleys, other industrial heritage, including remains of the textile industry.


Description:
•	Characteristic historic landscape features include 18th and 19th century tower mills and mill mounds and large numbers of country house estates based on wealth generated in Liverpool.


Description:
•	Historic landscape features include major Roman settlements at Chester and Wroxeter (south east of Shrewsbury); salt workings around Northwich and Middlewich; and 15th-17th century timber-frame houses.


Description:
•	Extensive prehistoric features, including hillforts and ancient field systems, as well as many medieval moated sites, motte and bailey and stone-built castles characterise this landscape.  Remains of forts and castles are concentrated along the ridge-top.


Description:
•	Evidence of prehistoric settlement and ceremonial sites is visible as cropmarks along Trent terraces.


Description:
•	Evidence of historic use of the coastal marshes is widespread, but generally not visible in the landscape today except for some intertidal features such as wrecks and fish traps and early timber quays and jetties.  Flint churches and occasional windmills are landmark features.


Description:
•	Historic landscape features include medieval military and ecclesiastical sites and moated manors.


Description:
•	Historic landscape features include numerous medieval manors and early timber-framed buildings.


Description:
•	Many important historic landscape features occur in this area including concentrations of prehistoric barrows and hillforts, extensive strip lynchets, moated sites and castles.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone with pantile or slate roofs.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings were of sandstone and thatch, later replaced by stone slates and Welsh slates.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or sandstone rubble with clay tile or stone slate roofs (formerly thatch, which survives in pockets such as at Etal).


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are commonly of sandstone and slate; but clay pantile roofs are a distinctive feature of the northern valleys.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings comprise scattered farmhouses and cottages of Fell sandstone with slate roofs on the upper slopes, with a few hamlets in the valleys.


Description:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.


Description:
•	Although the area’s towns tend to be largely industrial, the use of local red sandstone is apparent in both urban and more rural settlements.  It is either used alone or in combination with render or red brick.


Description:
•	Buildings are constructed of local stone with slate roofs


Description:
•	Red sandstone is the distinctive building material which is used throughout the area, although there has also been localised use of limestone.


Description:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.
•	The whitewashed buildings of the Raby Estate in Teesdale are also distinctive.


Description:
•	Vernacular buildings are generally of Millstone Grit and include scattered large farmsteads, sometimes with bastle and pele tower fortifications.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone, with gritstone at higher altitudes.


Description:
•	Buildings are generally of red brick and slate.


Description:
•	There are scattered ‘green’ villages with buildings of local sandstone and roofs of red clay pantile or slate, as well as numerous mining and industrial terraces of Victorian brick and slate, and later estate housing.


Description:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.


Description:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.


Description:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.


Description:
•	The area has few settlements due to the inaccessible and exposed landform.  There are limited, small hamlets and farmsteadings scattered across the area.  Traditional materials used are gritstone or sandstone with flagged roofs.


Description:
•	Building materials include local limestone and slate (Silurian) in the south, and local sandstone elsewhere.


Description:
•	The dales are characterised by distinctive stone-built barns, often roofed with large slabs of stone.


Description:
•	Villages, farms and larger settlements are built of local stone, complementing stone walls where they occur.  Most buildings are of Millstone Grit, but Magnesian Limestone is also used in the east.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of sandstone or brick with red pantiles.


Description:
•	Farmsteads and cottages, which are frequently prominent in this open landscape, tend to be built in local brick with pantile roofs.


Description:
•	Most historic buildings are constructed in rubble limestone or dressed sandstone with red pantile or slate roofs.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of brick or sandstone imported from surrounding uplands.  Most historic buildings are roofed using pantiles, though many were originally thatched.


Description:
•	This is a generally lightly settled landscape with predominantly brick - but sometimes chalk and pantile - buildings, large scattered farmsteads on high ground, small villages in valleys, and small market towns at the fringes.


Description:
•	The Vale of York includes the floodplains of several major rivers, notably the Ouse, the Derwent and the Wharfe, but also the Ure, Nidd and Foss.  Most historic buildings are constructed in mottled brick with pantile roofs.


Description:
•	Buildings are constructed in local limestone and sandstone with red pantile roofs.  The stones vary in colour from rich reds to pale creams.


Description:
•	The creamy white Magnesium Limestone is widely used in local buildings,occasionally combined with brick or stone cobbles, and the roofing material is commonly red pantiles.


Description:
•	Most traditional buildings are constructed of red brick.


Description:
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.


Description:
•	Traditional stone barns are commonplace on higher ground and are of stone with stone flag or slate roofs.


Description:
•	Traditional farmhouses are generally of gritstone and typically shelter a barn under the same roof line (laithe houses).


Description:
•	The area’s many Victorian stone buildings and terraces are well-integrated into the landscape.
•	There is a strong industrial heritage associated with the textile industry, and redundant mill buildings, mill lodges and ponds are common.


Description:
•	Buildings are constructed in local gritstone with slate roofs.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed in local sandstone and millstone.


Description:
•	Older buildings are built in local sandstone and Millstone Grit.  Nineteenth century industrial and urban development is of brick and slate.


Description:
•	The local buildings are constructed from red ‘Barton’ brick and red pantiles, though slate is found in the north.  More recent development uses a range of materials including orange bricks.


Description:
•	Local buildings are commonly constructed from brick and pantiles.  Limestone is also used in some buildings and near the coast the distinctive Holderness ‘cobbles’ appear.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are built of soft red brick and red pantiles, they sometimes include cobbles nearer to the coast.


Description:
•	There is a sparse settlement pattern of small, nucleated villages – building materials reflect the diverse underlying geology.


Description:
•	Traditional building materials are predominantly brick and limestone from the adjoining Lincolnshire Edge.


Description:
•	Traditional built form strongly influences the landscape, particularly historic cathedrals and churches such as at Ely and Boston.
•	Due to soil shrinkage a number of agricultural buildings are now derelict – standing at alarming angles or shored up.


Description:
•	There are frequent nucleated settlements which often have prominent church spires and red brick houses roofed with pantiles.


Description:
•	Local buildings are of sandstone, with older buildings of red brick and pantile.


Description:
•	The dominant building material is local gritstone although limestone and red brick are found in localised areas.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are built and detailed in local 'gritstone', and are often solitary or in a compact cluster.


Description:
•	Buildings in villages are often constructed of limestone. Other buildings in the area, particularly in towns, are more variable, with limestone and 'gritstone' used either singly or in combination.


Description:
•	Buildings are usually stocky, low robust buildings constructed of local gritstone.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings such as farmsteads and the cores of older settlements are constructed in characteristic Pennine stone.  Stone walls and winding lanes combine with these buildings to give many parts of the area a consistent, upland feel.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of brick or sandstone.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of sandstone and some older structures are half timbered, though many of these now lie within settlements.


Description:
•	The predominant building material is red brick though a number of villages are constructed of sandstone.  Many of the area’s oldest buildings are half timbered, though many of these now lie within larger urban areas.


Description:
•	Buildings are predominantly red brick, with sandstone churches and occasional very distinctive black and white half-timbered buildings.


Description:
•	Red brick is the dominant building material, together with some local sandstone.


Description:
•	Traditionally the buildings are of local stone with slate roofs, and occasionally whitewashed.


Description:
•	The older vernacular buildings are predominantly brick, although sandstone is commonly used for larger buildings and in the west, Millstone Grit is more common.


Description:
•	There is no single building style with a wide variety of materials employed, reflecting the diversity in geology and topography.


Description:
•	The majority of older buildings are constructed of brick, with various colours of brick found across the area. Some farms and churches are constructed of local sandstone.


Description:
•	Red brick is the dominant building material although some earlier timber framed buildings are found in the area.


Description:
•	Small clustered red brick settlements and hamlets, with densely scattered farmsteads.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are of brick with pantile roofs, with some limestone in are area around Breedon.  The area has a cluster of imposing country houses including Calke Abbey, Langley Priory, Garendon Park with estate villages such as Calke and Ticknall and many large red brick estate farmsteads.


Description:
•	Small villages on rising land with red brick buildings and spired churches are often prominent landscape features and isolated large 19th century red brick farmsteads are also conspicuous.


Description:
•	Most of the older farmsteads and village buildings are of the local dark stone. Settlements and some large quarries are sited around the edge of the elevated heathland areas and the core of the Charnwood area remains sparsely populated.


Description:
•	Small villages of mainly red brick buildings clustered around an ironstone or limestone church are regularly spaced across the landscape. There are isolated farms and a few cottages and houses, but the heart of the Wolds is a remote rather empty landscape. Development is concentrated to the south in the Wreake Valley.


Description:
•	The local honey-coloured limestone is used in traditional domestic, civic and farm buildings throughout the area and in the south the yellowish local Collyweston slate is used for roofing, while in the north it is replaced by red pantiles.


Description:
•	Lack of settlements and roads on the coastal marshes but distinctive brick and flint villages with landmark flint churches and occasional windmills are strung along the coast road (A149).


Description:
•	Strong vernacular style of domestic and agricultural buildings reinforced by use of flint and red brick and roofs typically characterised by thatch or pantiles.
•	Isolated, prominent flint churches – either round-towered Saxo-Norman or medieval wool churches.


Description:
•	Windpumps and isolated farmhouses are the most significant artifacts in the marshes.
•	This is the main area of Norfolk reed thatch in East Anglia.


Description:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally constructed from soft hued red bricks with thatch or pantiles.  Some buildings are rendered and painted (often in ‘Suffolk Pink’) while others (including churches) make extensive use of locally occurring split or knapped flint.


Description:
•	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.


Description:
•	Churches are often isolated, in a state of disrepair and have a considerable impact on the landscape.
•	Thetford is the only town of significant size and together with Brandon and Mildenhall forms the post-war overspill development. Building materials are knapped flint, clunch and yellow brick.


Description:
•	Timber is the main building material and traditional buildings include timber-framed and colour-washed houses with steeply pitched roofs, sometimes faced with Georgian red brick.  Pegtiles and wheat straw thatch are typical.


Description:
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.
•	The landscape has a generally muted colour range with distinctive pale soils and building materials.


Description:
•	Generally a diversity of building materials are used, including brick, thatch and stone. Limestone villages on the upper Great Ouse.


Description:
•	Local materials include ironstone, brick, thatch and render. Settlement pattern includes estate villages and hamlets in the fold of the ridge.


Description:
•	Building materials are varied and include red brick and the local grey-ochre limestone. There are a number of attractive limestone villages with a unified built character.


Description:
•	Older buildings are generally of the creamy-grey limestone in the east and are often steeply roofed with the distinctive Collyweston Slate.  In the west, ironstone is a common building material and brick is common on the fringes of Peterborough.


Description:
•	Villages are typically sited at high points, with ironstone, limestone and/or brick buildings clustered around a prominent church.  Farms are isolated along narrow lanes.


Description:
•	The local ironstone has a distinctive orangey-brown colour and is used in combination with red brick, creamy-grey limestone and cob in traditional buildings throughout the area.


Description:
•	Buildings are often constructed of red brick, sometimes with blue brick or ironstone details; in places buildings are constructed of Lias limestone.


Description:
•	Most older buildings are constructed of brick and timber.


Description:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally of grey Silurian stone or whitewash.


Description:
•	The older buildings are of Old Red Sandstone in a mixture of hues from red to grey.


Description:
•	Timber framed (black and white) buildings are typical across much of the area but stone and red brick are also frequently used.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.


Description:
•	The traditional building material is typically the local red, pink or grey sandstone.


Description:
•	A diversity of building styles and materials reflects the variations in geology, with locally-quarried stone, occasional timber-framing and more recent use of red brick.


Description:
•	Farm buildings to the west are predominantly red sandstone, however to the east of the river Wye include brick, timber framed and grey Silurian limestone.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings represent a wide range of materials including sandstone, limestone, brick, pebble dash, slate and tiles, whilst more recent buildings are of white render with slate or dark pantile roofs.


Description:
•	Settlements are characterised by timber frame and red brick buildings with elegant spired churches, whilst stone is used for larger houses.


Description:
•	The honey-coloured Cotswold stone from local quarries is used in buildings, with little variety in styles across the Character Area giving the area a strong sense of unity for which the area is renowned.


Description:
•	Predominantly brick buildings, with plain tile roofs reflecting use of local clay as a building material.


Description:
•	Stone buildings are typically of local limestone roofed in plain red tiles or thatch.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings include oast houses.


Description:
•	Characterised by small mixed holdings with brick-built farms.
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings include large houses set within ornamental parkland, indicating the wealth of the Thames Valley.


Description:
•	Historic buildings include knapped flint and weathered chalk in walls and locally occurring sarsen stones.


Description:
•	Distinctive towns such as Malmesbury, Calne, Chippenham, Melksham and Trowbridge are dominated by attractive centres built of limestone ashlar, reflecting their prosperity as centres of the wool trade.  Other stone used throughout the area includes Cotswold stone and Corallian rag.


Description:
•	Older village buildings, manor houses and mansions are of local ashlar which includes pale yellow Jurassic oolite, grey Carboniferous and Lias Limestone.  In some locations in the north, buildings are constructed of red or brown sandstone.


Description:
•	Local building materials include flint and Wealden bricks.


Description:
•	The local vernacular includes timber framing and weatherboarding plus houses of sandstone laid in rubble courses patterned with dark carstone in the mortar between stones.


Description:
•	Traditional rural vernacular of local brick, weatherboard and tile-hung buildings plus local use of distinctive Horsham slabs as a roofing material.  Black weatherboard barns are a feature.


Description:
•	High quality vernacular architecture with distinct local variation.  Timber framed barns are a particular notable and characteristic feature of the High Weald.


Description:
•	Distinctive architectural character within settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles, with some fine medieval churches.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings have flint or brick walls, with weatherboarding or hung tiles.  Plain tiles are commonly used as a roofing material.


Description:
•	Roads and settlements are concentrated in the broad river valleys; elsewhere the land is sparsely settled. Flint is conspicuous in the built environment – in walls, buildings, churches and barns.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are of a mixture of materials – timber frame, flint, cob and thatch are all common.


Description:
•	Local limestones and sandstones are the main traditional building materials.  Local brick buildings are common, and a few ancient buildings are roofed with a combination of limestone slabs and tile upper courses.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of brick, chalk cob or brick with flints with thatch common in the river valleys.  Timber frame barns are a common feature.


Description:
•	Older cottages of cob and thatch roofs, with brick and tile common from the 19th century onwards.


Description:
•	A wide variety of local building materials and techniques have been used, including local stone with brick and half timbering.  Fine dressed stone is reserved for mansions and manor houses.


Description:
•	Low, rendered buildings are common.  Flint with brick dressing, clunch and thatch are traditional materials reflecting the lack of a consistent supply of building stone.


Description:
•	Dispersed hamlets and isolated farms and cottages are traditionally of red brick, commonly clay from local pits, roofed in tiles or thatch.


Description:
•	Many of the traditional buildings inland are of Purbeck or Portland Stone.


Description:
•	Older buildings are a mixture of materials – grey limestone and brick are widely used with thatch a traditional roofing material near the coast.  Buildings on the Isle of Portland are made from local Portland Limestone.


Description:
•	Settlement comprises small hamlets and many large farmsteads, linked by winding lanes, often with hedgebanks.  Older traditional buildings are built of limestone or Ham Hill Stone.


Description:
•	Building materials are varied, although local Ham Hill stone is most characteristic of the area, reflected in visually dominant churches.  Other construction materials include cream and pink coloured limestone, sandstones, timber, thatch and more recently, brick.


Description:
•	Buildings are constructed of red conglomerate, grey limestone and pale grey Doulting Stone.  Most older Mendip buildings are modest cottages in rough, exposed stone with almost no detailing of windows and doorways.


Description:
•	Building on the open Moors and Levels is restricted to occasional 19th Century or more recent farmsteads mainly in brick or occasional Blue Lias with clay, pantile roofs and thatch.


Description:
•	Although Blue Lias is the dominant building material, there are a variety of other materials such as oolite, sandstone and conglomerate, contrasting with many 19th Century buildings which are constructed in brick and pantile.  Tall church towers are evidence of Medieval wealth, St Michael’s on Glastonbury Tor, being the most visible landmark.


Description:
•	The local vernacular building style varies due to the rich diversity of locally available building materials.


Description:
•	Farmsteads are built mainly of local slate and shale rubble, sometimes whitewashed.  A variety of local stone is used in the villages, along with cob and brick, with slate roofs.


Description:
•	Red sandstone buildings and perpendicular church towers of Triassic sandstone are prominent features in the landscape.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed in chert, cob, flint or brick roofed in thatch, tile or slate, while older buildings in coastal locations are colour washed.


Description:
•	Cob, red sandstone and thatch rural buildings are distinctive to the area.
•	Linhays – open-fronted animal shelters of timber frame or stone – are a feature.


Description:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally of cob and thatch or slate.


Description:
•	Granite and slate in cottages, farmhouses, villages, abandoned mine buildings and walls unify the landscape.


Description:
•	Sunken lanes link farms and hamlets with cob, stone, slate and thatched buildings.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are of slate and granite, often whitewashed and with slate roofs.


Description:
•	Many older buildings are constructed in granite, with granite roofs and some slate hangings.  Other important features include clapper bridges, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles.


Description:
•	Older buildings are almost universally built of granite with slate roofs and some have slate hanging.  On the more sheltered sites and better land, modern farm buildings tend to dominate.


Description:
•	Older buildings are constructed of local granite with slate roofs and some slate hangwalls.  In the more fertile areas, modern farm buildings dominate.


Description:
•	Older buildings are granite with slate roofs and some slate hung walls.  Modern farm buildings now dominate over the traditional farm buildings on the more sheltered and agriculturally productive land.


Description:
•	Traditional buildings are simple, constructed of local stone and thatch.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.


Description:
•	Buildings are of a distinctive granite vernacular.


Description:
•	The coast and islands provide rich wildlife habitats, particularly for sea birds.
•	There are intertidal flats backed by saltmarsh with patches of coastal grazing marsh in the south.


Description:
•	At the northern end of the area, the Solway Firth foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low soft river cliffs.
•	The southern part of the Solway coast is characterised by low cliffs formed by eroding coastal drumlins, sand and pebble beaches with sand dunes and raised beaches which were formed by changes in sea levels.


Description:
•	Urban areas on the coast reflecting the area’s role as a coastal industry and communications centre, and characterised by barbed wire fencing, small waste dumps, derelict buildings and industrial wasteland, contrasting with the rich agricultural land and views of the high fells to the north and east.


Description:
•	Mudflats and saltmarshes are found within the river estuaries and there are expansive sandy beaches backed by dunes.


Description:
•	The coastline consists of shifting intertidal sandflats and saltmarsh with minor channels and pools. Areas of scaurs and pebble patches, mudflats, sandy beaches, bedrock and pebble and shingle beaches are exposed at low tide.  The Rivers Leven and Kent flow into Morecambe Bay.


Description:
•	At the mouth of the River Tees are extensive mud flats, saltmarshes, wetlands, beaches and dunes such as Seal Sands, Cowpen Marshes and Seaton Sands.


Description:
•	The upland reaches the coast to form one of the highest stretches of cliffs in England.  These cliffs are punctuated by sandy or rocky bays.   Most rivers flow south, east or north east, radiating out from the upland mass.


Description:
•	Along the coast, the foreshore comprises extensive intertidal mudflats and sand banks, backed by saltmarsh with a seaward edge characterised by dendretic creeks and low cliffs
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.


Description:
•	There is a high density of field ponds, salt marshes are prominent at the heads of estuaries and sand dunes occur along some sections of the coast.


Description:
•	The Spurn peninsula is a sand and shingle spit extending out between the Humber and the North Sea.
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th century, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.
•	The City of Hull, the Humber Bridge and various industrial installations are the main examples of building and settlement in the Humber Estuary.  Along the coast there are some lighthouses, concrete sea defences and coastal buildings on the Spurn peninsula.


Description:
•	Specific areas of the coast are managed for nature conservation, notably between Saltfleet and Theddlethorpe.  South of Saltfleet Haven there is an ancient calcareous dune system and at Gibraltar Point more extensive dunes and saltmarshes.


Description:
•	Marshes directly adjacent to the Wash exhibit an exceptionally open aspect (broken only by sea walls).  Occurring at the coast are river outfall structures, tidal saltmarshes and mudflats.


Description:
•	Dunes of recent wind-blown sand present the dominant feature along much of the coast, rising in places to 20 metres above sea level.


Description:
•	A coastal landscape of great variety and texture – including intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, reedbeds, tidal creeks and harbours. This is therefore an unusual part of Norfolk in not being given over entirely to agriculture.


Description:
•	Influence of the sea can be seen in the sparse vegetation of the northern coastal strip.
•	Collection of settlement along the coast, including the sea-side resort of Great Yarmouth, with the town of North Walsham forming the only substantial settlement inland.


Description:
•	Coastal settlements are distinctive in character, many enjoying a relatively unspoilt atmosphere.  Some show the influence of Dutch architecture.


Description:
•	Coastal cliffs to the south at Fairlight.


Description:
•	Strong contrast of agricultural marshes with the coastal edge shingle and sand dune landscapes.


Description:
•	Electricity transmission lines and pylons form dominant features in the flat and open landscape.  Concrete walls form sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation by the sea.


Description:
•	The iconic white cliffs of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head mark the eastern end of the South Downs where they join the sea.


Description:
•	Sand dune grasses and intertidal marsh communities are characteristic of the coastline while areas of species-rich meadow remain inland


Description:
•	There are bleak and exposed salt marshes and shingle beaches along the Solent coast from where there are views to the Isle of Wight.


Description:
•	Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour.


Description:
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.


Description:
•	The coastline has a remote, varied character, with small valleys separating prominent headlands; landslips leaving dramatic stepped slopes; sheer amber-coloured cliffs and pebble beaches.


Description:
•	To the south the coastline is defined by unstable cliffs, irregular headlands and estuaries.


Description:
•	There is a diverse and complex coastline with fine scenery and views.


Description:
•	This is surrounded by a rugged coastline - exposed and windwept to the north with steep cliffs providing a backdrop to huge sweeping sandy beaches exposed at low water and often backed by dramatic sand dune systems.  
•	By contrast, the south coast is more sheltered with numerous small sandy coves huddled between cliff promontories and more major headlands.
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.


Description:
•	Along its southern boundary is a rugged coastline with sandy beaches.


Description:
•	The coast is characterised by spectacular sea cliffs and coves, with coastal valleys.


Description:
•	The surrounding coastline is rugged and geologically complex with caves, enclosed bays and skerries.


Description:
•	The coastal landscape along the eastern edge of the area has a different character from the rest of the vale, with beaches, cliffs, short coastal stream valleys and the rock spit of Filey Brig.


Description:
•	The coast itself is characterised by low boulder clay cliffs, rapidly eroding into the sea.


Description:
•	The coastal landscape of unconsolidated low cliffs and coastal dune formations is undergoing continued marine erosion.  The drainage pattern mainly flows south away from the sea, leaving the area vulnerable to marine flooding.


Description:
•	Dunes and sea wall coastal defences, characterised by extensive remains of WWII anti-invasion defences, particularly at Winterton-on-Sea, as well as earlier Roman defences at Caister-on-Sea.


Description:
•	Some Broads such as Hickling and Horsey Mere lie at or below sea level and require coastal protection; they are visually separated from the coast as is most of the area.


Description:
•	Streams wind through the higher ground and cut down sharply in their lower reaches.


Description:
•	The main Tyne valley is flat, open floodplain with some wetland areas associated with former gravel workings; the side valleys to north and south are incised with springs and waterfalls.


Description:
•	Although much of the area lacks surface drainage, the hills are dissected by the two shallow valleys of the Rivers Granta and Rhee, which converge to form the Cam just south of Cambridge.


Description:
•	River valleys are narrow and mainly arable, but in places there are remnant flood meadows, bankside pollard trees and reedbeds.


Description:
•	This area includes, in the east, the extensive, flat Wantsum and Lower Stour river and coastal marshes, as well as coastal flats at Sandwich.


Description:
•	Large rectilinear fields are enclosed by low-cut thorn hedges or fences, with sandstone walls in parts.


Description:
•	Farmland comprises rectangular patterns of large open fields, bounded by drystone walls, dating from the time of the parliamentary enclosures.
•	However, blocks and belts of coniferous woodland often break up the patterns.
•	Varied moorland communities, dominated by heather and rough acid grassland mosaics, are found on the thin, sandy soils of the higher and steeper slopes.


Description:
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.


Description:
•	The summit is characterised by mixed areas of blanket bog and heather and by the sculpted forms of granitic ‘tors’; the treeless upper hillsides have coarse ‘white’ grassland and heather moorland.
•	The lower, steeper slopes have a greener appearance indicative of more productive grassland, but show signs of bracken invasion.
•	The hills are largely open although the lower slopes have large regular fields defined by dry stone walls or ‘dykes’ dating from parliamentary enclosures.


Description:
•	In places these woodlands are broken up by isolated and enclosed valleys with pastures and settlements.
•	Fields are large, open, rectangular, windswept, often poorly drained and subdivided by dry stone walls or wire fences.


Description:
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields tend to be defined by drainage ditches, small streams, low hedgerows and stone faced hedgebanks or ‘kests’.


Description:
•	Medium to large sized fields of improved pasture inland from the coast, are subdivided by a mix of hedgerows, hedgerow trees and wire fences.  Stone walls and hedges established on stone banks form boundaries along minor roads.


Description:
•	Boundaries are formed by stone walls, with hedgerows and hedgerow trees in the valleys.  
•	There is largely unimproved rough grazing land in the higher areas, with semi-improved and improved pasture and rectilinear fields in the valleys.


Description:
•	Predominant field boundaries are fences and walls, but there are also a significant proportion of hedges.


Description:
•	The dales themselves provide sheltered pastures and hay meadows bounded by dry stone walls and hedgerows.


Description:
•	There is a variety of enclosure patterns, with large, walled enclosures predominant in the west and hedged enclosures in the east.


Description:
•	Most of the area has large rectilinear fields enclosed by stone walls or hedgerows.


Description:
•	Fields are bounded by post and wire fences or by hedges.
•	Hedgerows are generally low and gappy, with no hedgerow trees, although hedgerow condition tends to be better in the more rural, northern areas.


Description:
•	There are large, regular fields bounded by low, clipped hedges and few hedgerow trees; most farmland is open arable.


Description:
•	The ridges are characterised by large, regular grids of dry stone walls and gappy thorn hedges, crossed by straight enclosure roads and lanes.
•	Fields in the valleys are generally smaller and bounded by hawthorn hedges with scattered hedgerow oak and ash.


Description:
•	The area has a strong field pattern with high limestone walls and isolated ash trees forming the field boundaries.


Description:
•	Pastures are bounded by stone walls, and confined to the lower areas, whilst the higher areas and moorland are largely unenclosed.


Description:
•	Field boundaries are generally dry stone walls (local sandstone, or limestone in the south) and field sizes in the lower areas are generally small to medium, increasing towards the east.


Description:
•	Fields are generally enclosed by limestone walls or hedges.


Description:
•	Field boundaries comprise distinctive drystone walls, enclosing large, rectilinear fields on the higher fells and smaller, older and irregular fields within the dales and particularly around villages.


Description:
•	Minor valleys and linear strips of open land extend as green corridors from rural farmland into the heart of the conurbation.
•	Field boundaries are hawthorn hedges, usually low-cut
•	The semi-regular patterns of old (17th century) enclosures have been fragmented by field amalgamation.


Description:
•	Most fields are medium sized, though they tend to be larger in the south and west.  Boundaries are defined by low hedges or post and wire fences.


Description:
•	The pattern of field boundaries varies across the area with a combination of stone walls in the Dales (smaller around villages, larger on the hillslopes) and hedges in lower areas.  Many have deteriorated and have been replaced or supplemented by fences.  The higher moorland areas are largely unenclosed.


Description:
•	Field boundaries comprise a combination of low hedges and, particularly in lower parts of the eastern Vale, drained ditches and dykes.  Fences are common where hedges have declined or been lost.


Description:
•	Low, flailed and intermittent hedges enclose medium to large sized fields.  There are scattered field boundary trees.


Description:
•	Field boundaries are predominantly hedges with some fences and some areas of walls in higher areas.


Description:
•	The field boundaries are usually low, flailed thorn hedges, although stone walls also occur in many places.  Hedges often follow the topography and serve to emphasise the smooth, rolling landform.  Hedgerow trees are relatively sparse which adds to the open character of farmed landscapes.


Description:
•	Trees are scarce in this low landscape, generally confined to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries.  
•	The large rectilinear pastoral fields are defined by drainage ditches, low hedgerows and, in some higher areas, drystone walls.


Description:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	A rectilinear network of lanes and tracks, usually without fences or hedges, subdivides the landscape.
•	Medium to large fields form an open, large-scale agricultural landscape with a rich patchwork of lush pasture and arable land.  Localised areas of intensive market gardening provide seasonally varied colours and textures.


Description:
•	Isolated country houses set in well-maintained formal parkland are typical of the area and may be enclosed by belts of woodland and estate fencing.
•	Metal railings around estate boundaries are characteristic of the southern and western edges of the Character Area.
•	Medium- to small-scale fields are defined by hedgerows with mature hedgerow trees, growth of which is particularly vigorous in the north. Dry stone walls are also common in some areas.


Description:
•	These upland pastures are criss-crossed by dry stone walls and grazed mainly by sheep, with some cattle.
•	Regular enclosures on higher ground where commons were systematically subdivided; more irregular enclosures are found on the slopes where there is also a complex system of narrow lanes with occasional wide historic drove roads.


Description:
•	Field boundaries are regular to the west and irregular to the east, but are generally degraded around urban areas.
•	They are formed by hedges with few hedgerow trees, and by stone walls and post and wire fences at higher elevations.


Description:
•	Stone walls enclose small to medium sized fields.


Description:
•	Field boundaries are marked by stone walls in the higher west and hedges in the lower east.  Most fields are small or medium sized with some unenclosed rough grazing and upland pastures on higher land to the west.


Description:
•	Field sizes, boundaries and shapes are highly variable.  They range from thick, well-maintained hedges with ash and oak trees, to close-cropped or neglected hawthorn hedges.  Holly is found in some of the older hedges.


Description:
•	The fields are usually divided by dykes, with few hedges and field trees.


Description:
•	The River Eden and River Petterill run broadly north-south through the area.


Description:
•	Reservoirs are scattered throughout the dales and moorland margins.


Description:
•	Large reservoirs and ornamental lakes provide distinctive areas of open water.


Description:
•	Areas of open water and wetland occur in areas of mining subsidence and as features within restored landscapes; in places these have been developed as recreational landscapes.


Description:
•	Rivers through the area include the River Lune along the southern edge, River Lyennet and River Lowther.  These are generally slow flowing as a result of their permeable limestone bedrock.


Description:
•	Some small streams flow down the gills, extending from the centre of the area outwards.


Description:
•	Large lakes, including Lake Windermere and Coniston Water, streams and minor river valleys are characteristic features of the area.  Rivers are fast flowing over rocky beds.


Description:
•	There are few naturally occurring waterbodies, reflecting the predominance of limestone.  The principal exceptions occur where carboniferous rocks have been eroded away to reveal impermeable rocks below, such as at Malham Tarn.  Reservoirs and associated water gathering grounds influence the landscape in Nidderdale.


Description:
•	Rivers such as the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf are often important landscape features, flowing through broad, glacially widened valleys.  Smaller rivers, such as the Burn, Laver, Kex Beck and the Skell flow through steep sided valleys following courses cut by glacial meltwaters.  The River Washburn, a tributary of the Wharf, has been dammed to create a series of reservoirs.


Description:
•	Skerne Carrs, near Sedgefield, is an extensive and distinctive area of essentially flat, peaty fenland and carrs with frequent watercourses.


Description:
•	The area is drained by the River Swale and its tributaries the River Wiske and the Cod Beck.  These watercourses meander within narrower valleys in the north and broader floodplains in the south.  The rivers are sometimes confined within flood defence embankments, particularly in the lower lying southern part of the Vale.


Description:
•	Rivers include the River Derwent which flows south westwards along the Vale, cutting through the Howardian Hills to the south.  A series of tributaries drain higher ground to the north and west.


Description:
•	Rivers and streams are few on the permeable in chalk, being limited to a number of short streams draining steep valleys along the escarpment and the Gypsey Race which runs through the Great Wolds Valley near Bridlington.  The Wolds rise from the Humber estuary in the south and form high chalk cliffs where they reach the coast at Flamborough Head.


Description:
•	The area includes the headwaters of rivers draining the Vale of Pickering, to the east and the Vale of York to the west.  The river Derwent cuts a deep gorge through the hills to the south west of Malton.


Description:
The ridge is cut in several places along its length by a series of rivers, some with dramatic river gorges, including Nidd Gorge at Knaresborough.  The waterbodies of recently restored mineral workings form a feature in the landscape south of Ripon.


Description:
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.
•	Meandering and commonly tree-fringed rivers with ox-bow lakes are prominent features within the landscape.


Description:
•	The area is crossed by a series of rivers including the Rivers Wharfe, Aire and Calder, together with many smaller tributaries such as the Irwell.  Reservoirs have been formed in the some of the upland valleys.  The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through the Aire Valley.


Description:
•	Rivers are a formative feature in the landscape, having cut the narrow valleys that dissect the hills and allowed the development of the textile industry.


Description:
•	Several major rivers cross the area, including the Aire, Calder, Dearne, Rother, Don and Erewash, carving broad valleys. They often tend to be obscured by industrial development along them.  Subsidence flashes and lagoons are present in some areas.


Description:
•	The area contains a number of often navigable rivers of the Aire, Derwent, Don, Idle, Ouse, Trent Torne and Went which drain into the Humber and the artificial waterways of the Aire and Calder Navigation and Selby Canal.


Description:
•	The area contains the River Hull, which flows from north to south, and the valley has a broad indistinct and shallow form.  The proximity of the coast and Humber estuary has an important influence on the landscape.  The Driffield and Leven Canal is also an important feature.


Description:
•	The disused Barton clay pits contain open water and lie below the Humber Bridge and the open water.  Their  reedbeds and other wetland vegetation are of value for birds.
•	Coastal reclamation, dating back to the 17th centrury, has made a great impact on the rural landscape.  This involved cutting drainage channels, enlarging watercourses, constructing flood protection berms and installing sophisticated sluice and pumping systems.  The practice of warping was also introduced and warping drains still remain as a feature in the landscape.


Description:
•	A complex series of rivers and small streams drain eastwards towards the sea.  Some are natural water courses (eg The Great Eau and Waithe Beck, while others rely on a network of man-made brackish drainage ditches.


Description:
•	The River Ancholme has been ‘improved’ to form a straight course from Bishopbridge to Ferriby Sluice on the Humber.  The watercourse is fed by a series of becks up to Brigg and then by the drained carrs.  To the south Barings Eau and the River Bain drain into the River Witham.


Description:
•	A distinct hierarchy of rivers, drains and ditches strongly influences the strong dominant rectilinear/geometric landscape patterning and is a consistent feature of the area (consisting embanked rivers above the level of the surrounding land, roddons, major high level drains and washes).


Description:
•	The character area is dominated by the slow, but powerful River Trent, which falls at a slight gradient and meanders very gradually through a broad shallow valley.  The Trent, and other rivers in the area, are relatively inconspicuous in the wider landscape.


Description:
•	Surface water is scarce on the porous sandstones and river valleys occur where water courses have cut down through the sandstone to form narrow pastoral floodplains which are often in sharp contrast to the surrounding arable land.


Description:
•	Many small streams and rivers, with dense tree cover, dissect the area.


Description:
•	Fast-flowing streams run through the incised cloughs.
•	Several of the broader valleys have been flooded to form reservoirs.


Description:
•	Many of the dales are dry or seasonal, but clear, fast-flowing rivers and streams are found in some.


Description:
•	Most farming is arable, though in many places the drainage has been severely disrupted by colliery subsidence.  Often the land is little more than recreational open space, used in many cases for horsiculture.


Description:
•	Small streams have eroded picturesque gorges through the sandstone outcrops.  Coastal areas include extensive dune systems such as at Meols.  
•	The area is dominated by the Dee estuary to the south west and the Liverpool bay coast to the north.  Field ponds are found across the area.


Description:
•	Mosses, meres and small ponds are found throughout the area.


Description:
•	Small ponds are associated with the lower ground.


Description:
•	The hills are dissected by narrow, steep-sided valleys, with larger rivers (the Ceiriog and the Tanat) flowing west to east across the north and south of the area.


Description:
•	Small streams and the River Churnet are set in incised valleys, with wet valley bottom grassland, while the River Dove flows through a broader floodplain.


Description:
•	The many rivers of the area mostly drain to the south, but the River Severn also crosses in the north-east.


Description:
•	Streams and rivers are set in steep sided valleys throughout the area.


Description:
•	Streams drain radially from the high ground around Cannock to the surrounding rivers of the Penk, Sow and Trent.


Description:
•	Marl pits with small ponds and wetlands are a feature of many rolling fields on the South Derbyshire plateaux and the stream corridors are often lined with prominent riparian vegetation and rush pastures.
•	The broad, open alluvial floodplains of the Rivers Dove, Blithe and Trent typically have a regular pattern of mixed farmland with few woodlands and large settlements. Related minor river floodplains have a pastoral, enclosed character.


Description:
•	The Rivers Blithe, Dove, Derwent and Erewash all drain into the Trent from the north and the Tame, Mease and Soar enter from the south.  The Dove, which flows from the Peak District, increases the river volume by 40%.  
•	The open washlands fulfil a vital floodwater catchment role.


Description:
•	The minor streams flowing northwards into the Rivers Trent and Soar have narrow floodplains, but are often prominent in the wider landscape as they are fringed by a ribbon of willow and alder.
•	Several valleys have been dammed to form large reservoirs as at Foremark and Staunton Harold.


Description:
•	The coalfield forms part of the watershed between the Rivers Mease and Sence to the south and the River Soar to the east, with numerous small brooks draining the undulating plateau.


Description:
•	Drainage follows the north-west to south-east trend of the landforms.  There are three major reservoirs at Blackbrook, Cropston and Swithland, as well as Groby Pool, a water-filled quarry of medieval origin.


Description:
•	The Wolds form a watershed between the Rivers Wreake, Soar and Trent with streams draining from the central elevated land to each of these rivers.  There is a major inland reservoir at Rutland Water.


Description:
•	The original west-east drainage pattern was altered following the deposition of glacial till. The East and West Glen Rivers now meander south-westwards to a confluence below Bourne; the River Welland flows due west through Stamford towards the Wash and the River Witham rises on the higher land to the west and flows northwards to the Vale of Belvoir.


Description:
•	Rivers are more prominent western and northern part of the landscape where they forge a more intimate, pastoral character.


Description:
•	The river valleys provide limited contrast but many are tree lined on the slopes or planted with poplar on the valley floor. The unplanted valleys are wide, lush and pastoral with water meadows divided by reed-filled dykes.
•	Sand and gravel extraction along the Wensum has produced lakes with reeded margins in places.


Description:
•	Extensive areas of open water, containing a wet, low-lying complex of flooded former peat workings ('Broads') of various sizes.
•	Rivers flow between flood banks, above the level of the surrounding land which is drained by dykes and pumps, with ‘rounds’ (areas of reedswamp or saltmarsh) between the rivers and their floodbanks.


Description:
•	The pervasive presence of water and numerous coastal estuaries extends the maritime influence far inland. 
•	A deeply indented coastline with distinctive island and peninsula features.


Description:
•	The coastline is cut by a series of more sheltered estuaries comprising the lower reaches of the Rivers Stour, Orwell, Deben, Butley and Alde, together with low lying valleys of Hundred River, Minsmere River, Dunwich River and the River Blyth.


Description:
•	Shallow, small-scale river valleys (including the Waveney and Dove) bring a contrast to the flat open drained land of the arable plateau.


Description:
•	The area is crossed by a number of lush, shallow river valleys tucked into the landform notably the Little Ouse, Lark, Black Bourne, Thet and Wissey. Some of these are unusually fast-flowing chalk streams, forming a marked but limited  contrast to the dry uplands.


Description:
•	There is a man-made reservoir at Grafham Water. Restored gravel working lakes adjacent to River Ouse, and water-bodies in the Marston Vale have resulted from clay extraction.


Description:
•	The area is dominated by the major rivers of the Soar, Welland and Nene and their many tributaries which include the Sence, the Ise and the Swift.


Description:
•	The river Ivel breaks the ridge at Sandy and numerous transport corridors traverse the ridge.


Description:
•	The ridge forms a low watershed between the catchments of the Nene to the north and the Great Ouse to the south.  The River Tove cuts through the ridge at Grafton Regis and then turns east to flow into the Great Ouse.


Description:
•	The area is bordered to the north by the Welland valley and to the south by the valley of the River Nene.  Rivers and streams rise on the higher land close to the north-west scarp and flow south and eastwards towards the Nene.


Description:
•	River corridors are defined by narrow alluvial floodplains, which are characterised by grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland.


Description:
•	River systems are an important feature of this landscape.


Description:
•	There are wide meandering river valleys, including the Wye, Lugg and Frome with occasional pollarded willows.


Description:
•	There are many streams and rivers, the Frome being the largest, flowing through incised valleys.


Description:
•	The hills are intersected by the east-west flowing Leigh Brook; otherwise small streams flow from spring lines at the foot of the hills.


Description:
•	There are several narrow meandering floodplains with rivers important for fishing.


Description:
•	Several small rivers drain from the plateau to the south and south east into the Severn, whilst others feed the Wye to the north and west.  Occasional pools are evident.


Description:
•	Steeply-incised stream and river valleys cut through the north-west facing scarp, flowing westwards towards the Severn.  The streams and rivers of the dip slope provide the headwaters of the Thames and flow eastward within broad shallow valleys.


Description:
•	Drained by a network of rivers and streams including the upper Thames and tributaries. Substantial areas of open water to the west.


Description:
•	At Oxford the upper Thames carves a steep valley between the limestone hills.  Otherwise very little dissection by rivers along the ridge.  To the east streams and springs drain the lower slopes of the limestone hills.


Description:
•	Rivers and streams including the broad valleys of the major rivers Ver, Colne and Lea flow through the landscape.


Description:
•	A gentle lowland character reinforced by two rivers, the Mole and the Wey and river tributaries which meander through flat farmed landscapes towards the Thames.


Description:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	The presence of water is a key feature – in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, canals and open water bodies (the result of restored gravel workings).


Description:
•	Chalk stream and rivers (e.g. Kennet, Lambourn and Pang are key feature.


Description:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.


Description:
•	The River Avon cuts a steep sided valley through the area from the east.  It is joined by the Frome at the centre of Bristol and the Chew near Keynsham.  Other streams and rivers in the south east flow eastwards to join the Avon outside the Character Area and the Yeo on the south western edge flows directly to the sea.


Description:
•	Cut by valleys of the rivers Stour, Medway, Darent and Mole.  The steep scarp is incised by dry valleys which form gentle wide coombes.


Description:
•	Surface water is an important feature across the Greensand with many streams and rivers (e,g Rother, Way, Arun, Medway)  draining off the dipslope.


Description:
•	Heavily dissected by river floodplains with many small, narrow streams plus main rivers of the Adur, Arun, Beult and Medway.
•	Ponds frequently occur on the edges of fields and woodlands.


Description:
•	Main ridges, deeply dissected by tributaries in narrow ghylls.  Major rivers of the Rother, Brede, Ouse and Medway flow in broad valleys.


Description:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.


Description:
•	Patches of standing water reinforce the wetland character of the area.


Description:
•	The principal rivers – Arun, Adur, Ouse and Cuckmere – slice through the Downs as steep-sided valleys with flat alluvial floodplains; these fertile river valley landscapes of wet pastures, criss-crossing ditches and meandering river channels support intensive dairying and crops.


Description:
•	The continuity of the Plain is interrupted by many streams and rivers flowing to the sea and forming wide, alluvial floodplains.  Flooded gravel pits comprise some of the largest areas of freshwater in the area.


Description:
•	The Medina and Yar rivers rise near the south coast and flow northwards to the Solent through deep gaps in the central chalk ridge.  Downstream sections form rias.  South flowing streams arise from the base of the chalk ridge to cut the island's distinctive 'chines' in the south-west.


Description:
•	Variety and contrast is given by the wide grazed floodplain, drainage ditches, restored gravel workings and lush wetland vegetation associated with the Kennet Valley.


Description:
•	The Test and Itchen valleys are notable features within the landscape.  The majority of other valleys are dry, although some support winter streams or ‘bournes’.


Description:
•	Surface water drains into the Avon, Lymington, Beaulieu and Test Rivers which flow southwards into the Solent.


Description:
•	The chalk upland is dissected by distinctive intimate river valleys part of the River Avon system.


Description:
•	Four principle river systems drain the area and include the Rive Stour, Brue, Frome and Nadder which cuts through the Vale of Wardour.


Description:
•	Streams cut through the scarp in steep valleys.  Water meadows are found in the wider valleys.


Description:
•	The Corfe  is the main river of the Character Area, draining into Poole Harbour.  Southward-draining dry valleys occur along the coast.


Description:
•	The River Wey cuts through the ridge and valley pattern of the Weymouth Lowlands to form a coastal lagoon at Weymouth, around which the harbour and town has developed.


Description:
•	Tributaries of the Brue, Parrett and Yeo drain from the scarp slopes cutting an intricate pattern of irregular hills and valleys.


Description:
•	Natural surface water is almost absent on the plateau, aside from where recently abandoned mine workings have developed as ponds.  At the foot of the plateau springs emerge as the source of the Cheddar Yeo and Axe.


Description:
•	Most of the area lies below high tide level and the water level of the main river systems and is susceptible to flooding.
•	Rivers draining into the Levels and Moors include the Axe, Brue and Parrett.  Before the drainage schemes of the late 17th Century there was widespread sea and river flooding.  Current drainage relies on gravity pumps removing excessive backlogs of water.


Description:
•	Major rivers such as the Brue, Axe and Parrett, rise on surrounding ground and cut through the Mid Somerset Hills.


Description:
•	The mixed geology creates spring lines where water reaches less permeable layers.  Streams cut down the scarp to form deep, incised combes.  Long, broad valleys with streams flowing to the Vale of Taunton characterise land to the east.


Description:
•	The plateau is deeply incised by short rivers sometimes cascading as waterfalls over the high coastal slopes and cliffs.  Steep sided valleys in the south form the headwaters of the Barle, Quarm and Exe rivers.


Description:
•	The River Tone and its tributaries drains the area to the south, whilst to the north Doniford Stream fed by tributaries arising from the Quantocks and Brendon Hill, drains into the sea at Watchet.  To the east many streams drain off the Quantock dip slopes and flow into the River Parrett.


Description:
•	A complex pattern of rivers  -  the Axe, Sid, Otter and Yarty - flows southward whilst the Fivehead River flows to the north east.


Description:
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.


Description:
•	Rivers rising on Dartmoor cut through the plateau, with narrow rias at the coast.


Description:
•	On the north coast short, deeply-etched valleys cut through to the sea, often with streams spilling over the cliffs as waterfalls.  
•	Conversely, along the south coast, the slow geological sinking of the coastline has resulted in a landscape of drowned valleys (rias) with wide estuaries and ‘inland seas’ set within wood-clad valley sides and a concentration of designed parklands.


Description:
•	The head waters of streams and rivers are characterised by shallow valleys but from the edge of the granite they form deep valleys with cascades and gorges.  
•	The area has a number of man-made reservoirs.


Description:
•	Water contributes significantly to the character of the area, with the white china clay wastelands enhanced by the turquoise or green waters of flooded clay pits.


Description:
•	Stithians Reservoir and a number of smaller reservoirs are distinctive features in the landscape while the southern slopes of the area are drained by rivers and streams, forming long, gentle valleys.


Description:
•	Settlement is usually on higher ground and often surrounded by smaller fields.  Hamlets and villages are widely dispersed, some are closely packed and nucleated and others are strung out along roads.  Farmsteads are usually large and widely dispersed.
•	The character area is predominantly rural although there are urban fringe influences on the landscape around Hull with housing, industry, roads and pylons.  The coastal landscape around Bridlington and Hornsea is influenced by holiday homes and caravan parks.


Description:
•	Settlement pattern is restricted to drier land and villages and hamlets lie mainly in adjacent areas like Holderness.
•	The City of Hull, the Humber Bridge and various industrial installations are the main examples of building and settlement in the Humber Estuary.  Along the coast there are some lighthouses, concrete sea defences and coastal buildings on the Spurn peninsula.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern throughout the area, with a concentration of larger settlements along the coast, including seaside resorts, theme parks, bungalows, caravan parks and industry.


Description:
•	Sparse nucleated settlements throughout the area linked by straight east-west roads with abrupt right-angled turns.  Enclosure roads with exceptionally wide verges and enclosing hedgerows are characteristic of the vale.


Description:
•	Although seemingly monotonous, there is considerable variation from fen to fen (amount of settlement, landscape scale and pattern) reflecting settlement history.
•	Settlement pattern varies – medium to large clusters around main towns with medieval pattern of north-south drove lines occurring at the coast and fen edge.
•	Long straight roads are typical.


Description:
•	Settlements on the Sherwood heaths are scattered farming villages which were expanded in the 20th century to become mining settlements.  In the Dukeries there are a few nucleated estate villages and in the north a dispersed pattern of scattered villages, hamlets and isolated farmsteads.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of isolated farmsteads and small villages.
•	The area includes the small towns of Wirksworth, Belper and Duffield and the western fringes of Chesterfield.


Description:
•	The highest land of the plateaux is remote, devoid of buildings and man-made structures.
•	Traditional buildings are built and detailed in local 'gritstone', and are often solitary or in a compact cluster.
•	Some larger settlements are found in the valleys, including some village centres and expanded industrial settlements like New Mills.


Description:
•	Outside the settlements, there are small, isolated stone barns located beside field boundaries.
•	There is a settlement pattern of nucleated villages and small towns connected by crest and valley roads.
•	The area includes the spa towns of Buxton and Matlock Bath.


Description:
•	Settlement is dispersed through the valleys, with streamside villages and isolated farms on higher ground.
•	Villages have been enlarged by development associated with industry.


Description:
•	The larger urban areas are located in the valley bottoms and at the foot of escarpments.


Description:
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.
•	The area includes holiday and dormitory towns such as Hightown, Formby and Southport.


Description:
•	As would be expected, the urban areas are the dominant influences on this landscape and little rural character remains.


Description:
•	Many towns and villages have expanded to act as dormitory settlements for the nearby urban centres of Birkenhead, Liverpool, Ellesmere Port and Chester.
•	Settlements are linked by an intricate network of lanes, bridleways and footpaths.


Description:
•	The estuary of the River Mersey is a defining element in the landscape, having created the valley landform, the wetland and contributing to the area’s industrial and settlement history.  From many parts of the area, however, the river and its tributaries are not visible.
•	Settlements, including Ellesmere Port, Warrington, Runcorn and Widnes, reflect the area’s industrial character, with docks, chemical and oil refineries and extensive urban and suburban areas.


Description:
•	Settlement is sparse with large farmsteads regularly spaced throughout, and dispersed hamlets.
•	The area contains the County towns of Shrewsbury, Chester and Stafford and many other settlements including Macclesfield, Northwich, Congleton, Crewe, Whitchurch, Oswestry, Telford and Stone.


Description:
•	Remains of forts and castles are found along the ridge-top.
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered farms and small villages.


Description:
•	Scattered parks and estates are found, in particular on the lower slopes around Oswestry.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence on place names, dispersed settlement character and farming pattern particularly in the west and south of the area.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs in the south-west, associated with the mining industry.
•	Industrial and residential development has spread around the market town of Oswestry.


Description:
•	There is a rural settlement pattern of sheltered villages on low ground with hamlets, scattered farmsteads and cottages elsewhere.


Description:
•	The settlement pattern is dispersed with scattered farmsteads, villages and occasional small towns.
•	There are localised squatter settlements around commons and quarries.
•	The principal towns are Church Stretton and Ludlow.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of small hamlets and isolated farms, with wayside settlements on areas of former common.
•	The area contains historic inland ports on the River Severn, including Bridgenorth, Bewdley and Stourport, together with the expanded town of Kidderminster, the western part of Wolverhampton and the new town at Telford.


Description:
•	There is a strongly contrasting settlement pattern with some areas densely populated, others unpopulated and 'wild'.
•	The area includes the western fringes of Stafford, the settlements of Cannock and Lichfield and the many urban areas in the Black Country and coalfield, including Dudley, Wolverhampton and Walsall.


Description:
•	The broad, open alluvial floodplains of the Rivers Dove, Blithe and Trent typically have a regular pattern of mixed farmland with few woodlands and large settlements. Related minor river floodplains have a pastoral, enclosed character.
•	Small clustered red brick settlements and hamlets, with densely scattered farmsteads.


Description:
•	Transport routes and urban development are a major feature of all the valleys and the major power stations along the Soar and the Trent dominate the wider landscape.


Description:
•	Extensive designed parkland landscapes and houses with woodlands, parkland trees, avenues and estate buildings are a dominant influence throughout the character area.
•	Most of the clustered red brick villages retain a rural character, but those close to the River Trent valley, including Melbourne, Repton and Castle Donington are larger and Castle Donington is the site of the East Midlands Airport.


Description:
•	Prominent settlements with extensive recent housing estates surrounding most mining villages.


Description:
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.


Description:
•	Most of the older farmsteads and village buildings are of the local dark stone. Settlements and some large quarries are sited around the edge of the elevated heathland areas and the core of the Charnwood area remains sparsely populated.
•	A pattern of straight enclosure roads with wide grass verges is overlaid on one of earlier winding tracks and lanes leading from villages on the edge of Charnwood to the central woods and heathlands.


Description:
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.
•	Small villages of mainly red brick buildings clustered around an ironstone or limestone church are regularly spaced across the landscape. There are isolated farms and a few cottages and houses, but the heart of the Wolds is a remote rather empty landscape. Development is concentrated to the south in the Wreake Valley.


Description:
•	The Kesteven Uplands have a dispersed settlement pattern, comprising small traditional villages which are evenly distributed throughout the area.  Exceptions are the line of settlements along the edge of the Fens to the east and the cluster of larger villages around Stamford.


Description:
•	Dominated by vast estates – unifying and bringing a well-managed quality to the landscape.
•	The great houses of the big estates – Holkham, Sandringham, Houghton and Raynham are features but often concealed by tree belts fringing their parkland.
•	Villages are widely spaced and often set around village greens or occasionally ponds such as at Great Massingham.


Description:
•	Large number of small to medium size 18th century estates with more parkland to the north of the River Wensum and a notable parkland belt between the Rivers Wensum and Bure.
•	An area of dispersed villages and isolated farmhouses within a complex minor road network. The settlement pattern is denser to the south of the river Wensum.  The holiday resorts of Cromer and Sheringham occur on the coast.


Description:
•	Collection of settlement along the coast, including the sea-side resort of Great Yarmouth, with the town of North Walsham forming the only substantial settlement inland.


Description:
•	Houses are located on higher ground in this thinly populated area.
•	An influx of visitors during the summer leads to crowding in tourist towns.
•	Roads cling to the valley sides, linking settlements that cluster along the edges.


Description:
•	Numerous small villages and hamlets are related to the coastal economy of fishing (at Mersea), boatbuilding and yachting.  
•	The modern day pattern of local parishes reflects the historical layout of settlements, surrounded by farmland on the higher ground inland and giving way to marsh on the waterfront.
•	The historically important coastal cargo transport network of 'Thames Barges' developed as a result of the settlement pattern.


Description:
•	Most hamlets and villages are small, complementing a scatter of farmsteads, traditional barns and cottages throughout the rural area.
•	Historic houses set in designed landscapes are characteristic of the estuaries and river valleys.
•	Coastal settlements are distinctive in character, many enjoying a relatively unspoilt atmosphere.  Some show the influence of Dutch architecture.
•	Larger urban areas include parts of Ipswich, Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth together with Harwich and Felixstowe.  The area also includes a number of military airfields including Woodbridge and Bentwaters Airfields, together with the nuclear power station at Sizewell.


Description:
•	Isolated round-towered Saxo-Norman and medieval churches are prominent features as are the large number of isolated, moated timber-framed farmhouses with steeply pitched pantile or pegtile roofs.
•	The pattern of settlement (small and dispersed) relates closely to the river valleys and largely retains its medieval character. Settlement is also focused around some areas of common grazing land and greens.


Description:
•	A long history of settlement but now very sparsely populated with nucleated villages in the river valleys and to the west of the Character Area.  Otherwise the landscape comprises of the occasional farm, church or hamlet.
•	Thetford is the only town of significant size and together with Brandon and Mildenhall forms the post-war overspill development. Building materials are knapped flint, clunch and yellow brick.


Description:
•	There are a number of impressive churches, a rich heritage of barns and surviving medieval enclosure.
•	Dedham Vale is a tourist honey pot and has a strong cultural association with Constable.
•	There are several large estates and more 20th century development towards coast.
•	Elsewhere the settlement pattern is dispersed - scattered farmsteads and small settlements around 'tyes' (commons) or strip greens and isolated hamlets are typical.


Description:
•	Settlement comprising distinctive nucleated villages located generally within valleys.
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.


Description:
•	Settlement pattern clusters around major road and rail corridors (A1 and M1), many with raw built edges. Smaller, dispersed settlements occur elsewhere. Village edge grasslands are an important feature.


Description:
•	The relatively open and densely settled character of this landscape means that urban areas and infrastructure are often visually dominant.


Description:
•	Settlements are small, relatively few and tend to be sited along the edge of the ridge.  Some of the ridge villages developed as Forest Villages whose residents had rights over the Forest lands.


Description:
•	Settlements are concentrated in the valleys, where there is typically a small-scale pattern of pastures, more robust hedgerows and occasional stone walls.  Lines of trees mark all the watercourses, with low-lying grasslands and streamside pollards along the broader floodplain of the Nene near Peterborough.
•	Nucleated villages are concentrated in sheltered valleys and retain a rural character, although there is extensive recent development on the fringes of Kettering and Corby.


Description:
•	The Marshwood Vale has a distinctive scattering of mature hedgerow oak trees, with narrow ribbons of woodland along the many streams; elsewhere woodlands and copses are confined to steeper slopes, with larger conifer plantations on the northwest borders of the area, where it merges with the Blackmore Vale.


Description:
•	Small woods, copses and scrub are most frequent on the steep ridges and in deep combes.  There are some coniferous plantations, semi natural ancient woodlands, remnant orchards with poplar shelter belts, and streamside willow pollards and alder, predominately in the vales.


Description:
•	The plateau and hilltops are largely treeless, except for a few old ash pollards and wind-shaped shelterbelts and conifer plantations.  The slopes and valleys surrounding the plateau have a wide range of woodlands forming an attractive mosaic with open land and other land uses.


Description:
•	Many parts of the Levels and Moors are treeless, although groups of pollarded willow fringe the islands and ridges of higher ground and mark the lines of rhynes.


Description:
•	Whilst woodlands of ash and maple are a common feature on the ridge tops and steeper side slopes, orchards are a particular characteristic of lower land at the boundary of the Levels and Moors, close to settlements.


Description:
•	The broad hilltops and plateau are largely treeless.  The steep valleys and lower slopes are well wooded with semi natural broadleaved woodland and forestry plantations.


Description:
•	Woodland, mostly ancient and oak-dominated, cloaks the steep coastal combes and inland valleys.  Former deer parks and conifer plantations are features of the lower slopes.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally low, although there are many hedgerow trees.
•	The area was once characterised by cider apple orchards, supporting the local cider industry.  The few old orchards that have survived are scattered thorough the landscape.  Modern bush orchards do not have the same visual impact as the older orchards.


Description:
•	A well wooded appearance dominates the area, created by wooded scarp slopes, shelterbelts and avenues, and coniferous and deciduous plantations of beech, oak and pine, willow-dominated carr woodland on valley spring lines, and hedgerow trees and copses.
•	Traditional orchards were once a key characteristic of the southern half of the Character Area and remnants still remain.


Description:
•	Large woodlands are confined mainly to the steep valley sides.
•	Elsewhere, particularly in the upper valleys, small, irregular, broadleaved woodlands and copses may give a strong sense of enclosure.
•	East of the Exe the land rises to dry, open heathland with gorse, scattered pine, wind-trimmed beech and wooded ridges.
•	West of the Exe the conifer plantations and heathland of the Haldon Hills rise high above the valleys.
•	In the lower valleys there are open flood meadows with little tree cover.


Description:
•	There are some substantial valley and coastal woodlands (oak, birch and rowan) and some large blocks of plantation woodland on the moors.
•	Otherwise there is little tree cover except wind-shaped hedgerow, in-field and farmstead trees (oak, ash and beech, the latter typically occurring on high ground).


Description:
•	There are many ancient upland oak woods, and also scattered forestry plantations.
•	Woodland is more extensive on the eastern than the western slopes of the area.
•	Clumps of sycamore and beech shelter farmsteads on the moorland edge.


Description:
•	The steep slopes of the upper valleys and rias are heavily wooded, principally with oak, woodland often extending right down to the water’s edge.
•	Clumps of Monterey pine are distinctive in coastal areas such as Torbay.


Description:
•	There are numerous broadleaved wooded valleys throughout the area, varying greatly in size.  There is limited tree cover on the exposed plateau and cliff tops.


Description:
•	While the exposed uplands are treeless, the valleys and moorland edge offers shelter to deciduous woodlands, some of ancient origin.  There are also small copses and shelterbelts around farmsteads.
•	There are large coniferous plantations on higher land.


Description:
•	Trees have also been planted as clumps and shelterbelts around farmsteads.
•	The hedgebanks are largely treeless but on lower more sheltered ground trees become more common, while sheltered valleys contain a wide variety of scrub and woodland.


Description:
•	Trees and woodland are generally uncommon, reflecting the exposure and use of timber by the mining industry.  Wet willow woods are characteristic of the shallow valleys on higher ground while semi-natural deciduous woodlands occur on the deeper valley sides off the higher ground.


Description:
•	Woodlands are limited to the valleys, with scrub filled valleys on the coast.


Description:
•	Recent conifer plantations disrupt the generally treeless plateau.  Stunted patches of woodland cover are found in the steep valleys which dissect the moorland.  Small woodlands and copses occupy the more sheltered valleys on the lower lying land.


Description:
•	Largely treeless and windswept, part from occasional pine shelterbelts, notably on Tresco, and elm sheltering in the valleys of St. Mary’s.


Description:
•	There is little tree cover, owing to its exposed nature.


Description:
Replace with:
•	Woodland cover is relatively sparse, often limited to the pastoral riparian areas where black poplar, pollard willow, alder and withy beds attest to a rural resource no longer managed.


Description:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.


Description:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.
•	To the north an area of windblown coversands creates an acidic sandy landscape of open heath, conifers, oak and birch woods.  The coversands wrap over the cliff and extend into a low lying area between Scunthorpe and Gainsborough.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


Description:
•	To the north an area of windblown coversands creates an acidic sandy landscape of open heath, conifers, oak and birch woods.  The coversands wrap over the cliff and extend into a low lying area between Scunthorpe and Gainsborough.
•	Tree cover is variable.  The drier arable upland areas are relatively open, with shelterbelts along roads and tracks; to the east a more irregular field pattern includes more hedgerows and small semi-natural woodlands; and to the north the coversands support a mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands.


Description:
•	Tree cover is variable.  The drier arable upland areas are relatively open, with shelterbelts along roads and tracks; to the east a more irregular field pattern includes more hedgerows and small semi-natural woodlands; and to the north the coversands support a mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


Description:
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


Description:
•	The higher land of the Edge is devoid of streams, but there is a springline along the foot of the western scarp where the limestone meets the clay.  The River Witham cuts through the scarp at Lincoln.


Description:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street follow north-south routes.


Description:
•Minimal settlement on the ridgetops, a string of springline villages along the foot of the western scarp and larger settlements to the east of the dipslope.  Sited on the ridgetop, Lincoln Cathedral is a dominant landmark throughout the area.
•	Active and redundant airfields along the top of the Edge.


Description:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls. 
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


Description:
•	Tree cover is variable.  The drier arable upland areas are relatively open, with shelterbelts along roads and tracks; to the east a more irregular field pattern includes more hedgerows and small semi-natural woodlands; and to the north the coversands support a mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands.


Description:
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


Description:
•	The higher land of the Edge is devoid of streams, but there is a springline along the foot of the western scarp where the limestone meets the clay.  The River Slea follows the distinctive valley of the Ancaster Gap to the north of Grantham.


Description:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street and High Dyke follow north-south routes with one significant east-west route, Salter’s Way. Green lanes occur throughout the southern area.


Description:
•	Minimal settlement on the ridgetops, a string of springline villages along the foot of the western scarp and larger settlements such as Sleaford and Metheringham to the east of the dipslope.  Sited on the ridgetop, Lincoln Cathedral is a dominant landmark throughout the area.
•	Active and redundant airfields along the top of the Edge.


Description:
•	At the mouth of the Severn, the broad estuary and floodplain dominate the landscape.  Inland the floodplain narrows but river and wetland features remain a unifying influence within this large and complex area.


Description:
•	Where the Downs meet the sea in the east they end abruptly at the distinctive chalk cliffs of Dover.


Description:
•	Where the High Weald meets the coast in the east there are highly distinctive, terraced, crumbling cliffs of sandstone separated by deep glens which fall steeply to the sea, ending in cliffs and waterfalls.


Description:
•	The land ends in low cliffs, mainly in Blue Lias, which locally is folded and faulted, creating interesting exposed rock formations on the beaches.


Description:
•	There is a wide range of coastal landscape features, ranging from beach and estuarine features in the north near Barnstaple, through high wooded cliffs and combes around Clovelly, to rugged, rocky, exposed Atlantic coastal cliffs in the west.


Description:
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.


Description:
•	Perceptions of the area are influenced by industrial development, coastal defence works, beach tipping or pylons, overhead lines and wind farms.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.


Description:
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.


Description:
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.
•	Coal mining has resulted in locally-prominent opencast extraction areas, spoil heaps and recently restored sites.


Description:
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.


Description:
•	Recently reclaimed land and ongoing opencast coal mining are locally prominent in the landscape.


Description:
•	Large-scale chemical and oil refining works, docks and other heavy industries along the estuary form a distinctive skyline, and transport and infrastructure corridors are also prominent.


Description:
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.


Description:
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.


Description:
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.


Description:
•	The towns of Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley give the area an intensely urban character, and numerous communication routes, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the M65 motorway, run along the valleys.


Description:
•	More recent influences include reservoirs, quarries (many now disused), transmission masts and windfarms.


Description:
•	Much of the area is significantly influenced by urban areas, with transport infrastructure, residential areas, industry and quarries present in most parts of the area.


Description:
•	The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the presence of degraded pasture, gappy hedges and broken fences.  Transport routes, including motorways, add further urban influences to the surrounding landscape.


Description:
•	There are also larger more industrial centres like Goole and Selby together with motorways, roads, embankments and power stations which impact on the flat, open landscape.


Description:
•	The character area is predominantly rural although there are urban fringe influences on the landscape around Hull with housing, industry, roads and pylons.  The coastal landscape around Bridlington and Hornsea is influenced by holiday homes and caravan parks.


Description:
•	Settlements are linked by an intricate network of lanes, bridleways and footpaths.


Description:
•	Inland the Mersey has been widened and channelled to create the Manchester Ship Canal.


Description:
•	The area contains historic inland ports on the River Severn, including Bridgenorth, Bewdley and Stourport, together with the expanded town of Kidderminster, the western part of Wolverhampton and the new town at Telford.


Description:
•	Most of the clustered red brick villages retain a rural character, but those close to the River Trent valley, including Melbourne, Repton and Castle Donington are larger and Castle Donington is the site of the East Midlands Airport.


Description:
•	A pattern of straight enclosure roads with wide grass verges is overlaid on one of earlier winding tracks and lanes leading from villages on the edge of Charnwood to the central woods and heathlands.


Description:
•	The Thames edge marshes are themselves subject to the chaotic activity of various major developments including ports, waste disposal, marine dredging, urbanisation, mineral extraction and prominent power stations plus numerous other industry-related activities such as petrochemical complexes.


Description:
•	The area is laced with lanes and minor roads, many enclosed between hedges and field boundary trees, though in some areas trees have been lost and hedgerows have removed.


Description:
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.


Description:
•	The M5, large settlements such as Cheltenham and Gloucester, Avonmouth and riverside power stations are prominent features in the landscape.


Description:
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.


Description:
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.


Description:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.


Description:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.


Description:
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.


Description:
•	There is a dense network of small, narrow and winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by high hedgerows or woodland strips.


Description:
•	Public rights of way follow drove roads and ancient routes along the accessible downland tops; they benefit from dramatic panoramic across the downs and the Low Weald.


Description:
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.


Description:
•	Reflecting the history of reclamation, roads are sinuous and narrow following the line of old seawalls, or straight and slightly raised.


Description:
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.


Description:
•	Main roads tend to follow ridges and have wide verges.


Description:
•	A network of ancient roads, sunken lanes and hump-backed bridges connects the moor to the villages and towns beyond its outer edge.


Description:
•	The traditional settlement pattern of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads on lower ground, is overlain by miners’ cottages and small mining villages.  This dispersed pattern has been augmented by recent developments, often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  Settlements are linked by narrow, winding lanes, or straight lanes which follow field boundaries.  The main A394 crosses the area from Helston to Penryn, and the A39 bounds the area to the east.


Description:
•	Minor roads, lanes and tracks form a complex irregular network over the landscape within a framework of more direct routes radiating out from Penzance.


Description:
•	The Aln, Coquet and Tweed, as well as smaller rivers, meander across the coastal plain to the sea.


Description:
•	Wet peaty flushes, mires, loughs and small reservoirs occur throughout the area.


Description:
•	Other rivers and streams are often tree-lined and meander between raised terraces and flat gravel benches.


Description:
•	There is a network of small rivers and streams in narrow gorges with sandstone crags, loughs and mires.


Description:
•	Glacial erosion and deposition has formed lakes and tarns in the area through over-deepening of valley floors, formation of rock basins and the creation of natural dams.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.
•	Linear watercourses are lined with broadleaved trees and shrubs.  Lakes are surrounded by relatively open land.


Description:
•	Cultivated farmland and pasture is typically enclosed within small and irregularly shaped fields.
•	Fields are enclosed by hedgerows with hedgerow trees.
•	The unenclosed nature of the remnant heaths is unusual within the context of the south-east region.
•	Winding, sunken lanes are an historic landscape feature, as are henges, long and round barrows and traces of ancient field systems.


Description:
•	Fields are generally large and rectilinear, with hedgerows, coniferous shelterbelts, fences or edges of ancient woodland defining the field pattern.  Trackways with wide verges also often form field boundaries.


Description:
•	Large arable fields with very few hedges predominate across the area.


Description:
•	Field patterns include both rectilinear Parliamentary enclosures and small Medieval irregular enclosures, both bounded by hedgerows.


Description:
•	Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip-slope with low and sparse hedgerows.
•	Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys.


Description:
•	Off the heathland, small fields are divided by hedgerows with frequent hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	The Corfe Valley is enclosed by hedgerows with dense belts of hedgerow trees.  As the land rises up to the limestone plateau hedgerows are gradually replaced by dry stone walls.


Description:
•	Rectilinear fields on the inland ridges are enclosed by sparse hedges with few hedgerow trees.  Dry stone walls are used on the steeper land and on Portland.


Description:
•	The rhythmic pattern of this landscape is defined by its strong but varied network of hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees. Hedgerows are typically low and well trimmed on the greensand ridges, overgrown on the steeper slopes and dense but well managed in the vale.


Description:
•	Whilst hedges are non existent or low in the south west, they are thick with substantial hedgebanks elsewhere.  On higher ground there are scattered areas of dry stone walls.


Description:
•	There is a mixture of enclosure.  Hedgerows are the dominant field boundary of the Character Area but with stone walls on the plateau and some of the eastern slopes.


Description:
•	Hedgerows, typically containing a wide range of species and hedgerow trees are common dividing small, irregular fields except where there are planned settlements.


Description:
•	Former deer parks and designed parklands are a characteristic landscape feature.
•	Beech hedgebanks  bound the rectangular fields around the edge of the open plateau and on the lower agricultural land in the south.  Mixed hedgerows are used elsewhere, and stone-faced banks or earth banks are used within the combes.


Description:
•	Rectilinear patterns of 19th Century enclosure extend high up to the moorland edge, bounded by beech-topped hedgebanks which have grown out to form wind-pruned lines of beech.  Elsewhere, older field patterns are enclosed by irregular hedges and stone walls.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally low, although there are many hedgerow trees.
•	Whilst some fields systems were enclosed from the Medieval period, common pastures on the edge of the Vale and on the floodplains were enclosed during the 18th and 19th Century.
•	The thick hedgerows (and hedgebanks on higher ground) are species rich usually dominated by hazel with a mix of other woody species such as dogwood, holly and blackthorn.  The hedgerows were also managed as a source of wood.


Description:
•	Field boundaries throughout the area are defined by either hedgerows or hedgebanks.
•	A strong rectilinear pattern of 18th Century enclosure and straight roads characterises the plateau which contrasts with the small-scale Medieval enclosures of the slopes and vale bottoms.


Description:
•	Much of the area is characterised by winding sunken lanes, irregular field patterns and varied hedgebanks, often rich in wildflowers.
•	The lower floodplain and coastal landscapes, by contrast, have large, open arable fields and low-cut hedges.


Description:
•	Ridgetop fields are generally large and regular, representing parliamentary enclosures, with low hedgerows and hedgebanks that reveal long views.
•	By contrast, valley sides have winding sunken lanes, irregular older fields, and earth hedgebanks of mixed species.
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland.


Description:
•	Around the moorland lies a gentler landscape of small, irregular pasture fields with dry stone walls and high banks.
•	There are also extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ in the 19th century, some of which are now reverting to moorland.


Description:
•	A network of wildflower-rich, often treeless and closely trimmed Devon banks separates the patchwork of fields.
•	Larger fields occur on higher, flatter land and smaller fields on the valley sides; field patterns are generally irregular.


Description:
•	Within the landscape are varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th Century enclosure, largely bounded by Cornish hedges  or hedgerows.


Description:
•	There is an even proportion of open and ringfenced moorland created by farming hamlets in the medieval period and by small farms in the 18th and 19th Century.
•	There is a striking difference between the irregular shaped ancient enclosures and the regular pattern of parliamentary enclosures.


Description:
•	Off the high ground, irregular fields, enclosed by Cornish hedges , stone walls and hedgerows, lie in complex patterns while, in places, old field systems have been enlarged, and are more regular in shape.
•	The hedgebanks are largely treeless but on lower more sheltered ground trees become more common, while sheltered valleys contain a wide variety of scrub and woodland.


Description:
•	The central open moorland is surrounded by patterns of both irregular ancient fields and rectilinear 18th and 19th Century enclosures dominated by Cornish hedges  made from moorland boulders.


Description:
•	Off the moorland, the area is characterised by small or medium sized fields divided by hedgebanks or characteristic ancient Cornish hedges , many of ancient origin.


Description:
•	On more fertile soils fields are rectangular while in the valleys small, irregular shaped ancient fields are enclosed by traditional Cornish hedges .
•	A mosaic of enclosed pasture with rough grazing fringes the plateau while more productive land is dominated by pasture, with some arable.


Description:
•	A unique pattern of small bulb fields enclosed by evergreen hedges (Escallonia, Euonymus, Pittosporum and Hebe) intermixed with areas of pasture enclosed by stone walls.


Description:
•	The northern half of the island is open heath, intersected by only three stone walls which run across the whole width of the plateau.  The southern half of the island consists of small fields enclosed by stone walls or wire fencing.


Description:
•	Most field systems have their origins in town field enclosures of the 16th and 17th centuries and have suffered in varying degrees from field enlargement in the 20th century.


Description:
•	This broad scale landscape has large, very late enclosure fields with low thorn hedges and few trees.


Description:
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.


Description:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.


Description:
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.


Description:
•	Underlying geology of coal measures, Hensingham Group and Chief Limestone Groups of Carboniferous age to the north of St. Bees Head, and to the south, an outcrop of the Permo-Triassic rocks mainly composed of the Steerton Bees Sandstone, with some overlying mudstones.  Strikingly high coastal cliffs at St. Bees Head formed by dull red sandstone.
•	Intertidal flats, a mix of shingle and pebble beaches at the northern end of the area, red sea cliffs on the central coast.


Description:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.


Description:
•	Largely low lying ground between the Lake District Fells and the Pennine escarpment, with Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones. Soil in the valleys tends to be clay.


Description:
•	Alternating limestones, sandstones and shales give a stepped profile to hills and dalesides.
•	Millstone Grits cap the higher fells and form distinctive flat-topped summits.
•	Igneous intrusions of the Great Whin Sill form dramatic outcrops and waterfalls.
•	The area is of international importance for its geological sites and features, including the Whin Sill, and has been identified as a European Geopark.


Description:
•	Sandstone and dolerite crags (the latter associated with the Whin Sill) form local landscape features.


Description:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.


Description:
•	There is varied coastal topography of low limestone cliffs and clay slopes, sandy bays and rocky headlands, despoiled in places by tipping of colliery wastes.


Description:
•	Soft and thinly bedded sandstones, shales and coals give rise to gently rounded ridges with occasional steeper bluffs; boulder clay on lower valley slopes.


Description:
•	A distinctive block of rolling upland farmland with limestone outcrops, scars and pavements.


Description:
•	Fields are often divided by ditches especially on the floodplain of the River Hull and by hedges on higher ground.


Description:
•	The field boundaries are predominantly formed by dykes, drains and embankments.


Description:
•	The Middle Marsh comprises regular rectilinear fields bounded by occasional hedgerows, which increase in density towards the edge of the Wolds.  The Outmarsh is devoid of hedgerows.


Description:
•	Hedgerows accentuate the rolling landform and tops are marked by prominent clumps of trees, often mature beech.
•	Most land throughout the area is in arable use with large, rectilinear parliamentary enclosure fields, enclosed by clipped hawthorn hedges (although older enclosures do occur in parts).


Description:
•	Hedgerows enclose most fields – most are hawthorn, but they are often more diverse at a distance from the road and those linking the limewoods are particularly dense with a rich variety of flora.
•	The area is rich in ridge and furrow and deserted medieval villages such as Spridlington and Goltho.


Description:
•	Thorn hedges between arable fields are often gappy and well trimmed; there are few hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	Elsewhere the large rectilinear arable fields are devoid of tree cover and are enclosed by trimmed thorn hedgerows.


Description:
•	There is a variable field pattern that is usually enclosed by hedgerows on lower ground and by dry gritstone walls on the moorland fringe.


Description:
•	The moorland tops are largely unenclosed, with occasional gritstone walls dividing the moors.
•	The moorland fringes and valley slopes are enclosed by dry gritstone moors, and hedgerows enclose fields in the valley bottoms.


Description:
•	Small narrow fields, often of medieval origin are found around many villages, while larger rectangular fields occur away from the villages.
•	Fields are enclosed by white, limestone, dry stone walls and walled up lead rakes.


Description:
•	Fields are usually enclosed by dry gritstone walls, although hedgerows are more common on lower slopes.


Description:
•	The lower, steeply undulating foothills are characterised by a regular pattern of fields, varying in size according to the topography.  Hedges in lower areas give way to stone walls on higher ground.


Description:
•	Field boundaries, where they occur, include both fences and hedges.


Description:
•	Large parts of the area have been affected by mineral extraction and field patterns have often been lost.  Where it survives, the pattern is predominantly rectangular and is defined by degraded hedges or post and wire fencing.


Description:
•	Field boundaries are defined by a combination of hedgerows and post and wire fencing.
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.


Description:
•	Most field boundaries are marked by clipped hedges, many of which are intermittent and have been replaced by post and wire fences.  In coastal areas, hedges and hedgelines are often characterised by gorse scrub.


Description:
•	Most field boundaries are marked by hedges, many of which are intermittent and have been replaced by post and wire fences.  Field boundaries on the mosses are marked by ditches. Where farmland has been fragmented by industrial or urban development field patterns are becoming fragmented and subject to scrub invasion.


Description:
•	Strong field patterns are defined by hedgerows, often with dense, mature hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	There is a regular pattern of hedged fields, with scattered mature hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	An irregular field pattern with species-rich hedgerows is found across much of the area, though it is more regular in the north-west where it is of relatively late enclosure.


Description:
•	Hedgerows form the dominant boundary type in the lowlands, while drystone walls are more common on the upland fringes.


Description:
•	A weak pattern of hedged fields covers much of the area, which contrasts with areas of smaller, irregular fields with more distinctive hedgerows in the west.


Description:
•	There are open arable areas with low hedges, areas of smaller hedged fields and large unenclosed areas in Cannock Chase.


Description:
•	There is an intact and well maintained framework of hedgerows with numerous mature hedgerow ash and oak trees throughout the area. 
•	Medium scale pastures with irregular field patterns predominate, with localised but often extensive areas of larger scale arable land with a rectilinear pattern wherever soil and topographic conditions are favourable.
•	There is extensive ridge and furrow throughout the settled farmlands of the South Derbyshire Claylands and sunken narrow lanes are also typical on elevated land.


Description:
•	Hedgerows are low, sparse and often well trimmed on the slightly elevated river terraces where they divide large arable fields, but there are also stretches of permanent pasture, where dense, overgrown hedgerows enclose small riverside meadows.
•	There are few hedgerow trees and those on the terraces are typically stag-headed and in poor condition; hedgerow ash and willow trees occur sporadically in pastoral areas.


Description:
•	Hedgerows are generally low and well trimmed where they surround large arable fields on shallow slopes, and dense with many scattered hedgerow trees where they enclose permanent pasture or mixed farmland on steep slopes and heavier soils.
•	This is an area of mixed farming, with large open arable fields on the broader plateaux and small-scale pastures with more irregular shapes and some historic hedgerow boundaries on heavier soils, steep slopes and around settlements.


Description:
•	Much of the farmland retains its former character of sparse, low hedgerows with few hedgerow trees, but this pattern is changing as the hedgerow structure is strengthened through new planting.
•	The farmland is in mixed arable and pasture use; where arable predominates, some fields have been enlarged and the diverse landscape pattern is eroded.  There is a wide variation in field pattern, with many irregular fields interspersed with areas of parliamentary enclosure with geometric shaped fields.


Description:
•	The majority of the farmland retains the strongly rectilinear pattern of low hedgerows imposed during the 18th and 19th century enclosures.  This is complemented by scattered hedgerow trees, copses and spinneys on ridgelines and occasional groups of trees along rivers and streams.
•	On steeper ground and heavier clays the land is less intensively farmed and arable and pasture are mixed.  Here hedgerows are more substantial, hedgerow trees more frequent and there is some permanent pasture.
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.


Description:
•	Surrounding the areas of rocky outcrops and heathland, there are extensive areas of pasture enclosed within a rectilinear pattern of 19th hedgerows.  Areas with smaller irregular fields are found around the villages and older farmsteads.
•	In contrast to the surrounding farmland landscapes, Charnwood has a complex mosaic of heathland, woodland, parkland and farmland.


Description:
•	The ridges often have the rectilinear pattern of 18th and 19th century enclosures and are bounded by low thorn hedges.  The valleys generally have a more irregular field pattern with dense mixed species hedgerows and more frequent hedgerow trees.  The area generally has exceptionally well managed hedgerows.
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.


Description:
•	Hedgerow cover is variable, but the majority of field hedgerows are well managed with a good scattering of mature hedgerow oak and ash trees.  To the south the local limestone is intermittently used in eroding field stone walls.


Description:
•	Tall, well-trimmed hawthorn hedges occur throughout and often contain mature hedgerow trees, predominantly oak and beech.  Hedges are often flanked by wide verges.
•	Dominant impression throughout the landscape is of a large-scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields containing extensive arable cropping and some areas of mixed farming.


Description:
•	Low, gappy hawthorn hedges and drainage ditches (with their associated reeds) define field boundaries.


Description:
•	Some areas are densely planted with mixed hedges and hedgerow oaks. Sunken lanes and mixed hedges are a feature of the Cromer Ridge.
•	Fields are variable in size – small- scale irregularity of early enclosure giving way in many areas to larger more regular patterns (particularly in the west).


Description:
•	Small to medium scale fields – becoming bleaker and more open towards the coast (defined by soil banks) and more intricate and irregular inland due to early enclosure (defined by high hedges and prominent hedgerow trees).


Description:
•	There are few fences – reed-fringed ditches divide fields in a rectilinear pattern.
•	Hedgerows are present in the upper reaches of the valleys.
•	Field gates are features.


Description:
•	Hedgerows are absent from the large, rectilinear fields.
•	Open grazing pastures are patterned by a network of ancient and modern reed-fringed drainage ditches and dykes, numerous creeks and a few vertical boundaries such as hedges or fences.


Description:
•	Marshes, wetlands and drained pastures and fields are characteristic of these estuaries and valleys.
•	The estuaries and rivers are separated by rolling areas of the Sandlings, comprising a mosaic of heathland, woodland and farmland.
•	The area is laced with lanes and minor roads, many enclosed between hedges and field boundary trees, though in some areas trees have been lost and hedgerows have removed.


Description:
•	Boundaries are formed by deep ditches. There are relatively few hedgerows due to field amalgamation but the remaining copses and hedges often contain a variety of species.
•	Mixture of remnant medieval ancient countryside (irregular small fields and pollard hedgerow oaks), early co-axial field patterns and large modern fields largely devoid of hedges and trees.


Description:
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.


Description:
•	The underlying geology is of late Triassic and early Jurassic grey clay and limestone overlaid by red Mercia Mudstone.


Description:
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.


Description:
•	The topography can be divided into four distinct areas: the floodplain, a gentle low vale, underlain by mudstones and clay, a more elevated, undulating vale underlain by sandstones and mudstones and the open windswept coast with low cliffs to the north.


Description:
•	Whilst the Upper Greensand of the upper plateaus and ridges gives rise to poor, slightly acidic soil, the river valleys consist of fine loams and silts.


Description:
•	Soils derived from red sandstone give this area its name.


Description:
•	Culm Measures give rise to heavy, infertile soils on the hilltops and valley bottoms; some valley sides have more fertile and better-drained soils.


Description:
•	Dartmoor is underlain by a large granite batholith with an aureole of metamorphic rocks including tin, copper and china clay bearing deposits.


Description:
•	Ball clay extraction in the Bovey basin gives rise to a distinctive local landscape.


Description:
•	A gently undulating slate plateau forms the ‘backbone’ of the area, dipping gently to the south with its highest point close to the north coast.


Description:
•	Soils on the Moor are acidic, predominately gravely and peaty whilst those on the fringes are well drained acid brown earths capable of cultivation.
•	Slates, shales and ores created from the formation of the granite intrusion have resulted in extensive mineral workings, including tin mining, china clay extraction and granite quarries.


Description:
•	Soils are thin, acidic and poor reflecting the underlying geology.


Description:
•	An exposed open windswept granite plateau forms the core of the area, with boulder strewn slopes and long views across the Atlantic and into the Cornish heartland.


Description:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.
•	Many uninhabited islands and offshore rocks, forming complex seascapes.


Description:
•	A small, isolated island with distinctive flat-topped granite landform, steeply sloping sides and vertical cliffs.  The south-eastern peninsular is comprised of Devonian slates.


Description:
•	Permanent pasture and semi-natural grassland are typical of the valleys and coastal fringes; inland is an open, mixed and arable landscape, with intensive cereal, beef and sheep production.
•	On the Whin Sill intrusions are rare, semi-natural whinstone grasslands.


Description:
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	There are rare arctic-alpine flora on the scree slopes and species-rich semi-natural grasslands and wet flushes in the valleys eg the Coquet valley.


Description:
•	The exposed moorland areas are heavily grazed by sheep and are characterised by both heather and improved grassland.
•	There are numerous peaty mires and mosses.


Description:
•	Raised peat bogs, locally known as ‘mosses’ provide a contrast with the improved pasture which forms a large part of the coastal fringe area.


Description:
•	Semi natural habitats include saltmarsh and sand dunes backing the beaches. There are areas of managed and unmanged moorland towards the south of the area and inland, which is used for rough grazing.


Description:
•	Mires, marshy grasslands and reed swamp in low lying areas are valued semi-natural habitats.


Description:
•	Around 12% of the area is classed as semi natural, with lowland heath being the predominant natural land cover, and there are also mosaics of neutral grassland, heather and unimproved acid grassland in different parts of the area.


Description:
•	There are important limestone grasslands, arctic-alpine flora and juniper scrub habitats in Teesdale and elsewhere.


Description:
•	North of the Whin Sill there is open, windswept semi-improved and rough grazing on elevated land, with loughs and rushy pastures.
•	This contrasts with the more fertile floodplain land along the South Tyne.


Description:
•	Remnants of Magnesian Limestone grassland occur on thin calcareous soils on steeper escarpment slopes and drift-free ridges and there are limestone plant communities in old quarries.


Description:
•	Fragments of heathland and scrub occur on infertile acidic soils on higher ground.


Description:
•	Landcover is predominantly moorland with remnant heather in the upland areas, together with limestone upland.  There are extensive limestone pavement areas and scars.


Description:
•	In terms of semi-natural areas, the moorland is poorly drained and has blanket bog underlain by deep peat which forms an important habitat.  Most of the area is covered with acidic grassland.


Description:
•	The low fells include heathland, tarns and becks, small wetlands and mires, rough grassland and bracken. Undulating fields of species-rich grassland.


Description:
•	Semi natural areas include a mosaic of species rich grassland, limestone pavements, scrub, semi-natural coppice woodland, herb-rich grasslands, peaty fenlands and mosslands.


Description:
•	The fells comprise a mixture of heather moorland in the drier east and cotton grass bog in the wetter west.  In the south west, there are limestone outcrops in the form of pavements, scars and screes.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats are generally confined to the upper fringes in the north and west where improved grassland gives way to rough moorland grazing.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats are few, tending to be limited to areas of riparian rough grazing, particularly in rivers’ more northerly sections.


Description:
•	The higher moorland represents the most extensive area of heather moorland in England and Wales.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats principally comprise areas of woodland and unimproved grassland.


Description:
•	Semi-natural ancient woodlands are key habitats, found on the ridge, hill tops, steeper slopes and along small valleys.


Description:
•	Most areas of moss have been drained and improved for agriculture, though some areas of moss, comprising raised mire, remain near Heysham and are valued semi-natural habitats.


Description:
•	Semi-natural woodland, much of which is ancient, occurs on the main valley bottoms, side valleys and ridges, and is dominated by oak, ash and alder.
•	There are lush hay meadows and some rough grazing at higher elevations.


Description:
•	The moorland is ringed by enclosed, reclaimed moorland pasture with an attractive mosaic of woodland, unimproved meadows, pasture, marshes and streams.
•	High quality species-rich meadows can be found in the limestone areas to the east.


Description:
•	Most land is pasture, with areas of acid and neutral grassland, flushes and mires.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats on the open moorland and moorland fringe include blanket bog, mores, acid flashes, unimproved grasslands and wooded cloughs.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats include moorland areas and some broadleaved woodlands.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats include open water, wetlands (including subsidence flashes), grassland and remnant heaths and woodlands.


Description:
•	The Ings are alluvial flood meadows which are important for their wetland vegetation and as habitats for wintering and migrating birds.  There are some areas of remnant heathland and there are also some areas of neutral grassland on clay soils which are of wildlife importance.  The remnant raised mires on peat deposits are also of great importance.


Description:
•	Semi natural vegetation only remains in small fragments and although marshland and meres were once common Hornsea Mere is the largest surviving example.  There is some unimproved neutral grassland on the bolder clays.


Description:
•	There are a few relict areas of salt marsh and reedbeds along the tidal channels which cross the drained marshes and there is also some remaining marshy grassland.  The mudflats in the estuary are of international importance as feeding areas for birds.
•	The disused Barton clay pits contain open water and lie below the Humber Bridge and the open water.  Their  reedbeds and other wetland vegetation are of value for birds.


Description:
•	Strong geometric field pattern clearly defined by pine shelterbelts or ‘Deal Rows’(originally planted and managed as wind break hedgerows following the Enclosures Act but with the traditional management abandoned, distinctive twisted and gnarled trees remain).
•	Irrigation and fertilisation of the inherently infertile Breckland soils has seen the development of a large scale arable landscape of pale-coloured fields.  This contrasts with areas of open heath and the vertical elements of pine lines, belts and forests.


Description:
•	The area exhibits the remnants of small-scale irregular medieval enclosure, despite some rationalization of fields.
•	Sunken hollow lanes are a feature, lined with hedgerows, but the impact of Dutch Elm disease is apparent (in Essex).


Description:
•	Fields are bounded by either open ditches or sparse closely trimmed hedges, both containing a variable number and quality of hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	There is much variety in the distribution and extent of hedgerow and tree cover and density of hedgerows.  On some valley floodplains, such as that of the Welland, there are substantial waterside trees and meadows, but elsewhere flatter areas are arable farmland with low and intermittent hedges.


Description:
•	Medium-sized arable and wooded landscape on dip-slope to the south-west.
•	Considerable areas of pasture intersperse arable and wooded land cover.
•	Variable field and roadside boundaries – ranging from mature shelterbelts to gappy, short flailed boundaries to intact evergreen hedges.


Description:
•	Fields are generally medium-sized, with full hedgerows and hedgerow oaks and ash trees.


Description:
•	Woodlands are separated by large arable fields on thinner soils which are separated by low hedgerows and intermittent trees.
•	The mixed farmland to the west of Peterborough has both hedges and stone walls and fields are set out with the distinctive rectilinear pattern of the parliamentary enclosures.


Description:
•	The area’s well treed character is derived from hedgerows, hedgerow trees, copses, spinneys and small ridgetop woodlands, rather than any great extent of large woodlands.
•	Frequent and very prominent ridge and furrow, as well as many deserted settlements.


Description:
Hedgerows form a regular criss-cross rectilinear pattern across the hills.  They are generally sparse and well trimmed in the large-scale arable areas and dense, with numerous hedgerow trees around pastures.
•	There are outstanding and extensive examples of ridge and furrow and deserted villages on pastoral land throughout the character area.


Description:
•	Fields are usually large, with regular or rectilinear shapes, although there are some smaller fields.
•	Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields.


Description:
•	There are ancient patterns of well-hedged, irregular fields and small woodlands that contrast with larger semi-regular fields on former deer parks and estates and geometric patterns on former commons.


Description:
•	There are irregular field patterns in valleys and around settlements contrasting with large rectilinear fields on higher ground.
•	To the west are open hilltop pastures, rough grazing and moorland.


Description:
•	There is a predominantly irregular enclosure pattern of small fields with thick, mixed hedges, becoming larger and semi-regular on the lower ground to the east; the high hills to the west are mostly unenclosed.


Description:
•	Parkland is also a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands.
•	The hedgerows are often cut low with sparse tree cover, although locally high or planted windbreaks occur around orchards and hop fields.


