# Tbl_FG_JM_KeyChars

FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is relatively sparse but there are a few blocks of medium sized, regularly shaped deciduous woodland, which are particularly prominent in the flat, open and uniform farmed landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse woodland cover
Some blocks of medium sized, regularly shaped deciduous woodland


FG KeyChar:
•	A predominantly open, medium-scale agricultural landscape, with mixed arable farmland on the Middle Marsh to the west and smaller farm units with traditional drained pastures and some vegetable crops on the Outmarsh to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed arable farmland, including cereals, to the west
Drained pasture with some vegetable crops to the east
Occasional wet pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	Specific areas of the coast are managed for nature conservation, notably between Saltfleet and Theddlethorpe.  South of Saltfleet Haven there is an ancient calcareous dune system and at Gibraltar Point more extensive dunes and saltmarshes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient calcareous dune system
Extensive dunes and saltmarshes


FG KeyChar:
•	A complex series of rivers and small streams drain eastwards towards the sea.  Some are natural water courses (eg The Great Eau and Waithe Beck, while others rely on a network of man-made brackish drainage ditches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A complex series of rivers and small streams drain eastwards towards the sea.  Some are natural water courses (eg The Great Eau and Waithe Beck, while others rely on a network of man-made brackish drainage ditches.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Middle Marsh comprises regular rectilinear fields bounded by occasional hedgerows, which increase in density towards the edge of the Wolds.  The Outmarsh is devoid of hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular rectilinear fields
Occasional hedgerows in the west, but issue of hedgerow loss
Brackish drainage ditches in the east


FG KeyChar:
•	The Middle Marsh is underlain by glacial tills which produce slowly permeable, seasonally waterlogged fine loams which are ideal for cereals.  Mixed with the clay tills are localised areas of outwash gravels.  The Outmarsh is composed of marine alluvium and has deep clayey soils.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Middle Marsh is underlain by glacial tills which produce slowly permeable, seasonally waterlogged fine loams which are ideal for cereals.  Mixed with the clay tills are localised areas of outwash gravels.  The Outmarsh is composed of marine alluvium and has deep clayey soils.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traces of ridge and furrow are found throughout the Outmarsh and there is evidence of ancient salt works at Castle Hills, Tetney and Somercotes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traces of ridge and furrow
Evidence of ancient salt works
Water features unknown (possibly related to salt works)


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern throughout the area, with a concentration of larger settlements along the coast, including seaside resorts, theme parks, bungalows, caravan parks and industry.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern throughout the area, with a concentration of larger settlements along the coast, including seaside resorts, theme parks, bungalows, caravan parks and industry.


FG KeyChar:
•	A flat coastal plain, rising gradually towards the west where there is a more undulating landscape at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A flat coastal plain, rising gradually towards the west where there is a more undulating landscape at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland and hedge cover is sparse, but increases westwards towards the foot of the Wolds, particularly close to settlements. Wooded open farmland occurs at Claythorpe and Brocklesby on the fringes of the Wolds.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse woodland cover
Small woodlands inland at foot of Wolds
Shelter plantings around buildings and settlements
Some in-field and hedgerow trees in inland areas


FG KeyChar:
•	Most land throughout the area is in arable use with large, rectilinear parliamentary enclosure fields, enclosed by clipped hawthorn hedges (although older enclosures do occur in parts).

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly arable and some mixed farming
Some pasture in valleys of south west
Rough pasture and scrub on the north-west scarp


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a sparse settlement pattern of small, nucleated villages – building materials reflect the diverse underlying geology.

Edited_KeyChars:
Diverse underlying geology reflected in buildings
Claxby Ironstone and Tealby Limestone in the north
Brick in the south


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows accentuate the rolling landform and tops are marked by prominent clumps of trees, often mature beech.
•	Most land throughout the area is in arable use with large, rectilinear parliamentary enclosure fields, enclosed by clipped hawthorn hedges (although older enclosures do occur in parts).

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly large, rectilinear fields with hawthorn hedgerows
Also some areas of older enclosure with mixed hedgerows
Ditches in valley bottoms
Some localised dry stone walls on scarp


FG KeyChar:
•	This rolling upland landscape is dominated by a west-facing chalk escarpment, extensively moulded by glacial and periglacial action.
•	The escarpment takes a simple form in the north, where the plateau top has light chalky soils and the scarp face is clothed with scrub woodland and pasture.
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.
•	Further south the scarp form is more complex, with exposed ironstones, limestones and sandstones (the latter giving rise to acid soils) and glacial till.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This rolling upland landscape is dominated by a west-facing chalk escarpment, extensively moulded by glacial and periglacial action.
•	The escarpment takes a simple form in the north, where the plateau top has light chalky soils and the scarp face is clothed with scrub woodland and pasture.
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.
•	Further south the scarp form is more complex, with exposed ironstones, limestones and sandstones (the latter giving rise to acid soils) and glacial till.


FG KeyChar:
•	Minimal settlement on the ridgetops, a string of springline villages along the foot of the western scarp and larger settlements such as Sleaford and Metheringham to the east of the dipslope.  Sited on the ridgetop, Lincoln Cathedral is a dominant landmark throughout the area.
•	Active and redundant airfields along the top of the Edge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Minimal settlement on the ridgetops, a string of springline villages along the foot of the western scarp and larger settlements such as Sleaford and Metheringham to the east of the dipslope.  Sited on the ridgetop, Lincoln Cathedral is a dominant landmark throughout the area.
•	Active and redundant airfields along the top of the Edge.


FG KeyChar:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is variable.  The drier arable upland areas are relatively open, with shelterbelts along roads and tracks; to the east a more irregular field pattern includes more hedgerows and small semi-natural woodlands; and to the north the coversands support a mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fairly open with prominent individual oak and ash trees
Some small semi-natural oak/birch woodlands
Shelter plantings around villages, especially to east


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the area is an open, arable or mixed farmland landscape with a deeply rural character; but the heavier clays of the Belvoir Vale have a greater predominance of permanent pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly open, arable or mixed farmland
More permanent pasture on heavier clays of vales at risk of drainage and improvement


FG KeyChar:
•	There are frequent nucleated settlements which often have prominent church spires and red brick houses roofed with pantiles.


FG KeyChar:
•	The character area is dominated by the slow, but powerful River Trent, which falls at a slight gradient and meanders very gradually through a broad shallow valley.  The Trent, and other rivers in the area, are relatively inconspicuous in the wider landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The character area is dominated by the slow, but powerful River Trent, which falls at a slight gradient and meanders very gradually through a broad shallow valley.  The Trent, and other rivers in the area, are relatively inconspicuous in the wider landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Thorn hedges between arable fields are often gappy and well trimmed; there are few hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear field patterns
Sparse and well trimmed hedgerows in large-scale arable areas
Smaller fields and denser hedgerows in pastoral areas
Ditches in the vales


JM KeyChar:
•	The open field system has left numerous traces in this landscape, notably at Laxton; and remnant ridge and furrow can be seen in the vales.  Great country house parks and gardens (some former medieval deer parks) are a feature of the Trent Valley around Newark, with smaller estates and parklands in the Vale of Belvoir.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant open fields
Prominent historic ridge and furrow at risk from agricultural  intensification
Country house parks and gardens (some with medieval deer parks)


FG KeyChar:
•	Pastures along watercourses, particularly the Trent washlands, have some species-rich grassland habitats, but these are generally isolated and rare in the character area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant species-rich grasslands, especially in washlands
Localised remnant acid grasslands and heaths


Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are frequent nucleated settlements which often have prominent church spires and red brick houses roofed with pantiles.


FG KeyChar:
•	The vales have a gently undulating landform, with shallow ridges dropping down gently to broad river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The vales have a gently undulating landform, with shallow ridges dropping down gently to broad river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are generally few woodlands, but tree cover becomes more frequent towards the west of the area between Nottingham and Southwell, where there are many small linear ancient oak/ash woodlands, and on the broad ridge immediately to the west of Lincoln.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally few woodlands, many poorly managed
Many small linear ancient oak-ash woodlands along streams and on ridges to the west
Hedgerow trees provide main tree cover in vales
Riparian trees including willow pollards in Trent washlands
Localised traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The extensive historic estates and parklands of the Dukeries dominate the central; western area, south west of Worksop, but there are also small prominent pockets of estate land amidst the arable fields of the northern part of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable farming
Narrow pastoral floodplains


FG KeyChar:
•	Local buildings are of sandstone, with older buildings of red brick and pantile.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local buildings of sandstone, red brick and pantile


FG KeyChar:
•	Surface water is scarce on the porous sandstones and river valleys occur where water courses have cut down through the sandstone to form narrow pastoral floodplains which are often in sharp contrast to the surrounding arable land.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Surface water is scarce on the porous sandstones and river valleys occur where water courses have cut down through the sandstone to form narrow pastoral floodplains which are often in sharp contrast to the surrounding arable land.


FG KeyChar:
•	Elsewhere the large rectilinear arable fields are devoid of tree cover and are enclosed by trimmed thorn hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear fields devoid of trees and enclosed by trimmed thorn hedgerows
Some smaller enclosures  in east


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the area is underlain by permeable Sherwood Sandstone and has an undulating character with dry valleys (sculpted by glacial activity) and narrow river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The majority of the area is underlain by permeable Sherwood Sandstone and has an undulating character with dry valleys (sculpted by glacial activity) and narrow river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The extensive historic estates and parklands of the Dukeries dominate the central; western area, south west of Worksop, but there are also small prominent pockets of estate land amidst the arable fields of the northern part of the area.
•	The remnants of the coal industry are often conspicuous and include disused mines, pit heaps, old railway lines and mining settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive historic estates with ornamental parklands throughout
Narrow man-made lakes along river valleys
Remnants of the coal industry evident


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s strong heathland character is often evident at roadsides and along woodland edges, where there are patches of bracken, gorse and broom.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of unenclosed heath, with bracken, gorse and broom


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements on the Sherwood heaths are scattered farming villages which were expanded in the 20th century to become mining settlements.  In the Dukeries there are a few nucleated estate villages and in the north a dispersed pattern of scattered villages, hamlets and isolated farmsteads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements on the Sherwood heaths are scattered farming villages which were expanded in the 20th century to become mining settlements.  In the Dukeries there are a few nucleated estate villages and in the north a dispersed pattern of scattered villages, hamlets and isolated farmsteads.


FG KeyChar:
•	The former forests and wastes retain extensive woodland cover, particularly secondary oak-birch broadleaved woodland and conifers.
•	The area’s strong heathland character is often evident at roadsides and along woodland edges, where there are patches of bracken, gorse and broom.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive woodland cover, particularly secondary oak-birch broadleaved woodland and pine plantation
Ancient stag-headed oaks
Alder and willow carrs in the river meadowlands
Few hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is dominated by pastoral farming, together with rough grazing on the highest land and some arable on better soils in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly pastoral farming with sheep and dairy cattle
Rough grazing on the highest land
West pasture and some arable in the valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The dominant building material is local gritstone although limestone and red brick are found in localised areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dominant building material is local gritstone with some limestone and red brick


FG KeyChar:
•	Many small streams and rivers, with dense tree cover, dissect the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many small streams and rivers, with dense tree cover, dissect the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a variable field pattern that is usually enclosed by hedgerows on lower ground and by dry gritstone walls on the moorland fringe.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variable field patterns
Fields usually enclosed by hedgerows on lower ground
Dry gritstone walls on the moorland fringe


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an area of undulating, rising ground underlain by bands of Carboniferous sandstone and mudstone with occasional outliers of Carboniferous limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an area of undulating, rising ground underlain by bands of Carboniferous sandstone and mudstone with occasional outliers of Carboniferous limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a rich industrial heritage in the area, particularly associated with the mills along the Derwent Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich industrial heritage, particularly associated with mills along the Derwent Valley
Some estate and parkland landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	There are some patches of unimproved grassland and hay meadows in the valleys and rough grassland and heathland remnants on the enclosed moorlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Localised acid and calcareous grassland
Unimproved grassland and hay meadows in valleys
Heathland remnants with bracken and gorse


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of isolated farmsteads and small villages.
•	The area includes the small towns of Wirksworth, Belper and Duffield and the western fringes of Chesterfield.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of isolated farmsteads and small villages.
•	The area includes the small towns of Wirksworth, Belper and Duffield and the western fringes of Chesterfield.


FG KeyChar:
•	Broadleaved woodlands are scattered throughout the area, and large blocks are associated with the steep valley slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Broadleaved, often ancient, woodlands scattered throughout the area
Large woodland blocks on steep valley slopes and along rivers
Hedgerow trees important on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Grouse shooting and sheep grazing dominate the wild, semi-natural open moors.
•	Dairy farming with some beef cattle is typical in the sheltered valleys around the margins to the plateaux.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dairy farming with some beef cattle in valleys
Grouse shooting and sheep grazing on moors
Valley sides a mosaic of improved, wet and rough grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are built and detailed in local 'gritstone', and are often solitary or in a compact cluster.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in local gritstone


FG KeyChar:
•	Fast-flowing streams run through the incised cloughs.
•	Several of the broader valleys have been flooded to form reservoirs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Fast-flowing streams run through the incised cloughs.
•	Several of the broader valleys have been flooded to form reservoirs.


FG KeyChar:
•	The moorland tops are largely unenclosed, with occasional gritstone walls dividing the moors.
•	The moorland fringes and valley slopes are enclosed by dry gritstone moors, and hedgerows enclose fields in the valley bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dry gritstone walls on moorland fringes and valley slopes
Hedgerows in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	The area forms a sharply defined high plateau that is underlain by Millstone Grit, giving rise to rounded hill summits and rocky outcrops and prominent linear edges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area forms a sharply defined high plateau that is underlain by Millstone Grit, giving rise to rounded hill summits and rocky outcrops and prominent linear edges.


JM KeyChar:
•	The many visible historic landscape features include prehistoric stone circles, cairnfields, barrows and hillforts as well as early coal mining remains.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric remains on moors
Roman roads and packhorse routes
Parkland and estate landscapes
Victorian reservoirs


FG KeyChar:
•	There are wide expanses of unenclosed heather and grass moorland on the rolling upland plateaux.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wide expanses of heather and grass moorland
Extensive peat deposits and blanket bog
Flower-rich meadows in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The agricultural landscape is predominantly arable with some pasture in the valleys and fruit farms and market gardening on lighter land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable
Some improved and rough pasture in the valleys
Fruit farms and market gardening on lighter land


Edited_KeyChars:
Very small areas of coastal salt marsh (area has little coast)


FG KeyChar:
•	Other features from this period are Georgian manors and parkland, shelterbelt and avenue tree plantings, and broad drove roads created to provide grazing for sheep en route to the coastal marshes.
•	Most land throughout the area is in arable use with large, rectilinear parliamentary enclosure fields, enclosed by clipped hawthorn hedges (although older enclosures do occur in parts).
•	The area is rich in archaeological remains, including ancient trackways, tumuli along the scarp and a strong concentration of deserted medieval villages – many make a visible contribution to landscape character.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich in archaeology including ancient trackways, tumuli, deserted medieval villages and moated sites
Historic manor parkland and estates


FG KeyChar:
•	In the south-west the broader valleys of the rivers Lymn and Bain have valley marshes, acid mires, alder carr and tree-lined watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
In the southwest valley marshes, acid mires and alder carr
Isolated chalk grassland and species-rich roadside verges


Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a sparse settlement pattern of small, nucleated villages – building materials reflect the diverse underlying geology.


FG KeyChar:
•	This rolling upland landscape is dominated by a west-facing chalk escarpment, extensively moulded by glacial and periglacial action.
•	The escarpment takes a simple form in the north, where the plateau top has light chalky soils and the scarp face is clothed with scrub woodland and pasture.
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This rolling upland landscape is dominated by a west-facing chalk escarpment, extensively moulded by glacial and periglacial action.
•	The escarpment takes a simple form in the north, where the plateau top has light chalky soils and the scarp face is clothed with scrub woodland and pasture.
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.
•	Hedgerows accentuate the rolling landform and tops are marked by prominent clumps of trees, often mature beech.
•	In the south-east the chalk is masked in boulder clay on the edge of the Middle Marsh that lies to the east – here there are ancient oak and ash woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scrub woodland on scarp face
Beech hanger woodland in dry valleys
Prominent tree clumps, shelterbelt and avenue plantings, often mature beech, on ridgetop
Ancient oak-ash woodland in south-east
Wet alder carr woodlands and tree-lined watercourses in south-west
Otherwise sparsely wooded


FG KeyChar:
•	A regular pattern of medium-sized arable fields interspersed with pasture on heavy clays; variations include pre-enclosure hay meadows and pasture near Wragby, and the drained open flatlands to the north of Brigg.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable
Wet and rough pasture and meadows on areas of heavy clay


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional building materials are predominantly brick and limestone from the adjoining Lincolnshire Edge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in brick and limestone from the adjoining Lincolnshire Edge


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Ancholme has been ‘improved’ to form a straight course from Bishopbridge to Ferriby Sluice on the Humber.  The watercourse is fed by a series of becks up to Brigg and then by the drained carrs.  To the south Barings Eau and the River Bain drain into the River Witham.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Ancholme has been ‘improved’ to form a straight course from Bishopbridge to Ferriby Sluice on the Humber.  The watercourse is fed by a series of becks up to Brigg and then by the drained carrs.  To the south Barings Eau and the River Bain drain into the River Witham.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows enclose most fields – most are hawthorn, but they are often more diverse at a distance from the road and those linking the limewoods are particularly dense with a rich variety of flora.
•	The area is rich in ridge and furrow and deserted medieval villages such as Spridlington and Goltho.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular, medium sized rectilinear fields
Mainly hawthorn hedgerows
Some older mixed hedgerows
Ditches and dykes in lower lying areas


FG KeyChar:
•	A broad low lying and very gently undulating vale underlain by seasonally waterlogged loams and clay, grading to deeper calacareous loams towards Horncastle and the Lincolnshire Wolds.
•	By contrast there are deep acidic soils on the wind blown coversands which have accumulated on the eastern vale against the scarp of the Wolds at Elsham and Market Rasen and near Woodhall Spa and Coningsby.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A broad low lying and very gently undulating vale underlain by seasonally waterlogged loams and clay, grading to deeper calcareous loams towards Horncastle and the Lincolnshire Wolds.
•	By contrast there are deep acidic soils on the wind blown coversands which have accumulated on the eastern vale against the scarp of the Wolds at Elsham and Market Rasen and near Woodhall Spa and Coningsby.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is rich in ridge and furrow and deserted medieval villages such as Spridlington and Goltho.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich in ridge and furrow and deserted medieval villages
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Remnants of lowland heath (eg at Martin Moor near Woodhall Spa and Willingham Woods near Market Rasen) and the Lincolnshire Limewoods between Bardney and Wragby are the most important semi-natural habitats in the vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnants of lowland heath, with acid grassland and gorse
Occasional wetlands on the fen borderlands


FG KeyChar:
•	Sparse nucleated settlements throughout the area linked by straight east-west roads with abrupt right-angled turns.  Enclosure roads with exceptionally wide verges and enclosing hedgerows are characteristic of the vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sparse nucleated settlements throughout the area linked by straight east-west roads with abrupt right-angled turns.  Enclosure roads with exceptionally wide verges and enclosing hedgerows are characteristic of the vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is variable; there is little on the central and northern clays, but there are extensive conifer plantations on the coversands and large blocks of ancient lime woodland between Wragby and Bardney.

Edited_KeyChars:
Little woodland on clays
Conifer blocks on coversands
Large blocks of ancient lime woodland between Wragby and Bardney
Remnant carr woodland, copses and willows
Hedgerow trees often important


FG KeyChar:
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly arable with some field vegetables
Some rough grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street follow north-south routes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street follow north-south routes.


FG KeyChar:
•	The higher land of the Edge is devoid of streams, but there is a springline along the foot of the western scarp where the limestone meets the clay.  The River Witham cuts through the scarp at Lincoln.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The higher land of the Edge is devoid of streams, but there is a springline along the foot of the western scarp where the limestone meets the clay.  The River Witham cuts through the scarp at Lincoln.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tree cover is variable.  The drier arable upland areas are relatively open, with shelterbelts along roads and tracks; to the east a more irregular field pattern includes more hedgerows and small semi-natural woodlands; and to the north the coversands support a mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large rectilinear fields with low thorn hedgerows on the northern edge
Large open fields with no hedgerows on the coversands
Some ditches and dykes in valley bottoms
Occasional discontinuous rubble limestone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.
•	To the north an area of windblown coversands creates an acidic sandy landscape of open heath, conifers, oak and birch woods.  The coversands wrap over the cliff and extend into a low lying area between Scunthorpe and Gainsborough.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.
•	To the north an area of windblown coversands creates an acidic sandy landscape of open heath, conifers, oak and birch woods.  The coversands wrap over the cliff and extend into a low lying area between Scunthorpe and Gainsborough.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


FG KeyChar:
•Minimal settlement on the ridgetops, a string of springline villages along the foot of the western scarp and larger settlements to the east of the dipslope.  Sited on the ridgetop, Lincoln Cathedral is a dominant landmark throughout the area.
•	Active and redundant airfields along the top of the Edge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•Minimal settlement on the ridgetops, a string of springline villages along the foot of the western scarp and larger settlements to the east of the dipslope.  Sited on the ridgetop, Lincoln Cathedral is a dominant landmark throughout the area.
•	Active and redundant airfields along the top of the Edge.


FG KeyChar:
•	To the north an area of windblown coversands creates an acidic sandy landscape of open heath, conifers, oak and birch woods.  The coversands wrap over the cliff and extend into a low lying area between Scunthorpe and Gainsborough.
•	Tree cover is variable.  The drier arable upland areas are relatively open, with shelterbelts along roads and tracks; to the east a more irregular field pattern includes more hedgerows and small semi-natural woodlands; and to the north the coversands support a mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of conifer plantations and oak/birch woodlands on coversands
Shelterbelts and small woodlands
Some hedgerow trees in the north


FG KeyChar:
•	Rich and varied agricultural land use including wide range of arable, root crops, bulbs, vegetable and livestock.  Horticultural glasshouses are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich agricultural use including cereals, roots, vegetables, bulbs, glasshouses and livestock
Grazing and grassland traditionally along embankments and around settlements


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional built form strongly influences the landscape, particularly historic cathedrals and churches such as at Ely and Boston.
•	Due to soil shrinkage a number of agricultural buildings are now derelict – standing at alarming angles or shored up.


FG KeyChar:
•	Marshes directly adjacent to the Wash exhibit an exceptionally open aspect (broken only by sea walls).  Occurring at the coast are river outfall structures, tidal saltmarshes and mudflats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tidal salt marshes and mudflats adjacent to the Wash


FG KeyChar:
•	A distinct hierarchy of rivers, drains and ditches strongly influences the strong dominant rectilinear/geometric landscape patterning and is a consistent feature of the area (consisting embanked rivers above the level of the surrounding land, roddons, major high level drains and washes).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A distinct hierarchy of rivers, drains and ditches strongly influences the strong dominant rectilinear/geometric landscape patterning and is a consistent feature of the area (consisting embanked rivers above the level of the surrounding land, roddons, major high level drains and washes).


Edited_KeyChars:
Strong rectilinear geometric pattern of rivers, drains and ditches, often embanked
Few hedges except in pockets of enclosed fenland and furthest inland areas (but still significant stock)


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils over the coastal and central fens are rich, fertile calcareous and silty.  Further inland soils are defined by dark, friable fen peat.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils over the coastal and central fens are rich, fertile calcareous and silty.  Further inland soils are defined by dark, friable fen peat.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although seemingly monotonous, there is considerable variation from fen to fen (amount of settlement, landscape scale and pattern) reflecting settlement history.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remains from a range of periods
Early settlement, historic drainage systems, sea defences and salterns
Water features


FG KeyChar:
•	Predominantly cultivated with little semi-natural land remaining. Remnants of relic wet areas are rare exceptions e.g. Wicken, Woodwalton and Holme.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant wetland areas - wet fenland and wash grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Although seemingly monotonous, there is considerable variation from fen to fen (amount of settlement, landscape scale and pattern) reflecting settlement history.
•	Settlement pattern varies – medium to large clusters around main towns with medieval pattern of north-south drove lines occurring at the coast and fen edge.
•	Long straight roads are typical.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although seemingly monotonous, there is considerable variation from fen to fen (amount of settlement, landscape scale and pattern) reflecting settlement history.
•	Settlement pattern varies – medium to large clusters around main towns with medieval pattern of north-south drove lines occurring at the coast and fen edge.
•	Long straight roads are typical.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large scale, flat, open landscape with extensive vistas to level horizons.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large scale, flat, open landscape with extensive vistas to level horizons.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is sparse.  There are occasional avenues to roads.  Elsewhere isolated trees have marked significance.  
•	Shelterbelts including poplar and willow occur as do leylandii hedges around farmsteads.
•	There are numerous orchards around the Wisbech area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse woodland cover
Occasional avenues and shelterbelts including willow and poplar, often along watercourses
Isolated trees of marked significance
Numerous orchards in Wisbech area


FG KeyChar:
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls.
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly arable fields
Some mixed pasture for grazing, especially to east


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street and High Dyke follow north-south routes with one significant east-west route, Salter’s Way. Green lanes occur throughout the southern area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Roman roads and ancient trackways such as Ermine Street and High Dyke follow north-south routes with one significant east-west route, Salter’s Way. Green lanes occur throughout the southern area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The higher land of the Edge is devoid of streams, but there is a springline along the foot of the western scarp where the limestone meets the clay.  The River Slea follows the distinctive valley of the Ancaster Gap to the north of Grantham.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The higher land of the Edge is devoid of streams, but there is a springline along the foot of the western scarp where the limestone meets the clay.  The River Slea follows the distinctive valley of the Ancaster Gap to the north of Grantham.


Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly open, rectilinear arable fields 
Fields enclosed by sparse hedgerows
Some limestone walls, and ditches on lower ground
More irregular fields for grazing (generally to east) have denser hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls. 
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A large-scale ‘upland’ escarpment broadly divided into north and south by the River Witham which cuts through the ‘Edge’ at Lincoln.  The straight sharp western scarp, known as the ‘Cliff’ is a distinctive feature along most of the edge, sometimes with a secondary lower scarp of ironstone.
•	The light calcareous soils of the broad ridgetop and shallower slopes support an open landscape of rectilinear arable fields with sparse hedgerows, shelterbelts and discontinuous rubble limestone walls. 
•	Towards the eastern edge of the dip slope the landscape pattern is more enclosed, with dense hedgerows, hedgerow trees and some grazed pastures as there is a transition to the heavier clay soils of the Lincolnshire Vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	The highest land of the plateaux is remote, devoid of buildings and man-made structures.
•	Traditional buildings are built and detailed in local 'gritstone', and are often solitary or in a compact cluster.
•	Some larger settlements are found in the valleys, including some village centres and expanded industrial settlements like New Mills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The highest land of the plateaux is remote, devoid of buildings and man-made structures.
•	Traditional buildings are built and detailed in local 'gritstone', and are often solitary or in a compact cluster.
•	Some larger settlements are found in the valleys, including some village centres and expanded industrial settlements like New Mills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area forms a sharply defined high plateau that is underlain by Millstone Grit, giving rise to rounded hill summits and rocky outcrops and prominent linear edges.
•	There are strongly contrasting landscapes in deeply-incised cloughs around the margins of plateaux.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area forms a sharply defined high plateau that is underlain by Millstone Grit, giving rise to rounded hill summits and rocky outcrops and prominent linear edges.
•	There are strongly contrasting landscapes in deeply-incised cloughs around the margins of plateaux.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many enclosed valleys contain broadleaved semi-natural woodland and some are dominated by large forestry plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open treeless moors
Broadleaved semi-natural woodland in enclosed valleys and cloughs
In-field and hedgerow trees in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The dominant land use is improved grassland for intensive dairy farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Improved grassland for intensive dairy farming


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings in villages are often constructed of limestone. Other buildings in the area, particularly in towns, are more variable, with limestone and 'gritstone' used either singly or in combination.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farm buildings and isolated field barns often constructed of limestone


FG KeyChar:
•	Many of the dales are dry or seasonal, but clear, fast-flowing rivers and streams are found in some.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many of the dales are dry or seasonal, but clear, fast-flowing rivers and streams are found in some.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small narrow fields, often of medieval origin are found around many villages, while larger rectangular fields occur away from the villages.
•	Fields are enclosed by white, limestone, dry stone walls and walled up lead rakes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields enclosed by white, limestone, dry stone walls
Small and narrow fields, often of medieval origin near villages
Large and rectangular fields elsewhere


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is elevated Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected by steeply cut dales and gorges with rock outcrops, screes, and cave systems.
•	Much of the limestone is overlain by deposits of loess, which give rise to fertile loamy soils in many parts of the plateau. Higher areas and steeper slopes are more strongly influenced by the underlying limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is elevated Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected by steeply cut dales and gorges with rock outcrops, screes, and cave systems.
•	Much of the limestone is overlain by deposits of loess, which give rise to fertile loamy soils in many parts of the plateau. Higher areas and steeper slopes are more strongly influenced by the underlying limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small narrow fields, often of medieval origin are found around many villages, while larger rectangular fields occur away from the villages.
•	Long-disused workings for limestone and ores, particularly lead rakes, provide features rich in ecological, historical and cultural interest.

Edited_KeyChars:
Long disused limestone and ore workings, including lead rakes
Dew ponds common over the plateau


FG KeyChar:
•	Houses are located on higher ground in this thinly populated area.
•	An influx of visitors during the summer leads to crowding in tourist towns.
•	Roads cling to the valley sides, linking settlements that cluster along the edges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Houses are located on higher ground in this thinly populated area.
•	An influx of visitors during the summer leads to crowding in tourist towns.
•	Roads cling to the valley sides, linking settlements that cluster along the edges.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Broads are a series of river valleys that have been excavated for peat and subsequently flooded.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Broads are a series of river valleys that have been excavated for peat and subsequently flooded.


FG KeyChar:
•	Broadleaved woodland is present as copses and plantations on higher land in the upper reaches of the valleys.
•	Alder carr woodland and willow pollards are typical of the wetter areas, such as the undrained peat fen.

Edited_KeyChars:
Broadleaved woodland copses and plantations in upper valley reaches
Alder carr woodland and scrub in wetter areas/ undrained fen
Willow pollards


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional unimproved wet pasture is grazed with sheep and cattle. 
•	Extensive drained and ploughed productive arable land is protected from floods by sea walls.
•	There are some areas of more mixed agriculture on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Reclaimed farmed marshland
Extensive drained arable land behind sea walls
Traditional unimproved wet pasture grazed with sheep and cattle
Some areas of mixed farming on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	The Thames edge marshes are themselves subject to the chaotic activity of various major developments including ports, waste disposal, marine dredging, urbanisation, mineral extraction and prominent power stations plus numerous other industry-related activities such as petrochemical complexes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Thames edge marshes are themselves subject to the chaotic activity of various major developments including ports, waste disposal, marine dredging, urbanisation, mineral extraction and prominent power stations plus numerous other industry-related activities such as petrochemical complexes.


FG KeyChar:
•	The pervasive presence of water and numerous coastal estuaries extends the maritime influence far inland. 
•	A deeply indented coastline with distinctive island and peninsula features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The pervasive presence of water and numerous coastal estuaries extends the maritime influence far inland. 
•	A deeply indented coastline with distinctive island and peninsula features.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are absent from the large, rectilinear fields.
•	Open grazing pastures are patterned by a network of ancient and modern reed-fringed drainage ditches and dykes, numerous creeks and a few vertical boundaries such as hedges or fences.

Edited_KeyChars:
A landscape of large rectilinear fields demarcated by ditches, general lack of hedgerows 
Remaining grazing pastures patterned by a network of ancient and modern  ditches, dykes and creeks
On the south coast (e.g. Isles of Sheppey, Dengie, Canvey, Isle of Grain and Mersea) some thick hedgerows of scrub elm 
Fringing reed vegetation of ditches gives a strong marshland character


FG KeyChar:
•	Contrast and variety within the Estuary is provided by Sheppey, a long low island rising from a stretch of very flat marsh along the Swale estuary in Kent with low, steep, clay cliffs facing towards Essex across the Thames estuary.
•	Strong feeling of remoteness and wilderness persists on the open beaches and salt marshes, on the reclaimed farmed marshland and also on the mudflats.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Contrast and variety within the Estuary is provided by Sheppey, a long low island rising from a stretch of very flat marsh along the Swale estuary in Kent with low, steep, clay cliffs facing towards Essex across the Thames estuary.
•	Strong feeling of remoteness and wilderness persists on the open beaches and salt marshes, on the reclaimed farmed marshland and also on the mudflats.


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive military heritage, such as Napoleonic military defences and 20th century pillboxes, occurs on the coastline.
•	The modern day pattern of local parishes reflects the historical layout of settlements, surrounded by farmland on the higher ground inland and giving way to marsh on the waterfront.
•	The historically important coastal cargo transport network of 'Thames Barges' developed as a result of the settlement pattern.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive coastal military heritage e.g. Napoleonic defences and 20th century pillboxes
Coastal cargo transport network of 'Thames Barges'
Field and decoy ponds
Archaeological resources under grassland and arable cultivation
Remnant areas of parkland on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Numerous small villages and hamlets are related to the coastal economy of fishing (at Mersea), boatbuilding and yachting.  
•	The modern day pattern of local parishes reflects the historical layout of settlements, surrounded by farmland on the higher ground inland and giving way to marsh on the waterfront.
•	The historically important coastal cargo transport network of 'Thames Barges' developed as a result of the settlement pattern.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Numerous small villages and hamlets are related to the coastal economy of fishing (at Mersea), boatbuilding and yachting.  
•	The modern day pattern of local parishes reflects the historical layout of settlements, surrounded by farmland on the higher ground inland and giving way to marsh on the waterfront.
•	The historically important coastal cargo transport network of 'Thames Barges' developed as a result of the settlement pattern.


FG KeyChar:
•	A predominantly flat, low-lying landscape where extensive open spaces are dominated by the sky.
•	Contrast and variety within the Estuary is provided by Sheppey, a long low island rising from a stretch of very flat marsh along the Swale estuary in Kent with low, steep, clay cliffs facing towards Essex across the Thames estuary.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A predominantly flat, low-lying landscape where extensive open spaces are dominated by the sky.
•	Contrast and variety within the Estuary is provided by Sheppey, a long low island rising from a stretch of very flat marsh along the Swale estuary in Kent with low, steep, clay cliffs facing towards Essex across the Thames estuary.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees begin where the marsh ceases and the ground starts to rise on land overlying the London Clay Lowlands. 
•	Tree cover is limited to farmsteads, dwellings and villages on the higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
General absence of trees and woodland
The trees that there are on rising ground inland of marshes
Tree cover focused around farms and settlement
On the southern Kent shores orchards enclosed be tree lines and windbreaks


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable cultivation dominates much of the remaining area of the Sandlings.  In some areas field boundaries have been removed creating extensive open landscapes.  Elsewhere hedges and tree belts have been retained creating a smaller scale landscape.  Open air pig farming is also found across the area.  Soils are light and sandy often resulting in wind erosion.  The use of large scale irrigation equipment is common.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable cultivation on much of Sandling
Open air pig farming
Soils light and sandy often resulting in wind erosion
Use of large scale irrigation equipment common
Traditional pastoral landscapes in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally constructed from soft hued red bricks with thatch or pantiles.  Some buildings are rendered and painted (often in ‘Suffolk Pink’) while others (including churches) make extensive use of locally occurring split or knapped flint.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional rural buildings in soft-hued red brick with thatch or pantiles
Some buildings rendered and painted (often in ‘Suffolk Pink’)


FG KeyChar:
•	Coastal settlements are distinctive in character, many enjoying a relatively unspoilt atmosphere.  Some show the influence of Dutch architecture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low lying coast with shingle beaches (including Orford Ness spit)
Eroding clifflines
Intertidal mudflats and saltmarsh characteristic along estuaries
Areas where flood defences have been abandoned, recreating marshes and mudflats


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is laced with lanes and minor roads, many enclosed between hedges and field boundary trees, though in some areas trees have been lost and hedgerows have removed.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is laced with lanes and minor roads, many enclosed between hedges and field boundary trees, though in some areas trees have been lost and hedgerows have removed.


FG KeyChar:
•	The coastline is cut by a series of more sheltered estuaries comprising the lower reaches of the Rivers Stour, Orwell, Deben, Butley and Alde, together with low lying valleys of Hundred River, Minsmere River, Dunwich River and the River Blyth.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The coastline is cut by a series of more sheltered estuaries comprising the lower reaches of the Rivers Stour, Orwell, Deben, Butley and Alde, together with low lying valleys of Hundred River, Minsmere River, Dunwich River and the River Blyth.


FG KeyChar:
•	Marshes, wetlands and drained pastures and fields are characteristic of these estuaries and valleys.
•	The estuaries and rivers are separated by rolling areas of the Sandlings, comprising a mosaic of heathland, woodland and farmland.
•	The area is laced with lanes and minor roads, many enclosed between hedges and field boundary trees, though in some areas trees have been lost and hedgerows have removed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Enclosure mainly by hedges, creating a small scale landscape
Some areas have been subject to hedgerow removal creating extensive open landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	The area’s soils comprise glacial sands, gravels and till, covering the crag deposits that lies along the North Sea coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area’s soils comprise glacial sands, gravels and till, covering the crag deposits that lies along the North Sea coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steep slopes and dale-sides are associated with a mosaic of herb-rich grassland, woodland and scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of herb-rich grassland and scrub on dale-sides and slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Outside the settlements, there are small, isolated stone barns located beside field boundaries.
•	There is a settlement pattern of nucleated villages and small towns connected by crest and valley roads.
•	The area includes the spa towns of Buxton and Matlock Bath.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Outside the settlements, there are small, isolated stone barns located beside field boundaries.
•	There is a settlement pattern of nucleated villages and small towns connected by crest and valley roads.
•	The area includes the spa towns of Buxton and Matlock Bath.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is elevated Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected by steeply cut dales and gorges with rock outcrops, screes, and cave systems.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is elevated Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected by steeply cut dales and gorges with rock outcrops, screes, and cave systems.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are narrow, shelter belts and small blocks of broadleaved trees on high ground and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands along dale sides.

Edited_KeyChars:
Narrow shelter belts and small blocks of broadleaved trees on high ground
Semi-natural broadleaved woodlands along dale sides


FG KeyChar:
•	Rough grazing is found on the highest land and permanent pasture dominates the slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rough grazing on the highest land
Permanent pasture on the slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are usually stocky, low robust buildings constructed of local gritstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of local gritstone


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are usually enclosed by dry gritstone walls, although hedgerows are more common on lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Enclosure mainly by dry gritstone walls in rectilinear pattern
Hedgerows more common on lower slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by Carboniferous rocks, including Millstone Grit which creates localised steep edges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by Carboniferous rocks, including Millstone Grit which creates localised steep edges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Industrial heritage is common along the valleys, including remains of the textile industry.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many Bronze Age barrows around margins of valleys
Remnant early coal mining features
Other industrial heritage, including remains of the textile industry (mills), in the valleys
Parkland on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mosaic of heather moorland and upland grassland on higher ground.
•	Herb-rich hay meadows and damp rush pasture occur in fields along the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of heather moorland and upland grassland on higher ground
Herb-rich hay meadows and damp rush pasture along  valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is dispersed through the valleys, with streamside villages and isolated farms on higher ground.
•	Villages have been enlarged by development associated with industry.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is dispersed through the valleys, with streamside villages and isolated farms on higher ground.
•	Villages have been enlarged by development associated with industry.


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is a high upland ridge dissected by stream valleys and flanked by undulating slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area is a high upland ridge dissected by stream valleys and flanked by undulating slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is largely confined to enclosed valleys, wooded streamlines and occasional conifer plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland largely confined to enclosed valleys and streamsides - in need of protection


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture is based on stock rearing, with fields comprising a mixture of variable quality grassland and rough grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly stock rearing on grassland of variable quality
Rough grazing


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings such as farmsteads and the cores of older settlements are constructed in characteristic Pennine stone.  Stone walls and winding lanes combine with these buildings to give many parts of the area a consistent, upland feel.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in characteristic Pennine stone


FG KeyChar:
•	The lower, steeply undulating foothills are characterised by a regular pattern of fields, varying in size according to the topography.  Hedges in lower areas give way to stone walls on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular pattern of fields of varying sizes
Hedges in lower areas
Stone walls on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	This transitional area runs along the boundary of the Millstone Grit uplands of the Southern Pennines and the Dark Peak and the overlying Coal Measures which dip south and east beneath the Manchester plain.  The smooth, undulating landform has been cut by a series of steep sided valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This transitional area runs along the boundary of the Millstone Grit uplands of the Southern Pennines and the Dark Peak and the overlying Coal Measures which dip south and east beneath the Manchester plain.  The smooth, undulating landform has been cut by a series of steep sided valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	While there are prehistoric and medieval landscape elements (barrows and field systems), 18th and 19th century industrialisation that has had the most significant influence on this landscape.  The area continues to be affected by a number of heavy industries including quarrying, sand and gravel working, landfilling and brick making.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric barrows
Medieval field systems
18th and 19th century industrial influence (mining and textile milling)
Some historic parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats include unimproved grassland, rushy meadows and herb rich hay meadows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fragmented areas of unimproved grassland and herb-rich hay meadow
Some small areas of moorland


FG KeyChar:
•	The larger urban areas are located in the valley bottoms and at the foot of escarpments.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The larger urban areas are located in the valley bottoms and at the foot of escarpments.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is sparse overall, though there are concentrated pockets of woodland within the narrow, steep sided stream valleys.  Areas of scrub are also found on steeper slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse woodland cover overall
Pockets of woodland within the narrow, steeps-sided stream valleys
Scrub on steeper slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	While the valleys do still include areas of farming (including arable and pastures), some areas are now used for horsiculture or recreational uses (playing fields, golf courses etc), water treatment works and country parks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of arable and pastoral farming in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There are few surviving examples of traditional vernacular development, though the area has an increasingly recognised legacy of industrial archaeology.

Edited_KeyChars:
Few surviving examples of traditional vernacular buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries, where they occur, include both fences and hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field boundaries traditionally hedges
Issue of hedgerow loss to fencing


FG KeyChar:
•	The Manchester conurbation is centred on low hills which rise above the drift covered plain of New Red Sandstone.  Sands and river alluvium lie along the valleys of the Mersey and its tributaries.  These river valleys contain the most significant stretches of countryside within the otherwise built up area of the conurbation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Manchester conurbation is centred on low hills which rise above the drift covered plain of New Red Sandstone.  Sands and river alluvium lie along the valleys of the Mersey and its tributaries.  These river valleys contain the most significant stretches of countryside within the otherwise built up area of the conurbation.


Edited_KeyChars:
Legacy of industrial archaeology
Some historic parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is significantly influenced by the urban and suburban development that is focused around Manchester.  The river valleys include a number of uses associated with the urban area including water treatment works and waste disposal sites, together with recreation provision.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is significantly influenced by the urban and suburban development that is focused around Manchester.  The river valleys include a number of uses associated with the urban area including water treatment works and waste disposal sites, together with recreation provision.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats include sizeable areas of open grassland and some areas of wetland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sizeable areas of open grassland
Some areas of wetland


FG KeyChar:
•	Many of the river valleys have large areas of woodland along their slopes, providing a buffer with neighbouring areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large areas of woodland along slopes of river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Most farming is arable, though in many places the drainage has been severely disrupted by colliery subsidence.  Often the land is little more than recreational open space, used in many cases for horticulture.


Edited_KeyChars:
Few traditional vernacular farm buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	Most farming is arable, though in many places the drainage has been severely disrupted by colliery subsidence.  Often the land is little more than recreational open space, used in many cases for horsiculture.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most farming is arable, though in many places the drainage has been severely disrupted by colliery subsidence.  Often the land is little more than recreational open space, used in many cases for horsiculture.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parts of the area have been affected by mineral extraction and field patterns have often been lost.  Where it survives, the pattern is predominantly rectangular and is defined by degraded hedges or post and wire fencing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field patterns affected by mineral extraction
Where surviving, pattern is  mainly rectangular
Degraded hedges and post and wire fencing


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by coal measures which are buried under a patchy layer of glacial drift deposits.  This is an elevated landscape, rising to 170 metres at Billinge Hill and falling abruptly to the Lancashire Plain, Merseyside and the Mersey Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by coal measures which are buried under a patchy layer of glacial drift deposits.  This is an elevated landscape, rising to 170 metres at Billinge Hill and falling abruptly to the Lancashire Plain, Merseyside and the Mersey Valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes many towns that developed during industrialisation in the nineteenth century.  Allied to these settlements are pits, spoil tips and open cast sites.  Many of these are now being reclaimed and landscaped.


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats have formed on many former industrial sites, particularly where undermining has resulted in the formation of subsidence flashes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wetlands, open water and marsh (subsidence flashes) near Wigan


Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes many towns that developed during industrialisation in the nineteenth century.  Allied to these settlements are pits, spoil tips and open cast sites.  Many of these are now being reclaimed and landscaped.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by coal measures which are buried under a patchy layer of glacial drift deposits.  This is an elevated landscape, rising to 170 metres at Billinge Hill and falling abruptly to the Lancashire Plain, Merseyside and the Mersey Valley.
•	Hills and valleys run from north west to south east, creating a landscape of gently corrugated hills

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by coal measures which are buried under a patchy layer of glacial drift deposits.  This is an elevated landscape, rising to 170 metres at Billinge Hill and falling abruptly to the Lancashire Plain, Merseyside and the Mersey Valley.
•	Hills and valleys run from north west to south east, creating a landscape of gently corrugated hills


FG KeyChar:
•	Across most of the area, woodland cover is very limited.  The principal exception is the area to the northwest of Wigan where there is a higher incidence of trees and woodland, creating a more enclosed and small scale landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited woodland cover
Well-wooded valleys north-west of Wigan
Scrub woodland and new plantings on former mine workings


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes a mixture of agriculture, ranging from open marshes grazed by sheep, areas of reclaimed pasture and enclosed fields supporting dairy or beef cattle and some arable farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed agricultural use
Sheep-grazed open marshes
Reclaimed pasture and enclosed fields for dairy or beef cattle
Some arable farming


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of brick or sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of brick or sandstone


FG KeyChar:
•	Dunes of recent wind-blown sand present the dominant feature along much of the coast, rising in places to 20 metres above sea level.

Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal sand dunes and heaths
Saltmarsh and intertidal sands


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are defined by a combination of hedgerows and post and wire fencing.
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient field patterns
Combination of hedgerows and post and wire fencing
Earth embankments protecting low-lying areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay which in turn is overlain by varying amounts of glacial outwash sands and gravels, softer clays, estuarine and river alluvium, blown sand and peat.  Clay cliffs, extensive beaches comprising shingle spits and bars, together with peaty areas in local hollows and valleys are the key underlying features of this landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay which in turn is overlain by varying amounts of glacial outwash sands and gravels, softer clays, estuarine and river alluvium, blown sand and peat.  Clay cliffs, extensive beaches comprising shingle spits and bars, together with peaty areas in local hollows and valleys are the key underlying features of this landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some early religious buildings
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats make a very significant contribution to the character of this area and include intertidal sands and sand dunes, salt marsh and, inland from the coast, areas of species rich grassland and fen.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich grassland and fen
Lowland heath


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.
•	The area includes holiday and dormitory towns such as Hightown, Formby and Southport.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Historic features include ancient field patterns and small fishing hamlets which have now grown into larger settlements.
•	The area includes holiday and dormitory towns such as Hightown, Formby and Southport.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is restricted to small isolated copses with only salt tolerant species surviving and a large coniferous plantation at Formby.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small copses of salt-tolerant species
Field boundary trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Fragments of farmland remain around the fringes of the urban area, representing the continuation of landscapes in surrounding areas.  In most cases the land is versatile and of good quality (often Grade 2), though urban influences such as settlement expansion, transport and utility infrastructure, together with urban fringe pressures, mean they are not cultivated as intensively as in the past.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixture of arable land and improved pasture


FG KeyChar:
•	The lower estuary of the River Mersey cuts through the area, but pinched between the sandstone hills it has cut a relatively deep river channel, contributing to the historic development of Liverpool as a port.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The lower estuary of the River Mersey cuts through the area, but pinched between the sandstone hills it has cut a relatively deep river channel, contributing to the historic development of Liverpool as a port.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay.  These combine to create a low-lying but gently rolling platform punctuated by numerous low sandstone ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay.  These combine to create a low-lying but gently rolling platform punctuated by numerous low sandstone ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	As would be expected, the urban areas are the dominant influences on this landscape and little rural character remains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	As would be expected, the urban areas are the dominant influences on this landscape and little rural character remains.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly mixed agricultural land with areas of improved pasture, arable farming and market gardens.  Some remnant coastal marshes traditionally grazed by sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly mixed farming
Improved pasture, arable land and market gardens
Sheep grazing traditional on remnant coastal marshes


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed of sandstone and some older structures are half timbered, though many of these now lie within settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of sandstone
Some older half-timbered structures


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are linked by an intricate network of lanes, bridleways and footpaths.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are linked by an intricate network of lanes, bridleways and footpaths.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small streams have eroded picturesque gorges through the sandstone outcrops.  Coastal areas include extensive dune systems such as at Meols.  
•	The area is dominated by the Dee estuary to the south west and the Liverpool bay coast to the north.  Field ponds are found across the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small streams have eroded picturesque gorges through the sandstone outcrops.  Coastal areas include extensive dune systems such as at Meols.  
•	The area is dominated by the Dee estuary to the south west and the Liverpool bay coast to the north.  Field ponds are found across the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most field boundaries are marked by clipped hedges, many of which are intermittent and have been replaced by post and wire fences.  In coastal areas, hedges and hedgelines are often characterised by gorse scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Clipped, gappy hedges, replaced in areas by post and wire fences
Coastal hedges of gorse scrub


FG KeyChar:
•	Low-lying, undulating landscape underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay.  It is punctuated by numerous low sandstone outcrops.  A dramatic sandstone ridge extends from Bidston hill in the north through Noctorum and Mountwood to Storeton in the south, providing long views over the Dee and Mersey.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low-lying, undulating landscape underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay.  It is punctuated by numerous low sandstone outcrops.  A dramatic sandstone ridge extends from Bidston hill in the north through Noctorum and Mountwood to Storeton in the south, providing long views over the Dee and Mersey.


JM KeyChar:
•	Characteristic historic landscape features include 18th and 19th century tower mills and mill mounds and large numbers of country house estates based on wealth generated in Liverpool.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many country house estates and  associated parkland
Field ponds across the area


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats include extensive dune systems around Meols and salt marshes and mudflats in the Dee estuary.  Areas of lowland heath are found on the sandstone outcrops with gorse-clad slopes contrasting with the red sandstone rocks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lowland heath and gorse on sandstone slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Many towns and villages have expanded to act as dormitory settlements for the nearby urban centres of Birkenhead, Liverpool, Ellesmere Port and Chester.
•	Settlements are linked by an intricate network of lanes, bridleways and footpaths.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many towns and villages have expanded to act as dormitory settlements for the nearby urban centres of Birkenhead, Liverpool, Ellesmere Port and Chester.
•	Settlements are linked by an intricate network of lanes, bridleways and footpaths.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most woodland in the area is mixed, including a high proportion of pines, particularly in coastal area.  Most woodland is associated with the sandstone ridges or country parks, which are characteristic to the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed woodland with a high proportion of pines in coastal areas
Most woodland associated with sandstone ridges or country parks


FG KeyChar:
•	To the north of the Mersey, agriculture is dominated by arable farming which, with the poor field boundaries, creates an open, large scale landscape.  To the south of the Mersey mixed arable and dairy farming predominates.  The mosslands are characterised by market gardening with some arable and pastures.

Edited_KeyChars:
North is mainly open arable farming
South is mixed arable and dairy
Mosslands characterised by market gardening


FG KeyChar:
•	The predominant building material is red brick though a number of villages are constructed of sandstone.  Many of the area’s oldest buildings are half timbered, though many of these now lie within larger urban areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in red brick
Also some sandstone and older half timbering


FG KeyChar:
•	Inland the Mersey has been widened and channelled to create the Manchester Ship Canal.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Inland the Mersey has been widened and channelled to create the Manchester Ship Canal.


FG KeyChar:
•	The estuary of the River Mersey is a defining element in the landscape, having created the valley landform, the wetland and contributing to the area’s industrial and settlement history.  From many parts of the area, however, the river and its tributaries are not visible.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The estuary of the River Mersey is a defining element in the landscape, having created the valley landform, the wetland and contributing to the area’s industrial and settlement history.  From many parts of the area, however, the river and its tributaries are not visible.


FG KeyChar:
•	Most field boundaries are marked by hedges, many of which are intermittent and have been replaced by post and wire fences.  Field boundaries on the mosses are marked by ditches. Where farmland has been fragmented by industrial or urban development field patterns are becoming fragmented and subject to scrub invasion.

Edited_KeyChars:
Most field boundaries are hedges with gaps
Also ditches on the mosses
Field patterns fragmented


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone which surfaces to the south and east of Runcorn.  Most of the area is overlain with glacial boulder clay, pockets of sand and gravel and, along the valley bottom, estuarine and river alluvium and windblown sand.  Peat has formed in drainage hollows created during the early post glacial period, most common on the western fringes of Manchester.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone which surfaces to the south and east of Runcorn.  Most of the area is overlain with glacial boulder clay, pockets of sand and gravel and, along the valley bottom, estuarine and river alluvium and windblown sand.  Peat has formed in drainage hollows created during the early post glacial period, most common on the western fringes of Manchester.


Edited_KeyChars:
Industrial heritage associated with Manchester Ship Canal
History of drainage and reclamation  of mosses
Some parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Important wetland habitats remain along the estuary shores.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important wetland habitats along the estuary shores
Remnant undrained mosses


FG KeyChar:
•	Ancient heathy woodlands are found on the northern scarp slopes of the Needwood Forest area and in association with patches of lowland heath on the fringes of Cannock Chase to the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant species-rich grasslands and hay meadows
Occasional areas of heath and former common to the west
Wetlands on the South Derbyshire plateaux


FG KeyChar:
•	The broad, open alluvial floodplains of the Rivers Dove, Blithe and Trent typically have a regular pattern of mixed farmland with few woodlands and large settlements. Related minor river floodplains have a pastoral, enclosed character.
•	Small clustered red brick settlements and hamlets, with densely scattered farmsteads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The broad, open alluvial floodplains of the Rivers Dove, Blithe and Trent typically have a regular pattern of mixed farmland with few woodlands and large settlements. Related minor river floodplains have a pastoral, enclosed character.
•	Small clustered red brick settlements and hamlets, with densely scattered farmsteads.


FG KeyChar:
•	The poorly drained till plateau has a gently undulating or rolling landform, dissected by narrow streams which flow to the River Dove in the centre of the character area and to the Trent/Blythe rivers to the south and south east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The poorly drained till plateau has a gently undulating or rolling landform, dissected by narrow streams which flow to the River Dove in the centre of the character area and to the Trent/Blythe rivers to the south and south east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands are few on the South Derbyshire Claylands and occur only locally at parklands, but the former Needwood Forest has extensive mixed woodland and there are heathy woodlands on the scarp slopes above the River Dove and on the fringes of Cannock Chase in the far west of the character area.  
•	New broadleaf woodland planting associated with the National Forest tree planting programme is significantly increasing the area of broadleaf and mixed woodland in the Needwood Forest area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Few/ small woodlands except in former Needwood Forest area which has extensive mixed woodland
Also heathy woodlands on scarp slopes above River Dove and fringes of Cannock Chase
Mature oak and ash in hedgerows throughout
Carr woodlands and streamside trees, including willow pollards
Remnant traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable farming predominates on the loamy soils of the river terraces, with relatively large fields; pastures and grass leys are more commonly located along the alluvial river floodplains, where the soils are poor draining and subject to frequent flooding.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable farming most common on the river terraces
Wet pastures along the river floodplains


FG KeyChar:
•	Transport routes and urban development are a major feature of all the valleys and the major power stations along the Soar and the Trent dominate the wider landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Transport routes and urban development are a major feature of all the valleys and the major power stations along the Soar and the Trent dominate the wider landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Rivers Blithe, Dove, Derwent and Erewash all drain into the Trent from the north and the Tame, Mease and Soar enter from the south.  The Dove, which flows from the Peak District, increases the river volume by 40%.  
•	The open washlands fulfil a vital floodwater catchment role.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Rivers Blithe, Dove, Derwent and Erewash all drain into the Trent from the north and the Tame, Mease and Soar enter from the south.  The Dove, which flows from the Peak District, increases the river volume by 40%.  
•	The open washlands fulfil a vital floodwater catchment role.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are low, sparse and often well trimmed on the slightly elevated river terraces where they divide large arable fields, but there are also stretches of permanent pasture, where dense, overgrown hedgerows enclose small riverside meadows.
•	There are few hedgerow trees and those on the terraces are typically stag-headed and in poor condition; hedgerow ash and willow trees occur sporadically in pastoral areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally medium to large regular fields, smaller near settlements
Hedgerows low, sparse and trimmed on elevated terraces
Denser hedgerows around low-lying pastures and meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	These are flat, wide valleys, contained by gentle side slopes, with wide rivers flowing on alluvial floodplains between terraces of sand and gravel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	These are flat, wide valleys, contained by gentle side slopes, with wide rivers flowing on alluvial floodplains between terraces of sand and gravel.


JM KeyChar:
•	Evidence of prehistoric settlement and ceremonial sites is visible as cropmarks along Trent terraces.

Edited_KeyChars:
Evidence of prehistoric settlement and ceremonial sites along Trent terraces
Some ridge and furrow near settlements
Open water (arising from gravel extraction)


FG KeyChar:
•	There are patches of unimproved grassland and rush pasture on river floodplains and open water (arising from gravel extraction) provides some wetland habitat.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patches of unimproved grassland and rush pasture on river floodplains
Flood meadows in the Soar valley


FG KeyChar:
•	There is very limited woodland cover, although in places the full growth of riparian trees and shrubs give an impression of woodland cover.
•	There are few hedgerow trees and those on the terraces are typically stag-headed and in poor condition; hedgerow ash and willow trees occur sporadically in pastoral areas.
•	Riparian vegetation is generally more consistent and prominent, with pollarded willows, ash, poplar and alder marking the locations of streams, dykes and rivers, as well as areas of open water arising from worked-out, flooded gravel pits.

JM KeyChar:
Replace with:
•	Woodland cover is relatively sparse, often limited to the pastoral riparian areas where black poplar, pollard willow, alder and withy beds attest to a rural resource no longer managed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree and woodland cover relatively sparse
Distinctive riparian black poplar, pollard willow, alder and withy beds
Few hedgerow trees, often in poor condition


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an area of mixed farming, with large open arable fields on the broader plateaux and small-scale pastures with more irregular shapes and some historic hedgerow boundaries on heavier soils, steep slopes and around settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming
Arable fields on the plateaux
Small scale pastures on heavier soils and steep slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are of brick with pantile roofs, with some limestone in are area around Breedon.  The area has a cluster of imposing country houses including Calke Abbey, Langley Priory, Garendon Park with estate villages such as Calke and Ticknall and many large red brick estate farmsteads.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of brick with pantile roofs, with some limestone
Many large red brick estate farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the clustered red brick villages retain a rural character, but those close to the River Trent valley, including Melbourne, Repton and Castle Donington are larger and Castle Donington is the site of the East Midlands Airport.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the clustered red brick villages retain a rural character, but those close to the River Trent valley, including Melbourne, Repton and Castle Donington are larger and Castle Donington is the site of the East Midlands Airport.


FG KeyChar:
•	The minor streams flowing northwards into the Rivers Trent and Soar have narrow floodplains, but are often prominent in the wider landscape as they are fringed by a ribbon of willow and alder.
•	Several valleys have been dammed to form large reservoirs as at Foremark and Staunton Harold.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The minor streams flowing northwards into the Rivers Trent and Soar have narrow floodplains, but are often prominent in the wider landscape as they are fringed by a ribbon of willow and alder.
•	Several valleys have been dammed to form large reservoirs as at Foremark and Staunton Harold.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are generally low and well trimmed where they surround large arable fields on shallow slopes, and dense with many scattered hedgerow trees where they enclose permanent pasture or mixed farmland on steep slopes and heavier soils.
•	This is an area of mixed farming, with large open arable fields on the broader plateaux and small-scale pastures with more irregular shapes and some historic hedgerow boundaries on heavier soils, steep slopes and around settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly medium/large regular arable fields bounded by low, well trimmed hedgerows
Small, irregular pasture fields in places with denser hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has a complex underlying geology, with outcrops of limestone, Millstone Grit and sandstone. It has a steeply undulating landform dissected by minor river valleys which drain northwards towards the Rivers Trent and Soar.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has a complex underlying geology, with outcrops of limestone, Millstone Grit and sandstone. It has a steeply undulating landform dissected by minor river valleys which drain northwards towards the Rivers Trent and Soar.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive designed parkland landscapes and houses with woodlands, parkland trees, avenues and estate buildings are a dominant influence throughout the character area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive designed parkland landscapes with woodlands and parkland trees
Remnant deer park and ancient oak trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Where pasture prevails, particularly in areas of parkland, there are extensive areas of unimproved pasture and remnant acid grassland and heathy scrub and woodland are found on some of the steep, undulating sandstone slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant acid grassland
Patches of gorse and bracken on slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive designed parkland landscapes and houses with woodlands, parkland trees, avenues and estate buildings are a dominant influence throughout the character area.
•	Most of the clustered red brick villages retain a rural character, but those close to the River Trent valley, including Melbourne, Repton and Castle Donington are larger and Castle Donington is the site of the East Midlands Airport.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Extensive designed parkland landscapes and houses with woodlands, parkland trees, avenues and estate buildings are a dominant influence throughout the character area.
•	Most of the clustered red brick villages retain a rural character, but those close to the River Trent valley, including Melbourne, Repton and Castle Donington are larger and Castle Donington is the site of the East Midlands Airport.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive estate mixed woodlands and new woodland planting associated with the National Forest. Away from the estates, woodlands generally occur as small game coverts and tree belts; many are prominently sited on ridgetops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive mixed estate woodlands, tree groups and avenues, including ancient trees
Small game coverts and tree belts
Also ancient woodland sites in the lowlands
Scattered oak/ash hedgerow trees
Riparian willow and alder


FG KeyChar:
•	The farmland is in mixed arable and pasture use; where arable predominates, some fields have been enlarged and the diverse landscape pattern is eroded.  There is a wide variation in field pattern, with many irregular fields interspersed with areas of parliamentary enclosure with geometric shaped fields.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has a strong industrial heritage, with the Ashby Canal, Moira Furnace and many tramways, miner’s cottages and old brick buildings, but there are no significant historic landscape features.


FG KeyChar:
•	The coalfield forms part of the watershed between the Rivers Mease and Sence to the south and the River Soar to the east, with numerous small brooks draining the undulating plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The coalfield forms part of the watershed between the Rivers Mease and Sence to the south and the River Soar to the east, with numerous small brooks draining the undulating plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the farmland retains its former character of sparse, low hedgerows with few hedgerow trees, but this pattern is changing as the hedgerow structure is strengthened through new planting.
•	The farmland is in mixed arable and pasture use; where arable predominates, some fields have been enlarged and the diverse landscape pattern is eroded.  There is a wide variation in field pattern, with many irregular fields interspersed with areas of parliamentary enclosure with geometric shaped fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wide variation in field patterns
Enlarged, regular arable fields with sparse, low, hedgerows
Also areas of smaller, irregular hedged fields
Some stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	Bands of sandstone, mudstone and coal measures combine to form a gently undulating plateau of ridges and shallow valleys.  The topography becomes increasingly shallow towards the south, where there are thick deposits of glacial till.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bands of sandstone, mudstone and coal measures combine to form a gently undulating plateau of ridges and shallow valleys.  The topography becomes increasingly shallow towards the south, where there are thick deposits of glacial till.


Edited_KeyChars:
Strong industrial heritage associated with coal mining since medieval period and canals
Some parkland and estates


FG KeyChar:
•	Some derelict sites which have been colonised by scrub and secondary woodland have become valuable for nature conservation.  Elsewhere there are remnants of acid grassland over sandstone in the more nutrient rich valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnants of acid grassland over sandstone in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Prominent settlements with extensive recent housing estates surrounding most mining villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Prominent settlements with extensive recent housing estates surrounding most mining villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	Planting associated with the National Forest is beginning to transform the character of the landscape from one of open farmland and prominent mineral workings to farmland with significant blocks of woodland, numerous copses and a network of hedgerows with groups of hedgerow trees.
•	Scrub and secondary woodland are commonplace on derelict land and along rail and road embankments.
•	Prominent small ribbons of woodland line many of the small stream valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodlands and copses on former mineral workings (National Forest)
Scrub and secondary woodland on derelict land
Ribbons of woodland along small stream valleys
Mature hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	On steeper ground and heavier clays the land is less intensively farmed and arable and pasture are mixed.  Here hedgerows are more substantial, hedgerow trees more frequent and there is some permanent pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Agricultural use mainly arable, with areas of improved permanent pasture
Some areas of seasonally waterlogged rush pasture


FG KeyChar:
•	Small villages on rising land with red brick buildings and spired churches are often prominent landscape features and isolated large 19th century red brick farmsteads are also conspicuous.

Edited_KeyChars:
Isolated large 19th century brick farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the farmland retains the strongly rectilinear pattern of low hedgerows imposed during the 18th and 19th century enclosures.  This is complemented by scattered hedgerow trees, copses and spinneys on ridgelines and occasional groups of trees along rivers and streams.
•	On steeper ground and heavier clays the land is less intensively farmed and arable and pasture are mixed.  Here hedgerows are more substantial, hedgerow trees more frequent and there is some permanent pasture.
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly rectilinear patterns of parliamentary enclosure with low hawthorn hedges
Smaller fields and older more substantial hedgerows on steeper ground and heavier clays


FG KeyChar:
•	The character area is underlain by the Triassic Mercia Mudstones, which give rise to productive clay soils; outcrops of sandstone extend across the area southwards and westwards, supporting well drained sandy soils and ensuring good arable productivity.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The character area is underlain by the Triassic Mercia Mudstones, which give rise to productive clay soils; outcrops of sandstone extend across the area southwards and westwards, supporting well drained sandy soils and ensuring good arable productivity.


FG KeyChar:
•	The estuary of the River Mersey is a defining element in the landscape, having created the valley landform, the wetland and contributing to the area’s industrial and settlement history.  From many parts of the area, however, the river and its tributaries are not visible.
•	Settlements, including Ellesmere Port, Warrington, Runcorn and Widnes, reflect the area’s industrial character, with docks, chemical and oil refineries and extensive urban and suburban areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The estuary of the River Mersey is a defining element in the landscape, having created the valley landform, the wetland and contributing to the area’s industrial and settlement history.  From many parts of the area, however, the river and its tributaries are not visible.
•	Settlements, including Ellesmere Port, Warrington, Runcorn and Widnes, reflect the area’s industrial character, with docks, chemical and oil refineries and extensive urban and suburban areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a relatively unwooded landscape with some trees along field boundaries, watercourses and ditches and, particularly in the east, isolated woodland blocks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Trees limited to field boundaries, watercourses, ditches and isolated woodland blocks in the east
Field boundary trees important in landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by dairy farming although more arable is found in the north and south-east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly pastoral dairy or mixed farming
More arable in the north and south-east
Remnant wet grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are predominantly red brick, with sandstone churches and occasional very distinctive black and white half-timbered buildings.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings mainly red brick, with sandstone churches
Distinctive 15th-17th century black and white timber-frame houses


FG KeyChar:
•	Mosses, meres and small ponds are found throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Mosses, meres and small ponds are found throughout the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Strong field patterns are defined by hedgerows, often with dense, mature hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong patterns of hedged fields, sometimes ancient and irregular in form
Also some ditches and drainage channels in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area is underlain by glacial deposits of clay, sand and gravel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the area is underlain by glacial deposits of clay, sand and gravel.


JM KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include major Roman settlements at Chester and Wroxeter (south east of Shrewsbury); salt workings around Northwich and Middlewich; and 15th-17th century timber-frame houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Major Roman settlements at Chester and Wroxeter
Salt workings around Northwich and Middlewich
Many small ponds (former brick and marl pits)
Areas of mature parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is sparse with large farmsteads regularly spaced throughout, and dispersed hamlets.
•	The area contains the County towns of Shrewsbury, Chester and Stafford and many other settlements including Macclesfield, Northwich, Congleton, Crewe, Whitchurch, Oswestry, Telford and Stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is sparse with large farmsteads regularly spaced throughout, and dispersed hamlets.
•	The area contains the County towns of Shrewsbury, Chester and Stafford and many other settlements including Macclesfield, Northwich, Congleton, Crewe, Whitchurch, Oswestry, Telford and Stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is an extensive, gently rolling pastoral plain that is interrupted by sandstone ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area is an extensive, gently rolling pastoral plain that is interrupted by sandstone ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are small copses and clumps of trees around meres and ponds.
•	Occasional small broadleaved or mixed woodlands cloak the slopes of the sandstone ridges and some wet areas with heavy soils.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small copses and clumps of trees around meres and ponds
Small broadleaved or mixed woodlands on slopes of sandstone ridges and on heavy ground
Often dense mature hedgerow tree cover
Occasional traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The farmland is predominantly associated with dairy farming, although some arable is found on gentler slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly dairy farming
Some arable on gentler slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Red brick is the dominant building material, together with some local sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings mainly of red brick, with some local sandstone


FG KeyChar:
•	Small ponds are associated with the lower ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small ponds are associated with the lower ground.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a regular pattern of hedged fields, with scattered mature hedgerow trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	This area forms a prominent, steep-sided sandstone ridge rising from the Cheshire Plain.
•	To the east, the lower slopes of the ridge are cloaked in deposits of glacial sand and gravel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area forms a prominent, steep-sided sandstone ridge rising from the Cheshire Plain.
•	To the east, the lower slopes of the ridge are cloaked in deposits of glacial sand and gravel.


FG KeyChar:
•	Remains of forts and castles are found along the ridge-top.

JM KeyChar:
•	Extensive prehistoric features, including hillforts and ancient field systems, as well as many medieval moated sites, motte and bailey and stone-built castles characterise this landscape.  Remains of forts and castles are concentrated along the ridge-top.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many prehistoric features, including hillforts and ancient field systems
Medieval moated sites, motte and bailey and stone-built castles
Remains of forts and castles along the ridge-top
Small ponds are associated with the lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	There are small patches of heathland along the ridge top and many remnants of heathland vegetation across the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant heathland across the area, especially on the ridge top
Small remnants of species-rich grasslands and grazing marsh on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Remains of forts and castles are found along the ridge-top.
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered farms and small villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Remains of forts and castles are found along the ridge-top.
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered farms and small villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	This area forms a prominent, steep-sided sandstone ridge rising from the Cheshire Plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area forms a prominent, steep-sided sandstone ridge rising from the Cheshire Plain.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are frequent mixed woodlands along the ridge slopes and on the lower ground towards Northwich.

Edited_KeyChars:
Frequent mixed woodlands along ridge slopes and on  lower ground towards Northwich
Scope for new woodland planting (Cheshire Landscape Assessment)
Mature hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture is the dominant land use on the higher ground, with mixed, more intensive agriculture on the foothills to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pasture dominant on higher ground
Mixed, more intensive agriculture on foothills to east


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditionally the buildings are of local stone with slate roofs, and occasionally whitewashed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of local stone with slate roofs, occasionally whitewashed


FG KeyChar:
•	The hills are dissected by narrow, steep-sided valleys, with larger rivers (the Ceiriog and the Tanat) flowing west to east across the north and south of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The hills are dissected by narrow, steep-sided valleys, with larger rivers (the Ceiriog and the Tanat) flowing west to east across the north and south of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	An irregular field pattern with species-rich hedgerows is found across much of the area, though it is more regular in the north-west where it is of relatively late enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular field patterns and species-rich hedgerows across much of the area
Patterns more regular and hedges low and trimmed in the north-west where enclosures later


FG KeyChar:
•	Flat topped hills, mostly of limestone, with steep slopes form a band across the western half of the area giving way to gentler foothills and the Shropshire Plain to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Flat topped hills, mostly of limestone, with steep slopes form a band across the western half of the area giving way to gentler foothills and the Shropshire Plain to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Offa’s Dyke is an important historic landscape feature running north-south through the area, along with the Iron Age hillforts such as found at Oswestry.
•	Scattered parks and estates are found, in particular on the lower slopes around Oswestry.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence on place names, dispersed settlement character and farming pattern particularly in the west and south of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Offa’s Dyke an important historic landscape feature
Iron Age hillforts
Scattered parkland and estates throughout


FG KeyChar:
•	There has been extensive quarrying in the south in the past, but many quarries are now abandoned and have become overgrown with grassland and scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Abandoned limestone quarries overgrown with grassland and scrub
Localised bracken and gorse on hill tops


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered parks and estates are found, in particular on the lower slopes around Oswestry.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence on place names, dispersed settlement character and farming pattern particularly in the west and south of the area.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs in the south-west, associated with the mining industry.
•	Industrial and residential development has spread around the market town of Oswestry.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Scattered parks and estates are found, in particular on the lower slopes around Oswestry.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence on place names, dispersed settlement character and farming pattern particularly in the west and south of the area.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs in the south-west, associated with the mining industry.
•	Industrial and residential development has spread around the market town of Oswestry.


FG KeyChar:
•	Flat topped hills, mostly of limestone, with steep slopes form a band across the western half of the area giving way to gentler foothills and the Shropshire Plain to the east.
•	The steep slopes are dissected by narrow, often wooded valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Flat topped hills, mostly of limestone, with steep slopes form a band across the western half of the area giving way to gentler foothills and the Shropshire Plain to the east.
•	The steep slopes are dissected by narrow, often wooded valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are scattered patches of broadleaved woodland and coniferous plantations throughout the area, particularly on the steeper slopes and linear woodlands along valley sides.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scattered patches of broadleaved woodland and scrub, particularly on steeper slopes
Linear woodlands along narrow valley sides
Trees also found in fields and hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	The agricultural land quality is generally poor and three quarters of the area is permanent pasture. There is also some horticultural activity, mostly hardy nursery stock production and in the south there is a small area of arable cropping, mainly of cereals.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly permanent pasture with sheep and cattle farming
On higher ground  rough or unimproved pasture
Some limited horticulture and arable cropping


FG KeyChar:
•	The older vernacular buildings are predominantly brick, although sandstone is commonly used for larger buildings and in the west, Millstone Grit is more common.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older vernacular buildings  predominantly brick
Sandstone used for larger buildings
Millstone Grit in the north-west


FG KeyChar:
•	Small streams and the River Churnet are set in incised valleys, with wet valley bottom grassland, while the River Dove flows through a broader floodplain.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small streams and the River Churnet are set in incised valleys, with wet valley bottom grassland, while the River Dove flows through a broader floodplain.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows form the dominant boundary type in the lowlands, while drystone walls are more common on the upland fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Varied field patterns, fragmented in parts
Hedgerows form dominant boundary type in lowlands
Dry stone walls more common on upland fringes


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Carboniferous and Triassic sandstones, while Coal Measures dominate in the vicinity of the Potteries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Carboniferous and Triassic sandstones, while Coal Measures dominate in the vicinity of the Potteries.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is rich industrial heritage associated with manufacturing, transport and mining of coal, clay and metal ores.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rich industrial heritage associated with mining of coal, clay and mineral ores and manufacturing
Significant parkland resource


FG KeyChar:
•	The settlements of the Potteries form a large urban conurbation, although settlements have retained their individual character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The settlements of the Potteries form a large urban conurbation, although settlements have retained their individual character.


FG KeyChar:
•	On higher ground there is rough or unimproved pasture and the highest ground includes open moorland with some heather.

Edited_KeyChars:
Species-rich grassland in wet valley bottoms
Higher ground includes open moorland with some heather


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a rural settlement pattern of sheltered villages on low ground with hamlets, scattered farmsteads and cottages elsewhere.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a rural settlement pattern of sheltered villages on low ground with hamlets, scattered farmsteads and cottages elsewhere.


FG KeyChar:
•	This area is a transition from lowland to upland with strongly dissected hills and small plateaux, rising up to the Pennines and cut by major river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This area is a transition from lowland to upland with strongly dissected hills and small plateaux, rising up to the Pennines and cut by major river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is concentrated in the Churnet Valley, where there are large commercial coniferous woodlands and ancient semi-natural woodlands. Elsewhere there are occasional woodlands and scattered trees along field boundaries and watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient semi-natural woodlands and plantation woodlands concentrated in the Churnet Valley
Secondary woodland on abandoned industrial land
Occasional woodlands along streams and cloughs elsewhere
Scattered hedgerow trees, mainly oak


FG KeyChar:
•	Hill slopes with patchworks of small pasture fields give way to mixed and arable farming in the dales, on the plateaux and on the lower ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hill slopes with patchworks of small pasture fields
Mixed and arable farming on the plateaux and in the dales


FG KeyChar:
•	There is no single building style with a wide variety of materials employed, reflecting the diversity in geology and topography.

Edited_KeyChars:
No single building style; wide variety of materials reflecting diversity in geology and topography


FG KeyChar:
•	The many rivers of the area mostly drain to the south, but the River Severn also crosses in the north-east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The many rivers of the area mostly drain to the south, but the River Severn also crosses in the north-east.


Edited_KeyChars:
Unenclosed tops
Strong regular and semi-regular hedgerow pattern on lower slopes and in dales
Ditches in valley bottoms
Localised stone walls e.g. near Norbury - to the east of the Stiperstones


FG KeyChar:
•	There are occasional Iron-Age hillforts on the hills and castles and mottes on the lower ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Occasional Iron-Age hillforts on the hills
Castles and mottes on the lower ground
Some large country houses and parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Open grassland and heather moorland are dominant on the hill tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Moorlands of heather, rough acid grassland and bracken on the hilltops
Remnant areas of species rich grassland often managed as hay meadows
 Damp pastures found in the valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The settlement pattern is dispersed with scattered farmsteads, villages and occasional small towns.
•	There are localised squatter settlements around commons and quarries.
•	The principal towns are Church Stretton and Ludlow.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The settlement pattern is dispersed with scattered farmsteads, villages and occasional small towns.
•	There are localised squatter settlements around commons and quarries.
•	The principal towns are Church Stretton and Ludlow.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steep, rounded 'whaleback' hills and south-west to north-east ridges, scarps and intervening valleys dominate the landscape.
•	Distinctive and dramatic landmarks, such as the Long Mynd, Wenlock Edge, the Wrekin and Clee peaks are prominent.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Steep, rounded 'whaleback' hills and south-west to north-east ridges, scarps and intervening valleys dominate the landscape.
•	Distinctive and dramatic landmarks, such as the Long Mynd, Wenlock Edge, the Wrekin and Clee peaks are prominent.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands are largely confined to the slopes, particularly on Wenlock Edge, with occasional localised coniferous plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Deciduous woodlands largely confined to the slopes, particularly on Wenlock Edge, in need of protection
Hedgerows often with mature trees
Dense riparian tree cover in the valleys, including pollards
Remnant traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is dominated by intensive arable farming, although pasture is more common on valley sides and on the heavier land in the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dominated by intensive arable farming
Pasture and mixed farming more common on valley sides and in the west
Wet grassland along rivers and streams


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of older buildings are constructed of brick, with various colours of brick found across the area. Some farms and churches are constructed of local sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Most older buildings of brick and tile
Some sandstone farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	The area contains historic inland ports on the River Severn, including Bridgenorth, Bewdley and Stourport, together with the expanded town of Kidderminster, the western part of Wolverhampton and the new town at Telford.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area contains historic inland ports on the River Severn, including Bridgenorth, Bewdley and Stourport, together with the expanded town of Kidderminster, the western part of Wolverhampton and the new town at Telford.


FG KeyChar:
•	Streams and rivers are set in steep sided valleys throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Streams and rivers are set in steep sided valleys throughout the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A weak pattern of hedged fields covers much of the area, which contrasts with areas of smaller, irregular fields with more distinctive hedgerows in the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly a weak pattern of hedged fields
Areas of smaller, irregular fields with distinctive hedges in west
Some stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	This landscape is a rolling plateau, with incised valleys, underlain by Permo-Triassic sandstones and localised Carboniferous rocks including Coal Measures.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This landscape is a rolling plateau, with incised valleys, underlain by Permo-Triassic sandstones and localised Carboniferous rocks including Coal Measures.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rich industrial heritage is found across the area, particularly along the Severn Valley and at Ironbridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric and Roman remains
Rich industrial heritage especially along Severn and at Ironbridge
Historic inland ports on the River Severn
Several areas of parkland with large houses
Water features (possibly marl pits)


FG KeyChar:
•	Patches of lowland heathland are remnants of a much wider coverage of this habitat in the past.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant patches of lowland heathland and areas of former common
Remnant species-rich grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of small hamlets and isolated farms, with wayside settlements on areas of former common.
•	The area contains historic inland ports on the River Severn, including Bridgenorth, Bewdley and Stourport, together with the expanded town of Kidderminster, the western part of Wolverhampton and the new town at Telford.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of small hamlets and isolated farms, with wayside settlements on areas of former common.
•	The area contains historic inland ports on the River Severn, including Bridgenorth, Bewdley and Stourport, together with the expanded town of Kidderminster, the western part of Wolverhampton and the new town at Telford.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many ancient and plantation estate woodlands in the centre of the area and dense woodlands cloak the slopes above the River Severn and its tributaries.
•	Extensive, interlocking blocks of mixed woodland characterise the Wyre Forest area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient and plantation estate woodlands in centre of the area and on Severn and tributary river slopes
Dense trees along watercourses
Dense hedgerow trees in places
Traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Generally mixed farming, together with horticulture is the main agricultural land use, with more demanding crops such as potatoes and sugar beet on the higher quality land. Grassland supporting dairying and other livestock enterprises is generally concentrated further north.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly mixed farming and horticulture
Grassland supporting dairying and other livestock in the north
Narrow floodplain pastures on fringes to east and west


FG KeyChar:
•	Red brick is the dominant building material although some earlier timber framed buildings are found in the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly red brick with some earlier timber framed buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	Streams drain radially from the high ground around Cannock to the surrounding rivers of the Penk, Sow and Trent.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Streams drain radially from the high ground around Cannock to the surrounding rivers of the Penk, Sow and Trent.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many of the traditional buildings inland are of Purbeck or Portland Stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many traditional buildings of Purbeck or Portland Stone


FG KeyChar:
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dramatic, diverse coast of international geological importance including chalk cliffs and stacks and lower-lying clays


FG KeyChar:
•	The Corfe  is the main river of the Character Area, draining into Poole Harbour.  Southward-draining dry valleys occur along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Corfe  is the main river of the Character Area, draining into Poole Harbour.  Southward-draining dry valleys occur along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Corfe Valley is enclosed by hedgerows with dense belts of hedgerow trees.  As the land rises up to the limestone plateau hedgerows are gradually replaced by dry stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows on the lower slopes of the chalk ridge, around Kimmeridge, and enclosing irregularly shaped small fields in the Corfe Valley of great historic importance
On limestone plateau hedgerows replaced by dry stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.
•	The dramatic and diverse south coast is of international geological importance, embracing elements of all the inland landscapes.  
•	A narrow but prominent chalk ridge rises almost vertically to separate the Character Area from the adjacent Dorset Heaths to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.
•	The dramatic and diverse south coast is of international geological importance, embracing elements of all the inland landscapes.  
•	A narrow but prominent chalk ridge rises almost vertically to separate the Character Area from the adjacent Dorset Heaths to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is of significant historical interest, with early settlements, Medieval industrial sites and the prominent Corfe Castle.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant historical interest including early settlements, medieval industrial sites and Corfe Castle
Strip fields and lynchets characteristic features of valley sides and along coast
Important areas of parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Chalk grasslands, scrubby slopes and ancient woodlands of the chalk ridge combined with calcareous grasslands along the dramatic rolling cliff tops are the main semi-natural habitats of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Chalk grasslands and scrubby slopes on chalk ridge
Calcareous grasslands along dramatic rolling cliff tops
Acid grassland on Corfe Common
Small areas of heathland as outliers of the Dorset heaths
Remnant meadows on damper soils of the valleys
Reedbeds and other wetland habitats along seepage lines


FG KeyChar:
•	Inland are many villages, hamlets and farms linked by a dense network of lanes.  Small villages on the plateau are centred around quarries.  
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Inland are many villages, hamlets and farms linked by a dense network of lanes.  Small villages on the plateau are centred around quarries.  
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover varies across the area, from the strong belts of ancient woodland along the northern edge of the chalk ridge, large copses and small woodlands in the central Corfe Valley, to the largely treeless limestone plateau to the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
Belts of ancient woodland (oak and beech) on northern edge of chalk ridge on steep slopes
Large copses of trees and small woodlands and dense hedgerow tree cover on the slopes of the limestone ridges
Largely treeless limestone plateau to the south


Edited_KeyChars:
Dramatic limestone cliffs
Linked to the mainland by the sweep of Chesil Beach shingle ridge


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable dominates the higher ground with pasture on steeper slopes and in valley bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable dominates higher ground
Pasture on steeper slopes and in valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are a mixture of materials – grey limestone and brick are widely used with thatch a traditional roofing material near the coast.  Buildings on the Isle of Portland are made from local Portland Limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rectilinear fields on the inland ridges are enclosed by sparse hedges with few hedgerow trees.  Dry stone walls are used on the steeper land and on Portland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small fields, enclosed by regular pattern of stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are mainly located on the lower valley slopes or close to streams.  Farmsteads or hamlets lie on valley sides, commonly close together linked by narrow lanes.  Portland is quite densely settled, with substantial stone villages dominating the open landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are mainly located on the lower valley slopes or close to streams.  Farmsteads or hamlets lie on valley sides, commonly close together linked by narrow lanes.  Portland is quite densely settled, with substantial stone villages dominating the open landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel.


Edited_KeyChars:
Minimal tree cover
Small valley woodlands in the west


Edited_KeyChars:
Medieval terraced arable strips survive in cultivation


Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal grassland on indented, low coastline


Edited_KeyChars:
Arable dominates the higher ground
Pasture on valley sides and within floodplains
Remnant areas of wet grasslands
Horse pasture around settlements


Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings are a mixture of materials – grey limestone and brick widely used with thatch a traditional roofing material near the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Wey cuts through the ridge and valley pattern of the Weymouth Lowlands to form a coastal lagoon at Weymouth, around which the harbour and town has developed.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Wey cuts through the ridge and valley pattern of the Weymouth Lowlands to form a coastal lagoon at Weymouth, around which the harbour and town has developed.


Edited_KeyChars:
Open landscape with sparse hedgerows on the ridgetops
Straight low hedgerows forming a broad patchwork on shallow slopes
On the steeper slopes, especially around Osmington, there is more substantial hedges and hedgerow trees
Stone walls are used in parts (Bride Valley)


FG KeyChar:
•	The Weymouth Lowlands are united by an underlying broad ridge and valley pattern. 
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel. 
•	It is linked to the mainland by Chesil Beach; a huge sweeping shingle ridge separated at its eastern end from the mainland by an elongated brackish tidal lagoon (The Fleet).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Weymouth Lowlands are united by an underlying broad ridge and valley pattern. 
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel. 
•	It is linked to the mainland by Chesil Beach; a huge sweeping shingle ridge separated at its eastern end from the mainland by an elongated brackish tidal lagoon (The Fleet).


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the area is treeless, although there are some valley woodlands and plantations in the west.

Edited_KeyChars:
Majority of the area is treeless
Blocks of deciduous woodland on valley sides, primarily in the west
Distinctive tree groups around settlements and individual farmsteads
Hedgerow trees around Osmington


Edited_KeyChars:
Iron age hillfort ramparts and Neolithic barrows.


Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal grasslands with gorse and bramble scrub and remnant calcareous grassland
Significant reed beds behind Chesil Beech and along the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture is the predominant land use in the Marshwood Vale, on the Powerstock Hills and on the steeper slopes of the greensand ridges and hills.  Arable cultivation predominates on shallower land and in the broad Brit valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pasture predominates in Marshwood Vale, on the Powerstock Hills and on the steeper slopes of the Greensand ridges and hills
Arable cultivation predominates in the broad Brit valley


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement comprises small hamlets and many large farmsteads, linked by winding lanes, often with hedgebanks.  Older traditional buildings are built of limestone or Ham Hill Stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older traditional buildings built of limestone or Ham Hill Stone


FG KeyChar:
•	The coastline has a remote, varied character, with small valleys separating prominent headlands; landslips leaving dramatic stepped slopes; sheer amber-coloured cliffs and pebble beaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Coastline of a remote and varied character, with small valleys separating prominent headlands
Landslips leaving dramatic stepped slopes
Sheer amber-coloured cliffs
Pebble beaches


FG KeyChar:
•	The rhythmic pattern of this landscape is defined by its strong but varied network of hedgerows and mature hedgerow trees. Hedgerows are typically low and well trimmed on the greensand ridges, overgrown on the steeper slopes and dense but well managed in the vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rhythmic pattern of this landscape defined by its strong but varied network of hedgerows
Hedgerows typically low and well trimmed on the Greensand ridges, overgrown on the steeper slopes and dense but well managed in the vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.  
•	To the east, the flat Brit river valley is enclosed by the complex, small-scale landscape of conical oolitic limestone hills surrounding the village of Powerstock.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.  
•	To the east, the flat Brit river valley is enclosed by the complex, small-scale landscape of conical oolitic limestone hills surrounding the village of Powerstock.


JM KeyChar:
•	Many important historic landscape features occur in this area including concentrations of prehistoric barrows and hillforts, extensive strip lynchets, moated sites and castles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Barrows forming prominent skyline features on the Greensand hills
Iron Age hillforts like Lambert's Castle, Coney's Castle and Pilsdon Pen
Prehistoric settlement sites in the valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Unimproved grasslands, wet flushes and marshy areas are found along the springlines at the valley sides and there are prominent patches of heathland within mosaics of bracken, gorse and acid grassland on the ridges and steeper greensand slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved grasslands, wet flushes and marshy areas found along the springlines at the valley sides
Prominent patches of heathland within mosaics of bracken, gorse and acid grassland on the ridges and steeper Greensand slopes


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement comprises small hamlets and many large farmsteads, linked by winding lanes, often with hedgebanks.  Older traditional buildings are built of limestone or Ham Hill Stone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Marshwood Vale has a distinctive scattering of mature hedgerow oak trees, with narrow ribbons of woodland along the many streams; elsewhere woodlands and copses are confined to steeper slopes, with larger conifer plantations on the northwest borders of the area, where it merges with the Blackmore Vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive scattering of mature hedgerow oak trees
Narrow ribbons of woodland along the many streams
Elsewhere woodlands and copses confined to steeper slopes
Larger conifer plantations on the north west borders of the area, where it merges with the Blackmore Vale


FG KeyChar:
•	Although there is a mixture of arable, the dominant landcover is grassland, ranging from improved pastures in valley bottoms to rough pasture on steep hillsides.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming with arable
Grassland is the dominant land cover with improved pastures in valley bottoms and  rough pasture on steep hillsides  
Tributaries of the Brue, Parrett and Yeo form an intricate pattern of valleys with remnant wet grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Building materials are varied, although local Ham Hill stone is most characteristic of the area, reflected in visually dominant churches.  Other construction materials include cream and pink coloured limestone, sandstones, timber, thatch and more recently, brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
Building materials are varied
Local Ham Hill stone most characteristic
Other construction materials include cream and pink limestones, sandstones, timber, thatch and, more recently, brick


FG KeyChar:
•	Tributaries of the Brue, Parrett and Yeo drain from the scarp slopes cutting an intricate pattern of irregular hills and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Tributaries of the Brue, Parrett and Yeo drain from the scarp slopes cutting an intricate pattern of irregular hills and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are open arable areas with low hedges, areas of smaller hedged fields and large unenclosed areas in Cannock Chase.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large unenclosed areas of Cannock Chase
Open arable areas with low hedges
Areas of smaller fields with dense hedgerows
Canals, ditches and dykes in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the high dissected sandstone plateau of Cannock chase, the northern part of the Black Country plateau and lower fringing landscape of softer Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones.
•	The coalfield area is largely covered by glacial till which gives rise to heavy, poorly drained soils originally covered with heathland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the high dissected sandstone plateau of Cannock chase, the northern part of the Black Country plateau and lower fringing landscape of softer Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones.
•	The coalfield area is largely covered by glacial till which gives rise to heavy, poorly drained soils originally covered with heathland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many industrial and archaeological features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Former royal hunting forest
Designed parkland
Many industrial archaeological features including canals


FG KeyChar:
•	Cannock Chase is dominated by lowland heathland and coniferous woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive lowland heathland on Cannock Chase
Heathland remnants found in woodlands, roadside verges and canal corridors
Wet floodplain meadows around fringes
Remnant areas of species-rich lowland meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a strongly contrasting settlement pattern with some areas densely populated, others unpopulated and 'wild'.
•	The area includes the western fringes of Stafford, the settlements of Cannock and Lichfield and the many urban areas in the Black Country and coalfield, including Dudley, Wolverhampton and Walsall.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a strongly contrasting settlement pattern with some areas densely populated, others unpopulated and 'wild'.
•	The area includes the western fringes of Stafford, the settlements of Cannock and Lichfield and the many urban areas in the Black Country and coalfield, including Dudley, Wolverhampton and Walsall.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area includes the high dissected sandstone plateau of Cannock chase, the northern part of the Black Country plateau and lower fringing landscape of softer Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area includes the high dissected sandstone plateau of Cannock chase, the northern part of the Black Country plateau and lower fringing landscape of softer Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are extensive coniferous woodland plantations in Cannock chase. In the surrounding landscapes there is a mixture of ancient, plantation and secondary woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixture of ancient, plantation and secondary woodlands on Cannock Chase
Scope for woodland expansion off the heathland
Dense cover of hedgerow oaks in parts
Riparian trees in river valleys to east and west


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium scale pastures with irregular field patterns predominate, with localised but often extensive areas of larger scale arable land with a rectilinear pattern wherever soil and topographic conditions are favourable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly pastoral or but arable land present where conditions are favourable
Rush pastures and riparian vegetation common along streams


FG KeyChar:
•	Small clustered red brick settlements and hamlets, with densely scattered farmsteads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Marl pits with small ponds and wetlands are a feature of many rolling fields on the South Derbyshire plateaux and the stream corridors are often lined with prominent riparian vegetation and rush pastures.
•	The broad, open alluvial floodplains of the Rivers Dove, Blithe and Trent typically have a regular pattern of mixed farmland with few woodlands and large settlements. Related minor river floodplains have a pastoral, enclosed character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Marl pits with small ponds and wetlands are a feature of many rolling fields on the South Derbyshire plateaux and the stream corridors are often lined with prominent riparian vegetation and rush pastures.
•	The broad, open alluvial floodplains of the Rivers Dove, Blithe and Trent typically have a regular pattern of mixed farmland with few woodlands and large settlements. Related minor river floodplains have a pastoral, enclosed character.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is an intact and well maintained framework of hedgerows with numerous mature hedgerow ash and oak trees throughout the area. 
•	Medium scale pastures with irregular field patterns predominate, with localised but often extensive areas of larger scale arable land with a rectilinear pattern wherever soil and topographic conditions are favourable.
•	There is extensive ridge and furrow throughout the settled farmlands of the South Derbyshire Claylands and sunken narrow lanes are also typical on elevated land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly medium sized irregular, hedged fields, generally intact and well-maintained
Also extensive areas of larger, rectilinear, hedged fields on plateau farmlands
Ditches in valley bottoms
Also some stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	There is extensive ridge and furrow throughout the settled farmlands of the South Derbyshire Claylands and sunken narrow lanes are also typical on elevated land.
•	Parkland is locally an important influence throughout the area, but particularly in the former Needwood Forest.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive ridge and furrow and deserted medieval villages
Parkland common particularly in the former Needwood Forest
Marl pits with small ponds a feature


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.
•	Small villages on rising land with red brick buildings and spired churches are often prominent landscape features and isolated large 19th century red brick farmsteads are also conspicuous.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements found throughout
Scattered historic parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	There are occasional patches of unimproved pasture in fields around villages and along streamsides, as well as on the many wide road verges throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fragments of species-rich grassland and fen


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Areas of ridge and furrow and deserted settlements are found occasionally throughout the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Lowlands are very gently rolling clay ridges and shallow valleys which become virtually flat around the Rivers Mease and Sence; the land to the north west, which drains directly into the River Trent, generally has a more undulating landform.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Lowlands are very gently rolling clay ridges and shallow valleys which become virtually flat around the Rivers Mease and Sence; the land to the north west, which drains directly into the River Trent, generally has a more undulating landform.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally limited, although planting associated with the National Forest has localised impact and there are many extensive wooded parklands, including Gopsall Park, Market Bosworth, Thorpe Constantine and Shenton.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited woodland cover apart from extensive wooded estates and new planting (National Forest)
Scattered copses, and spinneys on ridgelines
Occasional groups of trees, including pollards, along rivers and streams
Scattered hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is dominated by pasture, with isolated arable fields on a few areas of more fertile land.  Stone walls are characteristic on the more elevated rocky land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Dominated by pasture
Isolated arable fields on a few areas of more fertile land


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the older farmsteads and village buildings are of the local dark stone. Settlements and some large quarries are sited around the edge of the elevated heathland areas and the core of the Charnwood area remains sparsely populated.

Edited_KeyChars:
Most of the older farmsteads and village buildings of local dark stone


FG KeyChar:
•	A pattern of straight enclosure roads with wide grass verges is overlaid on one of earlier winding tracks and lanes leading from villages on the edge of Charnwood to the central woods and heathlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A pattern of straight enclosure roads with wide grass verges is overlaid on one of earlier winding tracks and lanes leading from villages on the edge of Charnwood to the central woods and heathlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Drainage follows the north-west to south-east trend of the landforms.  There are three major reservoirs at Blackbrook, Cropston and Swithland, as well as Groby Pool, a water-filled quarry of medieval origin.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Drainage follows the north-west to south-east trend of the landforms.  There are three major reservoirs at Blackbrook, Cropston and Swithland, as well as Groby Pool, a water-filled quarry of medieval origin.


FG KeyChar:
•	Surrounding the areas of rocky outcrops and heathland, there are extensive areas of pasture enclosed within a rectilinear pattern of 19th hedgerows.  Areas with smaller irregular fields are found around the villages and older farmsteads.
•	In contrast to the surrounding farmland landscapes, Charnwood has a complex mosaic of heathland, woodland, parkland and farmland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly rectilinear fields bounded by thorn hedges
Small irregular fields with mixed hedgerows around villages and farmsteads
Stone walls characteristic on higher rocky land, lending 'upland' feel


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying structure of the landscape is formed by Precambrian slates and volcanic rocks which form steep slopes and give rise to the infertile soils that support heathlands. The older Precambrian rocks are partially obscured by more fertile Mercia Mudstones which form broader vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying structure of the landscape is formed by Precambrian slates and volcanic rocks which form steep slopes and give rise to the infertile soils that support heathlands. The older Precambrian rocks are partially obscured by more fertile Mercia Mudstones which form broader vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Charnwood formerly contained several large parks. Some of these, such as Bradgate Park, still survive, containing heathland and huge ancient pollarded oaks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Surviving large parklands with heathland and large ancient oaks


FG KeyChar:
•	Patches of heathland and former commons are concentrated around the Precambrian rock outcrops.  These are now dominated by bracken, but also have patches of heather and wet heath.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patches of heathland and former commons
Dominated by bracken with heather and wet heath
Fragments of species-rich grassland and fen


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the older farmsteads and village buildings are of the local dark stone. Settlements and some large quarries are sited around the edge of the elevated heathland areas and the core of the Charnwood area remains sparsely populated.
•	A pattern of straight enclosure roads with wide grass verges is overlaid on one of earlier winding tracks and lanes leading from villages on the edge of Charnwood to the central woods and heathlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the older farmsteads and village buildings are of the local dark stone. Settlements and some large quarries are sited around the edge of the elevated heathland areas and the core of the Charnwood area remains sparsely populated.
•	A pattern of straight enclosure roads with wide grass verges is overlaid on one of earlier winding tracks and lanes leading from villages on the edge of Charnwood to the central woods and heathlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the woods are secondary woodlands, but there are also conifer woods and mixed plantations, together with a few ancient woodlands and numerous hedgerow oak trees.
•	Charnwood formerly contained several large parks. Some of these, such as Bradgate Park, still survive, containing heathland and huge ancient pollarded oaks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly secondary woodland, with some plantations and a few ancient woodlands
Numerous oak trees in hedgerows and fields, including ancient pollards


FG KeyChar:
•	The open ridgetops are under arable cultivation, while the steeper slopes and valleys are predominantly pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open ridgetops in arable cultivation, mixed farming elsewhere
Unimproved pasture and wet meadows in valleys
Rough pasture on steeper slopes and scarps


FG KeyChar:
•	Small villages of mainly red brick buildings clustered around an ironstone or limestone church are regularly spaced across the landscape. There are isolated farms and a few cottages and houses, but the heart of the Wolds is a remote rather empty landscape. Development is concentrated to the south in the Wreake Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly red brick farmsteads with some ironstone and limestone buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	The Wolds form a watershed between the Rivers Wreake, Soar and Trent with streams draining from the central elevated land to each of these rivers.  There is a major inland reservoir at Rutland Water.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Wolds form a watershed between the Rivers Wreake, Soar and Trent with streams draining from the central elevated land to each of these rivers.  There is a major inland reservoir at Rutland Water.


FG KeyChar:
•	The ridges often have the rectilinear pattern of 18th and 19th century enclosures and are bounded by low thorn hedges.  The valleys generally have a more irregular field pattern with dense mixed species hedgerows and more frequent hedgerow trees.  The area generally has exceptionally well managed hedgerows.
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear pattern bounded by low thorn hedges on the ridges
Irregular fields with well managed mixed hedgerows on lower slopes and in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The wolds are rolling ridges of glacial till underlain by Jurassic rocks.  The hills are separated by narrow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The wolds are rolling ridges of glacial till underlain by Jurassic rocks.  The hills are separated by narrow valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.

Edited_KeyChars:
Deserted medieval settlements and extensive areas of ridge and furrow
Parkland on fringes


FG KeyChar:
•	The wooded escarpments and hills along the northern and western edges of the Wolds have the greatest variety of semi-natural habitats, with woodland, wet flushes and unimproved grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of unimproved grassland  with wet flushes
Remnant areas of wetland


FG KeyChar:
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.
•	Small villages of mainly red brick buildings clustered around an ironstone or limestone church are regularly spaced across the landscape. There are isolated farms and a few cottages and houses, but the heart of the Wolds is a remote rather empty landscape. Development is concentrated to the south in the Wreake Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	In medieval times, the area was well populated and there remain many deserted and shrunken settlements, as well as extensive areas of ridge and furrow.
•	Small villages of mainly red brick buildings clustered around an ironstone or limestone church are regularly spaced across the landscape. There are isolated farms and a few cottages and houses, but the heart of the Wolds is a remote rather empty landscape. Development is concentrated to the south in the Wreake Valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a low escarpment with outlying hills to the west, which becomes steeper and more irregular to the north where it forms a prominent escarpment above the Trent valley and the Vale of Belvoir.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a low escarpment with outlying hills to the west, which becomes steeper and more irregular to the north where it forms a prominent escarpment above the Trent valley and the Vale of Belvoir.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, except on the wooded scarps and hills along the northern edge of the Wolds and in the Wreake Valley, which is particularly well treed. Elsewhere, small spinneys, hedgerow and streamside trees predominate, particularly in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sparse woodland cover apart from wooded scarps and hills and Wreake valley
In valleys, small woods and streamside trees (willow and poplar) predominate
Mature hedgerow ash and oak, including old pollards


FG KeyChar:
•	Large arable fields predominate on the higher ground, with intermittent clipped hedges, while the river valleys on heavier land provide good grazing for cattle and sheep.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large arable fields on higher ground
River valleys provide  grazing for cattle and sheep
Some wet floodplain grassland and rough grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	The local honey-coloured limestone is used in traditional domestic, civic and farm buildings throughout the area and in the south the yellowish local Collyweston slate is used for roofing, while in the north it is replaced by red pantiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of honey-coloured limestone
Yellow Collyweston slate roofs in south and red pantile in north


FG KeyChar:
•	The original west-east drainage pattern was altered following the deposition of glacial till. The East and West Glen Rivers now meander south-westwards to a confluence below Bourne; the River Welland flows due west through Stamford towards the Wash and the River Witham rises on the higher land to the west and flows northwards to the Vale of Belvoir.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The original west-east drainage pattern was altered following the deposition of glacial till. The East and West Glen Rivers now meander south-westwards to a confluence below Bourne; the River Welland flows due west through Stamford towards the Wash and the River Witham rises on the higher land to the west and flows northwards to the Vale of Belvoir.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerow cover is variable, but the majority of field hedgerows are well managed with a good scattering of mature hedgerow oak and ash trees.  To the south the local limestone is intermittently used in eroding field stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variable hedgerows, mainly well managed
Some limestone walls in south in need of restoration
Ditches and dykes in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by limestones, which support shallow, well-drained calcareous loams, but there are also areas of slowly permeable and seasonally waterlogged clayey soils, developed on glacial till.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by limestones, which support shallow, well-drained calcareous loams, but there are also areas of slowly permeable and seasonally waterlogged clayey soils, developed on glacial till.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are a number of fine houses with well managed designed parkland landscapes which have a strong influence on local landscape character, eg Burghley House, Grimsthorpe, Woolsthorpe Manor and Stoke Rochford Hall.
•	This is an archaeologically rich area, containing ancient trackways.

Edited_KeyChars:
An archaeologically rich area, containing ancient trackways
Many well managed designed parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	Aside from the ancient woodlands noted above, many of the river valleys have species-rich meadows and grassland on wide enclosure road verges.

Edited_KeyChars:
River valleys with species-rich meadows
Species-rich grassland on wide enclosure road verges


FG KeyChar:
•	The Kesteven Uplands have a dispersed settlement pattern, comprising small traditional villages which are evenly distributed throughout the area.  Exceptions are the line of settlements along the edge of the Fens to the east and the cluster of larger villages around Stamford.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Kesteven Uplands have a dispersed settlement pattern, comprising small traditional villages which are evenly distributed throughout the area.  Exceptions are the line of settlements along the edge of the Fens to the east and the cluster of larger villages around Stamford.


FG KeyChar:
•	The land rises progressively from the edge of the Fens in the east, to the fringes of the Leicestershire Wolds in the west. The landform also becomes more undulating to the west so that the rolling topography becomes a series of low hills between 400-600m.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The land rises progressively from the edge of the Fens in the east, to the fringes of the Leicestershire Wolds in the west. The landform also becomes more undulating to the west so that the rolling topography becomes a series of low hills between 400-600m.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is 6.6% wooded with a variety of ancient and commercial woodlands mingling with parklands.  There is a concentration of numerous medium-sized semi-natural and ancient oak/ash woodlands on the higher land between the East and West Glen Rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variety of ancient and commercial woodlands
Numerous medium-sized semi-natural and ancient oak/ash woodlands on higher land
Mature oak and ash trees
Bankside trees (unknown but probably willow pollards)


FG KeyChar:
•	Dominant impression throughout the landscape is of a large-scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields containing extensive arable cropping and some areas of mixed farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive arable cropping
Some areas of mixed farming
More intimate, pastoral character in river valleys to west and north
Wet meadows in valley bottoms
Remnants of rough grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers are more prominent western and northern part of the landscape where they forge a more intimate, pastoral character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers are more prominent western and northern part of the landscape where they forge a more intimate, pastoral character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Tall, well-trimmed hawthorn hedges occur throughout and often contain mature hedgerow trees, predominantly oak and beech.  Hedges are often flanked by wide verges.
•	Dominant impression throughout the landscape is of a large-scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields containing extensive arable cropping and some areas of mixed farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields
Tall, well trimmed hawthorn hedges throughout
Fields sometimes enclosed rows of Scots pine
Ditches on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Mainly consisting of the shallow dip slope of a low chalk escarpment sloping west to east.  Often referred to as the Good Sands due to fertility of the versatile light soils.
•	Separated from the coastal strip along the Wash by an outcrop of lower greensand.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Mainly consisting of the shallow dip slope of a low chalk escarpment sloping west to east.  Often referred to as the Good Sands due to fertility of the versatile light soils.
•	Separated from the coastal strip along the Wash by an outcrop of lower greensand.


FG KeyChar:
•	Dominant impression throughout the landscape is of a large-scale geometric 18th century landscape of large rectangular fields containing extensive arable cropping and some areas of mixed farming.
•	Dominated by vast estates – unifying and bringing a well-managed quality to the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prehistoric barrows, earthworks and tumuli
Many vast, well-managed estates with associated parklands
Small lakes (former gravel workings)


JM KeyChar:
•	Key habitats include lowland heath, dry acid grassland and meadows; calcareous grassland; river corridors; and drainage ditches (with reeds and rushes).

Edited_KeyChars:
Pockets of remnant lowland heath important to character
Meadows, calcareous grassland and dry acid grassland river corridors
Drainage ditches and wetlands with reeds and rushes


FG KeyChar:
•	Dominated by vast estates – unifying and bringing a well-managed quality to the landscape.
•	The great houses of the big estates – Holkham, Sandringham, Houghton and Raynham are features but often concealed by tree belts fringing their parkland.
•	Villages are widely spaced and often set around village greens or occasionally ponds such as at Great Massingham.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dominated by vast estates – unifying and bringing a well-managed quality to the landscape.
•	The great houses of the big estates – Holkham, Sandringham, Houghton and Raynham are features but often concealed by tree belts fringing their parkland.
•	Villages are widely spaced and often set around village greens or occasionally ponds such as at Great Massingham.


FG KeyChar:
•	A large scale landscape of rolling upland terrain and plateau offering long views.
•	For the most part very open with a seemingly ‘high’ and remote character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A large scale landscape of rolling upland terrain and plateau offering long views.
•	For the most part very open with a seemingly ‘high’ and remote character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Significant areas of woodland and plantation on the area of Greensand in the west.  
•	There are a number of Parkland landscapes with high amounts of tree cover.
•	Scots pine rows are striking field boundary features.
•	Tall, well-trimmed hawthorn hedges occur throughout and often contain mature hedgerow trees, predominantly oak and beech.  Hedges are often flanked by wide verges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Significant areas of woodland and plantation in the west
Poplar shelterbelts and tree belts fringing parklands
Small areas of wet and birch woodland
Mature oak and beech hedgerow trees
Scots pine rows and belts forming striking boundary features


FG KeyChar:
•	There are some small areas of arable and pasture (where extensive areas have been drained to create freshwater grazing marshes, reedbeds and some arable land) but the abiding impression is a landscape of sand and mud.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some small areas of arable and pasture where land has been reclaimed


FG KeyChar:
•	Lack of settlements and roads on the coastal marshes but distinctive brick and flint villages with landmark flint churches and occasional windmills are strung along the coast road (A149).

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive brick and flint villages with landmark flint churches
Occasional windmills along the coast road


FG KeyChar:
•	A coastal landscape of great variety and texture – including intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, reedbeds, tidal creeks and harbours. This is therefore an unusual part of Norfolk in not being given over entirely to agriculture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Great variety and texture – intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, tidal creeks and harbours


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, gappy hawthorn hedges and drainage ditches (with their associated reeds) define field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low, gappy hawthorn hedges and drainage ditches (with associated reeds) define field boundaries


Edited_KeyChars:
•	A coastal landscape of great variety and texture – including intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, reedbeds, tidal creeks and harbours. This is therefore an unusual part of Norfolk in not being given over entirely to agriculture.


JM KeyChar:
•	Evidence of historic use of the coastal marshes is widespread, but generally not visible in the landscape today except for some intertidal features such as wrecks and fish traps and early timber quays and jetties.  Flint churches and occasional windmills are landmark features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic use of the coastal marshes
Some intertidal features such as wrecks and fish traps and early timber quays and jetties
Archaeological resource under grassland


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Lack of settlements and roads on the coastal marshes but distinctive brick and flint villages with landmark flint churches and occasional windmills are strung along the coast road (A149).


FG KeyChar:
•	A coastal landscape of great variety and texture – including intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, reedbeds, tidal creeks and harbours. This is therefore an unusual part of Norfolk in not being given over entirely to agriculture.
•	Separated from inland areas of different landscape character by the north face of Cromer Ridge and the coast road (A149) which act as a dividing line.
•	There is almost no transition zone between character areas e.g. between this extremely low-lying marine landscape and the higher arable land of North West Norfolk (76).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A coastal landscape of great variety and texture – including intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, reedbeds, tidal creeks and harbours. This is therefore an unusual part of Norfolk in not being given over entirely to agriculture.
•	Separated from inland areas of different landscape character by the north face of Cromer Ridge and the coast road (A149) which act as a dividing line.
•	There is almost no transition zone between character areas e.g. between this extremely low-lying marine landscape and the higher arable land of North West Norfolk (76).


FG KeyChar:
•	The Holkham estate is significant for the shelterbelts of pine trees that protect the park and give vertical definition to the edge of the enormous sandy beach beyond.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland largely confined to enclosed valleys and streamsides


Edited_KeyChars:
Coastal landscape of unconsolidated low cliffs
Marine erosion evident


Edited_KeyChars:
Variable field size
Irregular early enclosures, enlarged and more regular particularly in the west
Dense mixed hedgerows in some areas, notably Cromer ridge
Ditches and dykes on valley floors


Edited_KeyChars:
Tracts of heathland particularly on lighter sandier soils towards the coast
Meadows with reed-filled dykes on valley floors


Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive mixed woodland on valley slopes
Pasture woodlands of oak and beech on heavier soils; conifers on lighter sands
Poplar plantations on valley floors
Some areas with hedgerow oaks


FG KeyChar:
•	Comprising both arable and pastoral land. Due to soil fertility, the area has been subject to extensive post-war agricultural rationalisation.

Edited_KeyChars:
Among the most fertile farming areas in the country
Both arable and pastoral land
Some wet and rough pasture


FG KeyChar:
•	Strong vernacular style of domestic and agricultural buildings reinforced by use of flint and red brick and roofs typically characterised by thatch or pantiles.
•	Isolated, prominent flint churches – either round-towered Saxo-Norman or medieval wool churches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings of flint and red brick with thatch or pantiles roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Influence of the sea can be seen in the sparse vegetation of the northern coastal strip.
•	Collection of settlement along the coast, including the sea-side resort of Great Yarmouth, with the town of North Walsham forming the only substantial settlement inland.

JM KeyChar:
•	Dunes and sea wall coastal defences, characterised by extensive remains of WWII anti-invasion defences, particularly at Winterton-on-Sea, as well as earlier Roman defences at Caister-on-Sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive dunes systems
Some areas of coastal marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a wealth of archaeological remains including prehistoric field systems, drovers’ tracks and ridgeways, burial mounds, earthworks, and Iron Age hillforts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wealth of archaeological remains including prehistoric field systems, drovers’ tracks and ridgeways, burial mounds, earthworks, and Iron Age hillforts
In Tamar valley strong associations with mining industries
Small parklands scattered across the landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	At its northern edge, the area merges with the mainly pastoral Dartmoor fringe, where patches of heathland are present.
•	Wider valleys, such as the Dart, have floodplain pasture, marsh, willow and alder.
•	There are large expanses of tidal water, saltmarsh and mudflats extending far inland, spectacular sandstone, slate and limestone cliffs, and long sandy beaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Patches of moorland/heathland along the Dartmoor fringe in the north
clifftop coastal heathland in the south
Floodplain pasture and marsh / fen in wider valleys, such as the Dart
Remnant pockets of semi-natural grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Isolated out barns in open fields are characteristic of the area.
•	Villages are sited in sheltered valley locations; towns at ria heads or mouths.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Isolated out barns in open fields are characteristic of the area.
•	Villages are sited in sheltered valley locations; towns at ria heads or mouths.


FG KeyChar:
•	Landform is a much-dissected plateau where steep valleys separate intricate but smooth rounded hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Landform is a much-dissected plateau where steep valleys separate intricate but smooth rounded hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The steep slopes of the upper valleys and rias are heavily wooded, principally with oak, woodland often extending right down to the water’s edge.
•	Clumps of Monterey pine are distinctive in coastal areas such as Torbay.

Edited_KeyChars:
Steep slopes of upper valleys and rias heavily wooded mainly with oak - woodland down to the water's edge
Distinctive coastal clumps of Monterey pine and holm oak eg near Torbay
Field trees associated with areas of estate planting
Floodplain willow and alder
Orchards a distinct feature of the Tamar valley and around individual farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	Land use is mixed – mainly pasture and arable but with important localised areas of horticulture.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed land use – mainly pasture (largely improved) and arable
Important localised areas of horticulture
Areas of wet pasture in valleys and rough grassland and improved rough grazing  on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are of slate and granite, often whitewashed and with slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of slate and granite


FG KeyChar:
•	This is surrounded by a rugged coastline - exposed and windwept to the north with steep cliffs providing a backdrop to huge sweeping sandy beaches exposed at low water and often backed by dramatic sand dune systems.  
•	By contrast, the south coast is more sheltered with numerous small sandy coves huddled between cliff promontories and more major headlands.
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.

Edited_KeyChars:
Steep, rugged cliffs providing backdrop to huge sweeping sandy beaches and sand dune systems
More sheltered south coast with small sandy coves between cliff promontories and more major headlands
Small areas of salt marsh associated with the estuaries


FG KeyChar:
•	On the north coast short, deeply-etched valleys cut through to the sea, often with streams spilling over the cliffs as waterfalls.  
•	Conversely, along the south coast, the slow geological sinking of the coastline has resulted in a landscape of drowned valleys (rias) with wide estuaries and ‘inland seas’ set within wood-clad valley sides and a concentration of designed parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	On the north coast short, deeply-etched valleys cut through to the sea, often with streams spilling over the cliffs as waterfalls.  
•	Conversely, along the south coast, the slow geological sinking of the coastline has resulted in a landscape of drowned valleys (rias) with wide estuaries and ‘inland seas’ set within wood-clad valley sides and a concentration of designed parklands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the landscape are varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th Century enclosure, largely bounded by Cornish hedges  or hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small-scale Medieval field enclosures in valleys and inland away from the main plateau areas
Large rectilinear fields on  plateau tops and along the coast 
Fields largely bounded by Cornish hedges often largely devoid of shrub cover on the coast and in windswept plateau areas
Broad overgrown hedges on valley sides


FG KeyChar:
•	A gently undulating slate plateau forms the ‘backbone’ of the area, dipping gently to the south with its highest point close to the north coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A gently undulating slate plateau forms the ‘backbone’ of the area, dipping gently to the south with its highest point close to the north coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Within the landscape are varying field patterns, both ancient and as a result of 17th and 18th Century enclosure, largely bounded by Cornish hedges  or hedgerows.
•	The area has important archaeological and industrial-archaeological sites, including the well-preserved remains of prehistoric castles, and relics of the china clay, tin and copper industries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Historic field patterns
Important  industrial archaeology, including relics of china clay, tin and copper industries (part of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site)
Numerous prehistoric and Medieval earthworks form subtle features in the landscape  
Important parks and gardens, especially around southern rias


FG KeyChar:
•	Open grasses and heath line the coastline in fragmented sections.  There are also areas of heath and scrub on the open plateau, with hedgebanks often taking on a heathy character which significantly extends the visual influence of this vegetation type.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open grasses and coastal heath with significant areas of wind-pruned scrub in fragmented sections
Areas of heath and scrub on open plateau
Extensive areas of grassy marshes, wet heath and willow woodland in shallow valleys
important wetland habitats (primarily reed beds) where  upper reaches of estuaries have silted


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are numerous broadleaved wooded valleys throughout the area, varying greatly in size.  There is limited tree cover on the exposed plateau and cliff tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Numerous (often ancient) broadleaved woodlands in valleys, especially fringing estuaries 
Limited tree cover on exposed plateau and cliff tops
Hedgerow trees scattered throughout the agricultural landscape in some parts of this NCA, as in the Fowey Ria
Traditional orchards clustered around farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	Common grazing of the moor by sheep, cattle and ponies is widespread, while some areas suffer from overgrazing, others are undergrazed.
•	Pasture dominates the enclosed land, some of which has been improved and contrasts with surrounding areas.  Beef and cattle have substituted for dairy farming.

Edited_KeyChars:
Common grazing of moor and rough grasslands by sheep, cattle and ponies
Enclosed land mainly pasture and rush pasture, some improved (beef and dairy farming)


FG KeyChar:
•	Many older buildings are constructed in granite, with granite roofs and some slate hangings.  Other important features include clapper bridges, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings in granite, with granite roofs and some slate hangings
Clapper bridges, crosses, standing stones and stone stiles distinctive characteristics


FG KeyChar:
•	The head waters of streams and rivers are characterised by shallow valleys but from the edge of the granite they form deep valleys with cascades and gorges.  
•	The area has a number of man-made reservoirs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The head waters of streams and rivers are characterised by shallow valleys but from the edge of the granite they form deep valleys with cascades and gorges.  
•	The area has a number of man-made reservoirs.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is an even proportion of open and ringfenced moorland created by farming hamlets in the medieval period and by small farms in the 18th and 19th Century.
•	There is a striking difference between the irregular shaped ancient enclosures and the regular pattern of parliamentary enclosures.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open and ring-fenced moorland associated with medieval farming hamlets and small 18th and 19th century farms
Contrasting small irregular ancient enclosures on the moorland fringe and regular parliamentary enclosures
Marked by Cornish hedges often topped with little more than gorse


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils on the Moor are acidic, predominately gravely and peaty whilst those on the fringes are well drained acid brown earths capable of cultivation.
•	Slates, shales and ores created from the formation of the granite intrusion have resulted in extensive mineral workings, including tin mining, china clay extraction and granite quarries.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils on the Moor are acidic, predominately gravely and peaty whilst those on the fringes are well drained acid brown earths capable of cultivation.
•	Slates, shales and ores created from the formation of the granite intrusion have resulted in extensive mineral workings, including tin mining, china clay extraction and granite quarries.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is an even proportion of open and ringfenced moorland created by farming hamlets in the medieval period and by small farms in the 18th and 19th Century.
•	The Moor has a high concentration of important historic features including the remains of abandoned Neolithic, Bronze Age and Medieval enclosures, settlements and relics of a ritual landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
High concentration of important historic features including the remains of abandoned Neolithic, Bronze Age and Medieval enclosures, settlements and relics of a ritual landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive habitats include wet heaths, dry grassland, valley bogs, crags, extensive areas of semi natural grassland and gorse scrub, as well as woodland and rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of acidic grassland and gorse scrub on the open moor with some areas  suffering from overgrazing, others undergrazed
Valley bottoms with a mosaic of wet heath, valley mire, acid grassland and willow carr
Localised traditional hay meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements on the sparsely populated open moorland are linked by open, unenclosed tracks, whilst villages, hamlets and farmsteads of recent, industrial origin tend to lie on the moorland fringes and valleys linked by winding, sunken lanes.  Farming patterns, overlaid by miners’ small holdings account for the dispersed and complex pattern of settlement and piecemeal enclosure.
•	Other prominent features are the disused aerodrome at Davdistow and a windfarm at Cold Northcott near St Clether.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements on the sparsely populated open moorland are linked by open, unenclosed tracks, whilst villages, hamlets and farmsteads of recent, industrial origin tend to lie on the moorland fringes and valleys linked by winding, sunken lanes.  Farming patterns, overlaid by miners’ small holdings account for the dispersed and complex pattern of settlement and piecemeal enclosure.
•	Other prominent features are the disused aerodrome at Davdistow and a windfarm at Cold Northcott near St Clether.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bodmin Moor is an irregular granite plateau with poor surface drainage, cut by rivers and surrounded by a softer more settled landscape.  Rising from the plateau are high rocky tors and clitter slopes such as Brown Willy at 420 AD.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bodmin Moor is an irregular granite plateau with poor surface drainage, cut by rivers and surrounded by a softer more settled landscape.  Rising from the plateau are high rocky tors and clitter slopes such as Brown Willy at 420 AD.


FG KeyChar:
•	While the exposed uplands are treeless, the valleys and moorland edge offers shelter to deciduous woodlands, some of ancient origin.  There are also small copses and shelterbelts around farmsteads.
•	There are large coniferous plantations on higher land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Treeless exposed uplands
Deciduous woodlands, some of ancient origin, around moorland edge and in valleys including some ancient oak coppice on valley sides
18th and 19th Century deciduous plantations in the north east
Small copses and shelterbelts around farmsteads


FG KeyChar:
•	Small enclosures within the moorlands and around their edges contain pasture or rough grassland while pasture dominates within the valleys. Arable cultivation and market gardening is confined to a few sheltered spots.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly pastoral farming 
Some arable and market gardening


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are almost universally built of granite with slate roofs and some have slate hanging.  On the more sheltered sites and better land, modern farm buildings tend to dominate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings are almost universally built of granite with slate roofs and some have slate hanging.


FG KeyChar:
•	Along its southern boundary is a rugged coastline with sandy beaches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rugged coastline with beaches and coastal heath (covered under semi-natural habitats)


Note: the map for the NCA does not include a coastline


FG KeyChar:
•	Water contributes significantly to the character of the area, with the white china clay wastelands enhanced by the turquoise or green waters of flooded clay pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Water contributes significantly to the character of the area, with the white china clay wastelands enhanced by the turquoise or green waters of flooded clay pits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Off the high ground, irregular fields, enclosed by Cornish hedges , stone walls and hedgerows, lie in complex patterns while, in places, old field systems have been enlarged, and are more regular in shape.
•	The hedgebanks are largely treeless but on lower more sheltered ground trees become more common, while sheltered valleys contain a wide variety of scrub and woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular fields enclosed by Cornish hedges or stone walls
Enlarged fields in some places with boundary removal


FG KeyChar:
•	Pylons, electricity lines and a variety of industrial works feature strongly in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant medieval strip field systems and hill forts
Mature woodland and trees as part of parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	The central uplands mainly consists of a mixture of dry and wet heath.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural habitats are dry and wet heath and gorse scrub 
Small areas of species-rich grassland and fen


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditionally dispersed settlement pattern has been augmented by roadside development and the enlargement of hamlets and small villages.  The Eden Project, a major tourist attraction, is located on the southern fringes of the Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The traditionally dispersed settlement pattern has been augmented by roadside development and the enlargement of hamlets and small villages.  The Eden Project, a major tourist attraction, is located on the southern fringes of the Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a unique landscape of china clay extraction, where a lunar landscape of flat-topped and older conical waste heaps and flooded pits dominate, surrounded by remnants of once extensive and exposed, windswept, heather moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a unique landscape of china clay extraction, where a lunar landscape of flat-topped and older conical waste heaps and flooded pits dominate, surrounded by remnants of once extensive and exposed, windswept, heather moorland.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees have also been planted as clumps and shelterbelts around farmsteads.
•	The hedgebanks are largely treeless but on lower more sheltered ground trees become more common, while sheltered valleys contain a wide variety of scrub and woodland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed woodland found on valley sides
Willow carr woodland in wetter areas (valley bottoms)
Cornish hedges largely treeless
Mature woodland as part of parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Small enclosures within the moorlands and around their edges contain poor quality pasture or rough grassland supporting dairy farming.  There is some horticultural land on the gentler more fertile lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Moorland pasture and rough grassland
Horticultural land on lower slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Older buildings are constructed of local granite with slate roofs and some slate hangwalls.  In the more fertile areas, modern farm buildings dominate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings constructed of local granite with slate roofs and some slate hangwalls
Modern buildings in fertile areas


FG KeyChar:
•	Strong geometric field pattern clearly defined by pine shelterbelts or ‘Deal Rows’(originally planted and managed as wind break hedgerows following the Enclosures Act but with the traditional management abandoned, distinctive twisted and gnarled trees remain).
•	Irrigation and fertilisation of the inherently infertile Breckland soils has seen the development of a large scale arable landscape of pale-coloured fields.  This contrasts with areas of open heath and the vertical elements of pine lines, belts and forests.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong geometric field pattern defined by pine shelterbelts on plateau
Smaller fields lined by hedges and ditches in the river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	One of the most extensive areas of sandy heaths in lowland England with poor, free draining sands with scattered flints over chalk, which are among the least fertile soils in the country.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	One of the most extensive areas of sandy heaths in lowland England with poor, free draining sands with scattered flints over chalk, which are among the least fertile soils in the country.


FG KeyChar:
•	The areas of heaths bring colour and textural variation and are an important biodiversity resource as well as a centre for military sites, camps and training grounds. Scrub, oak, thorn, pine and birch encroach wherever management is not maintained.

Edited_KeyChars:
One of the most extensive areas of sandy heathland in England
Fast-flowing chalk streams with areas of unimproved pasture and wet meadow
Meres and lakes fringed


FG KeyChar:
•	A long history of settlement but now very sparsely populated with nucleated villages in the river valleys and to the west of the Character Area.  Otherwise the landscape comprises of the occasional farm, church or hamlet.
•	Thetford is the only town of significant size and together with Brandon and Mildenhall forms the post-war overspill development. Building materials are knapped flint, clunch and yellow brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A long history of settlement but now very sparsely populated with nucleated villages in the river valleys and to the west of the Character Area.  Otherwise the landscape comprises of the occasional farm, church or hamlet.
•	Thetford is the only town of significant size and together with Brandon and Mildenhall forms the post-war overspill development. Building materials are knapped flint, clunch and yellow brick.


FG KeyChar:
•	Unique combination of climate, rocks and soils has produced a gently undulating, dry plateau with long slopes leading to alluvial flats with shallow, meandering river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Unique combination of climate, rocks and soils has produced a gently undulating, dry plateau with long slopes leading to alluvial flats with shallow, meandering river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Vast commercial conifer plantations which form forest landscape – unique to lowland England.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive plantation forest
Distinctive twisted and gnarled Scots pine shelterbelts along field boundaries
Some scrub, oak, thorn, pine and birch encroachment
Areas of deciduous tree cover in the river valleys


Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly permanent, improved pasture
Some areas of wet and rough pasture
Livestock grazing, mainly by sheep


Edited_KeyChars:
Improved and semi-improved farmland for grazing sheep and cattle


Edited_KeyChars:
Hedges and hedgerow trees on fragments of farmland


Edited_KeyChars:
Farmsteads on plateau built of local brick, flint, carstone and clunch


Edited_KeyChars:
Widespread use of local limestone for older buildings


Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional farm buildings in local limestone and brick


Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional farm buildings of red brick and flint with pantiled or peg tiled roofs


Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of marsh and former grazing marsh largely devoid of buildings
Traditional farmsteads on higher ground


Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland on fragments of farmland within conurbation


Edited_KeyChars:
Considerable archaeological resource, especially on arable
Ancient trackways and Roman roads
Some parkland


Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age landscape features and green lanes
Historic halls and associated parkland landscapes
Redundant airfields


Edited_KeyChars:
Relatively rich archaeological resource, especially on grassland
Abandoned, isolated churches and mills that form landmarks
Significant area of historic parkland (not mentioned in NCA description)
Many meres and lakes, including former gravel workings


Edited_KeyChars:
Rich archaeology with barrows, cairns, tumuli and historic tracks
Ecclesiastical sites and some industrial archaeology
Parkland and historic estates


Edited_KeyChars:
Wetland vegetation and valley fens in the river valleys
Areas of heathland commons and greens


Edited_KeyChars:
Fragments of species-rich grassland and reedbed


Edited_KeyChars:
Reedbeds
Small remnants of species-rich grassland with hay cutting


Edited_KeyChars:
Watercourses and floodplains marked by riparian trees
Remnant grazing marsh, fen and reedbed


Edited_KeyChars:
Localised areas of reedbed
Remnant mosses and fen carr - at risk from drainage
Remnant species-rich meadows


Edited_KeyChars:
Open heath, bracken and gorse in mosaic with woodland on coversands
Rare and distinctive inland dune systems
Remnant calcareous grassland
Remnant fen habitats


Edited_KeyChars:
Mosses and meres
Heathland remnants on higher ground
Species-rich grassland in stream valleys


Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant species-rich grasslands and wetlands


Edited_KeyChars:
Deeply indented coastline with creeks, islands and peninsulas
Broad tidal mudflats and sands
Coastal grazing marsh and saltmarsh with an intricate pattern of narrow creeks and runnels
Sea walls
Shingle banks e.g. Foulness Point, Colne Point and unvegetated foreshores


Edited_KeyChars:
Mudflats and saltmarsh
Sand dune systems


FG KeyChar:
•	Timber is the main building material and traditional buildings include timber-framed and colour-washed houses with steeply pitched roofs, sometimes faced with Georgian red brick.  Pegtiles and wheat straw thatch are typical.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings include timber-framed and colour-washed buildings sometimes faced with Georgian red brick
Rich heritage of barns, historic moated sites
Pegtiles and wheat straw thatch also typical


FG KeyChar:
•	The area exhibits the remnants of small-scale irregular medieval enclosure, despite some rationalization of fields.
•	Sunken hollow lanes are a feature, lined with hedgerows, but the impact of Dutch Elm disease is apparent (in Essex).

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely an area of ‘ancient countryside’ with field boundaries predominantly of substantial hedges of medieval or earlier date
Thus remnants of small-scale irregular medieval enclosure dominate to the east of Bury St Edmunds / Saffron Walden /  Harlow despite some rationalisation of fields
Gappy hedgerows within valleys, thick hedgerows on bolder clay plateau
Ditches within valleys
To south west of Bury St Edmunds / Saffron Walden /  Harlow larger rectilinear fields of Parliamentary Enclosure


FG KeyChar:
•	Broadly flat, chalky, boulder clay plateau dissected by undulating river valley topography, particularly marked in upper valley reaches, which are much smaller in scale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Broadly flat, chalky, boulder clay plateau dissected by undulating river valley topography, particularly marked in upper valley reaches, which are much smaller in scale.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are a number of impressive churches, a rich heritage of barns and surviving medieval enclosure.
•	There is a concentration of historic moated sites in this Character Area.
•	There are a number of well preserved medieval towns and villages with elaborate timber-frame houses e.g. Lavenham, Finchingfield, Cavendish and Thaxted.

Edited_KeyChars:
Impressive churches, elaborate timber-frame houses
Significant number of archaeological sites under arable or grassland management
Important parklands


Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant meadows and wet pastures in valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	There are a number of impressive churches, a rich heritage of barns and surviving medieval enclosure.
•	Dedham Vale is a tourist honey pot and has a strong cultural association with Constable.
•	There are several large estates and more 20th century development towards coast.
•	Elsewhere the settlement pattern is dispersed - scattered farmsteads and small settlements around 'tyes' (commons) or strip greens and isolated hamlets are typical.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are a number of impressive churches, a rich heritage of barns and surviving medieval enclosure.
•	Dedham Vale is a tourist honey pot and has a strong cultural association with Constable.
•	There are several large estates and more 20th century development towards coast.
•	Elsewhere the settlement pattern is dispersed - scattered farmsteads and small settlements around 'tyes' (commons) or strip greens and isolated hamlets are typical.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are few large woods (20 acres plus) - ancient deciduous woods occur on the plateau.
•	Copses (or shaws), connected by hedgerows, give a wooded appearance.  
•	Hedgerow trees are typically elm (with hornbeam and field maple) in Essex or oak and ash in Suffolk.
•	Willow pollards are typical features of the valley floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Few large woods but ancient deciduous woods on plateau
Copses (or shaws) linked by hedgerows give wooded character
Hedgerow trees (hornbeam and field maple and formerly elm in Essex; oak and ash in Suffolk)
Willow pollards typical of valley floors
Localised traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The large-scale rolling downland is mainly arable.
•	Grazing occurs in smaller fields within the tight river valleys and around Newmarket where the stud farms impose a distinctive, manicured character.

Edited_KeyChars:
The large-scale rolling downland mainly arable 
Grazing occurs in smaller fields within the tight river valleys and around Newmarket where the stud farms impose a distinctive, manicured character
Grazing marsh scattered along the chalk spring line supporting characteristic species


FG KeyChar:
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.
•	The landscape has a generally muted colour range with distinctive pale soils and building materials.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixture of brick, ‘clunch’ (building chalk) and timber-framed houses under thatched and tiled roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.


JM KeyChar:
•	Although much of the area lacks surface drainage, the hills are dissected by the two shallow valleys of the Rivers Granta and Rhee, which converge to form the Cam just south of Cambridge.


Edited_KeyChars:
This broad scale landscape has large, very late enclosure fields with low thorn hedge
Around Newmarket the rectilinear landscape is subdivided to give a more closely geometric feel
Where clay overlies the chalk fields bounded by ditches


FG KeyChar:
•	The distinctive, open, variable topography of the Chalk is a continuation of the Chilterns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The distinctive, open, variable topography of the Chalk is a continuation of the Chilterns.


FG KeyChar:
•	Significant linear ancient or Roman earthworks include Devil’s Dyke, Fleam Dyke and Icknield Way.

Edited_KeyChars:
Upland plateau and slopes, partitioned by linear earthworks and populated by hillforts and burial mounds, the latter most noticeable on Therfield Heath near Royston
Ancient or Roman earthworks include Devil’s Dyke, Fleam Dyke and Icknield Way
Wealth of Romano-British and late Iron Age settlement remains (significant small towns existed at Great Chesterford and Baldock for example)
15 Registered Parks and Gardens covering 649 ha


FG KeyChar:
•	Remnants of chalk grassland remain, often associated with linear features such as road verges and the margins of golf courses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnants of chalk grassland remain
Lowland meadow found on unimproved loamy soils
in the east a mosaic of habitats with calcareous and acidic species growing in close proximity reflecting the chalky and sandy soil mix
Reedbeds and fen have developed on alkaline fen peat in the vicinity of springs that issue a constant supply of lime-rich water


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement comprising distinctive nucleated villages located generally within valleys.
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement comprising distinctive nucleated villages located generally within valleys.
•	Landscape features include long, straight roads, open grass tracks and isolated 19th century white or yellow brick farmhouses.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is limited woodland cover across the Character Area comprising beech belts along roads and ash dominated copses and hilltop clumps. 
•	Pine belts begin to take over from the beech towards the Brecklands in the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
A distinctive, open, Chalk landscape that forms a continuation of the Chilterns
Limited woodland cover comprising beech belts along roads and ash dominated copses and hilltop clumps 
Pine belts begin to take over from beech towards the Brecklands in the east
Hedgerow trees uncommon in this open landscape, although important where present
Hedgerow trees more numerous in the smaller and more enclosed landscape of the stud farms around Newmarket
Old pollarded crack and white willows a significant feature along chalk streams


FG KeyChar:
•	This is predominantly an open and intensive arable landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Predominantly an open and intensive arable landscape
River corridors of the Great Ouse and Ivel characterised by flood plain grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Generally a diversity of building materials are used, including brick, thatch and stone. Limestone villages on the upper Great Ouse.

Edited_KeyChars:
A diversity of building materials used including brick, thatch and stone
Limestone in the valley of the upper Great Ouse


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a man-made reservoir at Grafham Water. Restored gravel working lakes adjacent to River Ouse, and water-bodies in the Marston Vale have resulted from clay extraction.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a man-made reservoir at Grafham Water. Restored gravel working lakes adjacent to River Ouse, and water-bodies in the Marston Vale have resulted from clay extraction.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are bounded by either open ditches or sparse closely trimmed hedges, both containing a variable number and quality of hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields bounded by either open ditches or sparse closely trimmed hedges
Lines of past hedgerows marked by occasional trees
Larger hedges in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Medieval earthworks including deserted villages are key historic landscape features.
•	Brickfields of Marston Vale and Peterborough form a major industrial landscape of extraction, landfill and redundant pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medieval earthworks including deserted villages key historic landscape features
Areas of ridge and furrow in river valleys
Notable houses and grounds include Kimbolton, and Croxton and Wrest Park, Silsoe
Overall a large archaeological resource


FG KeyChar:
•	River corridors of the Great Ouse and Ivel compose cohesive sub-areas characterised by flood plain grassland, riverine willows and larger hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lowland meadow found on poorly draining boulder clay and on alluvium, often with ridge-and-furrow topography and managed for a hay 
Reedbed, swamp and fen localised and found at the margins of the major rivers and old clay and gravel pits


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement pattern clusters around major road and rail corridors (A1 and M1), many with raw built edges. Smaller, dispersed settlements occur elsewhere. Village edge grasslands are an important feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement pattern clusters around major road and rail corridors (A1 and M1), many with raw built edges. Smaller, dispersed settlements occur elsewhere. Village edge grasslands are an important feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	Gently undulating topography and plateau areas are divided by broad shallow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Gently undulating topography and plateau areas are divided by broad shallow valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is variable. Clusters of ancient deciduous woodland are located on higher plateaux to the north-west of the Character Area between Salcey and Grafham Water. 
•	Smaller plantations and secondary woodland are features within river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland cover variable - clusters of ancient deciduous woodland located on higher plateaux 
Smaller plantations and secondary woodland  within river valleys
Variable quantity and quality of hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	There is much variety in the distribution and extent of hedgerow and tree cover and density of hedgerows.  On some valley floodplains, such as that of the Welland, there are substantial waterside trees and meadows, but elsewhere flatter areas are arable farmland with low and intermittent hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Much variety in density of hedgerows with some closely flailed
Low and intermittent hedges on flat arable land with past hedgerow removal


FG KeyChar:
•	The area comprises gently undulating clay vales and ridges, with extensive gravel and alluvial deposits along the principal river floodplains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area comprises gently undulating clay vales and ridges, with extensive gravel and alluvial deposits along the principal river floodplains.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic designed parklands are quite frequent and are sited at the edge of the area, adjacent to more wooded landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ridge and furrow on gently sloping valley sides
Frequent historic designed parklands (sited at edge of the area, adjacent to more wooded landscapes)


FG KeyChar:
•	Riverside meadows and waterside trees and shrubs are common, along with flooded gravel pits and their associated wetlands which result from reclamation schemes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Riverside meadows and significant  fen
Small areas of remnant heathland and limestone pavement
Flooded gravel pits and their associated wetlands


FG KeyChar:
•	The relatively open and densely settled character of this landscape means that urban areas and infrastructure are often visually dominant.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The relatively open and densely settled character of this landscape means that urban areas and infrastructure are often visually dominant.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, except for intermittent small woodlands along the Welland and Nene valleys and small valley-side woods, spinneys and copses on the ridges and more undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland cover generally sparse
Intermittent small woodlands along Welland and Nene valleys
Small valley-side woods, spinneys and copses on ridges
Substantial mature hedgerow and waterside trees (willows - often pollarded) on floodplains contribute to a treed character in places


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium-sized arable and wooded landscape on dip-slope to the south-west.
•	Considerable areas of pasture intersperse arable and wooded land cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variable fields, mainly arable interspersed with pasture


Edited_KeyChars:
Local materials include ironstone, brick, thatch and render


FG KeyChar:
•	The river Ivel breaks the ridge at Sandy and numerous transport corridors traverse the ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The river Ivel breaks the ridge at Sandy and numerous transport corridors traverse the ridge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Medium-sized arable and wooded landscape on dip-slope to the south-west.
•	Considerable areas of pasture intersperse arable and wooded land cover.
•	Variable field and roadside boundaries – ranging from mature shelterbelts to gappy, short flailed boundaries to intact evergreen hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly medium sized arable fields with variable boundaries from mature shelterbelts and intact hedges to more degraded gappy heavily flailed  hedgerows
Hedgerow lengths subject to past removal, making the NCA more similar to the surrounding claylands


Edited_KeyChars:
Riverside meadows and fen
Flooded gravel pits and their associated wetlands


Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland cover generally sparse
Intermittent small woodlands along valleys
Small valley-side woods, spinneys and copses on ridges
Substantial mature hedgerow and waterside trees (willows - often pollarded) on floodplains contribute to a treed character in places


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mixture of pasture and arable land, with arable predominant on shallow slopes and pasture on undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable predominant on shallow slopes
Pasture on undulating land
wet grassland on valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	The local ironstone has a distinctive orangey-brown colour and is used in combination with red brick, creamy-grey limestone and cob in traditional buildings throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive local ironstone used with red brick, creamy-grey limestone and cob in traditional buildings throughout


FG KeyChar:
Hedgerows form a regular criss-cross rectilinear pattern across the hills.  They are generally sparse and well trimmed in the large-scale arable areas and dense, with numerous hedgerow trees around pastures.
•	There are outstanding and extensive examples of ridge and furrow and deserted villages on pastoral land throughout the character area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular rectilinear hedgerow pattern
Hedges sparse and well trimmed in arable areas
Hedges dense (and treed) around pastures


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by clays of the Lias Group, capped locally by the ironstone-bearing Marlstone and Northampton Sands at the high (c. 210m) ironstone hills around Guilsborough and Staverton.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by clays of the Lias Group, capped locally by the ironstone-bearing Marlstone and Northampton Sands at the high (c. 210m) ironstone hills around Guilsborough and Staverton.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are outstanding and extensive examples of ridge and furrow and deserted villages on pastoral land throughout the character area.
•	The area has many impressive mansions and designed historic landscapes, including Althorp Hall, Canons Ashby, Cottesbrooke, Harlestone and Holdenby.

Edited_KeyChars:
Outstanding, extensive examples of ridge and furrow and deserted villages on pasture throughout area
Impressive mansions and designed landscapes eg Althorp Hall, Canons Ashby, Cottesbrooke, Harlestone and Holdenby


FG KeyChar:
•	Semi-natural habitats are fragmented and small in scale.  21% of the woodlands are of ancient origin.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural habitats fragmented and small scale


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages are generally small, with a nucleated form and a rather isolated rural character.  However settlements close to the urban areas of Daventry and Rugby and along strategic routes such as the M1, the A14 and the A425 have significant commuter development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Villages are generally small, with a nucleated form and a rather isolated rural character.  However settlements close to the urban areas of Daventry and Rugby and along strategic routes such as the M1, the A14 and the A425 have significant commuter development.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area has a rolling, gently hilly landform with distinctive isolated ironstone hills, although there are also some extensive clay lowlands where glacial till has masked the landform on the fringes of the undulating hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area has a rolling, gently hilly landform with distinctive isolated ironstone hills, although there are also some extensive clay lowlands where glacial till has masked the landform on the fringes of the undulating hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small broadleaf woodlands, copses and shelterbelts, combined with hedgerow trees create an impression of a well-treed landscape, although overall woodland cover is relatively limited (2%).  Woodlands are concentrated along streams and steeper slopes, with many prominent hilltop copses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small broadleaf woodlands, copses and shelterbelts along streams and steeper slopes
In-field and hedgerow trees suggest a well-treed landscape in pastoral areas (though woodland cover is low)
Many prominent hilltop copses


FG KeyChar:
•	Feldon is dominated by pasture, while in Dunsmore there is more mixed farming, including areas of intensive arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Feldon dominated by pasture with small areas of wet grassland
Dunsmore has more mixed farming, including areas of intensive arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are often constructed of red brick, sometimes with blue brick or ironstone details; in places buildings are constructed of Lias limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings of red brick, sometimes with blue brick or ironstone details
In places constructed of Lias limestone


JM KeyChar:
•	River valleys are narrow and mainly arable, but in places there are remnant flood meadows, bankside pollard trees and reedbeds.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are usually large, with regular or rectilinear shapes, although there are some smaller fields.
•	Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields are usually large, with regular or rectilinear shapes, although there are some smaller fields
Thorn hedgerows form the main boundaries - boundaries less well defined in Feldon
Loss and deterioration of hedges leading to fragmentation of field patterns


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is underlain by lower Lias clays and Mercia mudstones, with extensive surface deposits of glacial drift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is underlain by lower Lias clays and Mercia mudstones, with extensive surface deposits of glacial drift.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many areas of ridge and furrow show the location of medieval open fields
Earthwork remains of medieval settlements and associated field systems as at Radwell, Tysoe and Napton - three of the most coherent medieval township landscapes in England
Large country houses set in mature parkland a recurring feature


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a nucleated settlement pattern of villages, with occasional outlying farms.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.
•	In some areas there is a strong urban influence, particularly near to the urban centres of Leamington Spa, Coventry and Rugby.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a nucleated settlement pattern of villages, with occasional outlying farms.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.
•	In some areas there is a strong urban influence, particularly near to the urban centres of Leamington Spa, Coventry and Rugby.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the landscape is gently undulating with localised low hills and plateaux.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the landscape is gently undulating with localised low hills and plateaux.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a general lack of woodland cover across the area, although there is a well-wooded character in Dunsmore.

Edited_KeyChars:
General lack of woodland cover across the area but well-wooded character in Dunsmore
Frequent hedgerow trees in Dunsmore with wooded streams
Many small coverts and belts of trees in the west of the area, along the River Stour 
Frequent hedgerow elm stumps in the Vales  and Feldon - suggesting in the past hedgerow trees were common


Edited_KeyChars:
Acid grassland and heathland formerly characteristic of sand and gravel deposits to the east of Coventry - now very localised and of limited occurrence
Flower-rich flood meadows occur on the regularly flooded alluvial soils


FG KeyChar:
•	Most older buildings are constructed of brick and timber.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings mainly of brick and timber


FG KeyChar:
•	River corridors are defined by narrow alluvial floodplains, which are characterised by grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	River corridors are defined by narrow alluvial floodplains, which are characterised by grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient patterns of well-hedged, irregular fields and small woodlands that contrast with larger semi-regular fields on former deer parks and estates and geometric patterns on former commons.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient patterns of well-hedged, irregular fields
Larger semi-regular hedged fields on former deer parks and estates
Geometric field patterns on former commons
Boundary walls associated with large estates


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying geology in the north of the area is dominated by Palaeozoic rocks, including coal measures, while the centre and south of the area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones, with frequent deposits of glacial drift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying geology in the north of the area is dominated by Palaeozoic rocks, including coal measures, while the centre and south of the area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones, with frequent deposits of glacial drift.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is Shakespeare's 'Forest of Arden' which was historically a region of wood pasture and heathland.

JM KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include medieval military and ecclesiastical sites and moated manors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Medieval military and ecclesiastical sites and moated manors
Shakespeare's 'Forest of Arden', historic region of wood pasture and heathland
Field ponds locally important and marl-pits in need of management


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas of heathland persist on poorer soils in central and northern areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant heathlands on poorer soils in centre and north
Small areas of remnant lowland meadows
Narrow alluvial floodplains of the rivers, characterised by grazing meadows, with patches of wet grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the Arden landscape is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, with just a few villages along the river valleys, and frequent isolated farms. 
•	The former commons attracted settlement by landless labourers which formed the basis for many of the Arden hamlets and the isolated wayside cottages with long, narrow gardens.
•	Small mining settlements, with terraced housing, have developed in the north-east of the area.
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the Arden landscape is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, with just a few villages along the river valleys, and frequent isolated farms. 
•	The former commons attracted settlement by landless labourers which formed the basis for many of the Arden hamlets and the isolated wayside cottages with long, narrow gardens.
•	Small mining settlements, with terraced housing, have developed in the north-east of the area.
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a rolling landform of low hills and valleys, with narrow meandering flood plains and occasional steeper scarps.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a rolling landform of low hills and valleys, with narrow meandering flood plains and occasional steeper scarps.


FG KeyChar:
•	Mature hedgerow oaks are a defining characteristic of the area, together with ancient woodlands and plantation woodlands that often date from the time of enclosure.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mature hedgerow oaks and field trees - a defining characteristic but at risk
Ancient woodlands
Belt of mature trees associated with large estates
Plantation woodlands from time of parliamentary enclosure
Wooded fringes to water courses
Remnant traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Away from the urban areas, the main land uses are pasture grassland and rough grazing, particularly on the thinner and more acidic soils.
•	Arable land-use has increased across the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pasture grassland and rough grazing traditionally the main land use, particularly on thinner and more acidic soils
Narrow alluvial floodplains with grazing meadows, often with patches of wet grassland
Arable land use has increased


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grasslands with occasional arable fields on the lower hills and vales and intensive mixed farming in the wide, flat-bottomed valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of improved and unimproved grasslands
Arable fields on lower hills and vales
Intensive mixed farming in wide, flat-bottomed valleys
remaining floodplain grazing marsh in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally of grey Silurian stone or whitewash.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rural buildings traditionally of grey Silurian stone or whitewash


FG KeyChar:
•	River systems are an important feature of this landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	River systems are an important feature of this landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are irregular field patterns in valleys and around settlements contrasting with large rectilinear fields on higher ground.
•	To the west are open hilltop pastures, rough grazing and moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedges throughout
Irregular field patterns in valleys and around settlements
Large rectilinear fields on higher ground
Open hilltop pastures, rough grazing and moorland to west
Walls bound estates, parklands and old deer parks


FG KeyChar:
•	Offa’s Dyke is an important historic landscape feature, along with several Iron Age hillforts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Offa’s Dyke
Iron Age hillforts
Motte and bailey castles in valleys
Important landscapes parks and deer parks


FG KeyChar:
•	There are occasional species-rich grasslands, heathlands and ancient woodlands throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Occasional species-rich grasslands and heathlands
Rhos Fiddle the most extensively remaining area for moorland (upland heath) with most of it having now been reclaimed for agriculture.


FG KeyChar:
•	Welsh settlement patterns of isolated farmsteads, small fields and Welsh farm names in the western uplands contrast with scattered villages, castles and anglicised names in the valleys.
•	The former market towns of Kington and Bishop’s Castle are the principal settlements in the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Welsh settlement patterns of isolated farmsteads, small fields and Welsh farm names in the western uplands contrast with scattered villages, castles and anglicised names in the valleys.
•	The former market towns of Kington and Bishop’s Castle are the principal settlements in the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rounded upland hills with steep slopes divided by narrow valleys which widen to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rounded upland hills with steep slopes divided by narrow valleys which widen to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large, recent conifer plantations occur alongside or interlocking with remnant, ancient, semi-natural woodland on central hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant, ancient, semi-natural woodland on central hills
Scattered field trees
Waterside trees and pollards in need of management
Localised traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The agriculture is variable, ranging from rough grazing in the west, through low to moderate intensity pastoral land use, to intensive arable cultivation on the valley floors of the Golden Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
intensive arable cultivation on the valley floors
Rough grazing in the west
Low to moderate intensity pastoral land use


FG KeyChar:
•	The older buildings are of Old Red Sandstone in a mixture of hues from red to grey.

Edited_KeyChars:
The older buildings are of Old Red Sandstone in a mixture of hues from red to grey
Many defensive mottes


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a predominantly irregular enclosure pattern of small fields with thick, mixed hedges, becoming larger and semi-regular on the lower ground to the east; the high hills to the west are mostly unenclosed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular enclosure pattern of small fields becoming  larger and semi-regular on the lower ground to the east 
Thick mixed species-rich hedges creating densely hedged field systems - hedges becoming lower as the land continues to rise
Important ancient hedgerows along road verges
Some hedgerows are degraded and other lengths have been lost


FG KeyChar:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Occasional Iron Age hillforts and older monuments are found in the area.
•	Some areas of parkland occur on the eastern ridges and slopes.
•	There is a strong Welsh influence across much of the area and many defensive mottes are found.

Edited_KeyChars:
Defensive mottes and Iron Age hillforts and monuments - Iron Age hillforts (e.g. Poston and Pen Twyn) provided foci for valley communities
Neolithic and Bronze Age activity, including megaliths of Arthur’s stone
Romano-British period saw more settlement
Ancient deer park (Moccas)and areas of parkland on eastern ridges and slopes.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open heather moorland, acid grassland and extensive areas of bracken are found on the upper hill slopes and summits.

Edited_KeyChars:
‘Inbye’ unimproved neutral grasslands a feature of the western edge of the NCA
Unimproved open acidic grasslands found on the hills and uplands of the Black Mountains(giving rise to a characteristic upland edge landscape) derived from heathland by grazing
Mosaics of moorland and shrub heath
Small areas of rich calcareous grassland confined to rock outcrops and spring lines
Highest land on the Black Mountain plateau ridges has wet heath and bog with small, flushed areas Blanket mire lies on gentler slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered farmsteads and hamlets form a dispersed settlement pattern with occasional villages.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Scattered farmsteads and hamlets form a dispersed settlement pattern with occasional villages.


FG KeyChar:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.
•	The lower landscape to the east has been cut by rivers, giving a north-west to south-east orientated pattern of ridges and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.
•	The lower landscape to the east has been cut by rivers, giving a north-west to south-east orientated pattern of ridges and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is predominantly found on the slopes of the eastern and northern hills, including the ancient deer park at Moccas, and is mostly broadleaved, but with some blocks of mixed and coniferous plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodland predominantly found on the slopes of the eastern and northern hills
Mostly broadleaved, but with some blocks of mixed and coniferous plantations
Scattered hedgerow trees in the Golden and Grey Valleys
Localised traditional orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the lower lying land is in intensive arable cultivation with localised traditional and bush orchards, and occasional hop fields.
•	Pasture is also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
Much of the lower lying land is in intensive arable cultivation (and suffering from erosion) with localised traditional and bush orchards, and occasional hop fields
Pasture also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers


FG KeyChar:
•	Timber framed (black and white) buildings are typical across much of the area but stone and red brick are also frequently used.

Edited_KeyChars:
Old Red Sandstone has been widely used, particularly in the large farmsteads
Timber framing also characteristic of the area


FG KeyChar:
•	There are wide meandering river valleys, including the Wye, Lugg and Frome with occasional pollarded willows.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are wide meandering river valleys, including the Wye, Lugg and Frome with occasional pollarded willows.


FG KeyChar:
•	Parkland is also a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands.
•	The hedgerows are often cut low with sparse tree cover, although locally high or planted windbreaks occur around orchards and hop fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
A semi-regular field pattern
The hedgerows are often cut low with sparse tree cover, some hedgerows have been removed
Locally hedgerows may be grown high to act as windbreaks


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, with localised deposits of alluvium and glacial drift.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, with localised deposits of alluvium and glacial drift.


FG KeyChar:
•	Parkland is also a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement, agriculture and burial sites present beneath the alluvium of the river Lugg
An impressive array of Iron Age hillforts, some of which remained occupied in the Roman period, on higher ground
Parkland a characteristic feature of the Herefordshire lowlands


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture is also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural habitats now much reduced in this intensively farmed landscape
Neutral grasslands once common but now surviving in small pockets
Wet grasslands now very restricted, those that survive particularly associated with common land that has escaped drainage improvements
Small areas of isolated unimproved grassland survive along the north-eastern fringe of the NCA


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern with scattered villages, hamlets and farmsteads throughout, and clustered settlements around commons.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern with scattered villages, hamlets and farmsteads throughout, and clustered settlements around commons.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating landscape with localised steep-sided hills and wide flood plains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating landscape with localised steep-sided hills and wide flood plains.


FG KeyChar:
•	The steep slopes of the central hills are dominated by woodlands, but there are scattered copses and plantations throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
The steep slopes of the central hills are dominated by woodlands
Elsewhere scattered copses and plantations throughout the area
Planted windbreaks occur around orchards and hop fields
Localised traditional orchards
Hedgerow trees are an important landscape feature although not that common - many have been lost
Willow pollards a feature of water courses (there are wide meandering river valleys, including the Wye, Lugg and Frome)


FG KeyChar:
•	There are small scattered woodlands and plantations throughout, as well as riparian trees and woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small scattered woodlands and plantations
Wooded steep sided  valleys or dingles
Frequent hedgerow trees and Damson trees in hedgerows throughout
Riparian trees and woodlands associated with parkland
Orchards present throughout


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable farming dominates the plateau, although there are areas of pasture and mixed farming.
•	Hops and orchards (traditional and bush) are found throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable farming dominates on the plateau
Areas of pasture and mixed farming, with areas of pasture thought to be declining
River Frome and many tributary streams and valleys with remnant wet grasslands
Rough grazing on the commons found on higher ground


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many streams and rivers, the Frome being the largest, flowing through incised valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are many streams and rivers, the Frome being the largest, flowing through incised valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The fields are medium to large in size on the open, flatter ground of the plateau, whilst smaller, more irregular and with higher hedges on the slopes and in the valleys.
•	Scattered damson trees are a distinctive feature along many hedgerows in this area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields are medium/large on  the plateau
Small/irregular fields on the slopes and valleys
Hedges form the field boundaries - taller and thicker on the slopes and valleys but overcut and declining in arable areas


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Iron Age hillforts are found on some of the higher hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iron Age hillforts on higher hills of which Wall Hills (Thornbury) is by far the largest
Extensive evidence for prehistoric and Romano-British occupation, including some sections of Roman road
Berrington Hall and Brockhampton are fine examples of traditional historic parkland


FG KeyChar:
•	Localised heaths and commons are found on the hills east of Bromyard.

Edited_KeyChars:
Localised heaths and commons with scrub, bracken and unimproved grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs on and around Bringsty Common and Bromyard Downs.
•	Bromyard is the principal settlement of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs on and around Bringsty Common and Bromyard Downs.
•	Bromyard is the principal settlement of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.
•	The plateau has an abrupt western edge down to the River Lugg, and northern and eastern edges to the River Teme.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.
•	The plateau has an abrupt western edge down to the River Lugg, and northern and eastern edges to the River Teme.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mosaic of mixed agriculture, intensively cultivated in places, but with less improved pastures on the steeper slopes.
•	Traditional orchards and hops are found scattered throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed agriculture, intensively cultivated in place
Some market gardening and hops in addition to orchards
Semi-improved permanent pasture on steeper slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	The traditional building material is typically the local red, pink or grey sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional building materials  typically  local red, pink or grey sandstone
Some buildings of brick and timber
High concentration of timber-framed buildings, including a high proportion of 16th century or earlier date
Plain clay tile and Welsh slate are the predominant roofing material


FG KeyChar:
•	The field pattern is typically of irregular, small, hedged fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
The field pattern is typically of irregular, small fields
hedgerows form the main boundary, some declining


JM KeyChar:
•	Historic landscape features include numerous medieval manors and early timber-framed buildings.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local archaeological features
Areas of parkland


JM KeyChar:
•	Formerly extensive water-meadow systems and hay meadows are now greatly reduced but wet valley bottom grassland remains a key habitat.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pockets of species-rich grassland 
Local commons with semi-natural habitats


FG KeyChar:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern is typical, with scattered farmsteads, hamlets and occasionally small villages, but there is also localised wayside settlement, particularly around commons.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern is typical, with scattered farmsteads, hamlets and occasionally small villages, but there is also localised wayside settlement, particularly around commons.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating landscape dissected by the River Teme, and with many small, steeply incised tributary valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating landscape dissected by the River Teme, and with many small, steeply incised tributary valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are some substantial broadleaved woodlands, particularly along steep slopes and narrow valleys, and localised blocks of coniferous plantations.
•	There is also scattered tree cover along watercourses and hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some substantial broadleaved woodlands, particularly along steep slopes and narrow valleys
Scattered trees along rivers and hedgerows 
Localised orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The lower slopes, particularly the steeper ones, are densely wooded often with patches of ancient woodland and occasional plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Steep lower slopes densely wooded, scrub encroaching upward
Patches of ancient woodland and occasional plantations including wooded dingles and streams
Densely treed hedgerows in areas of small irregular pasture fields
Trees line water courses
Localised orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Rough grazing is dominant on the high ground, whilst small pastures are typical of the lower slopes.
•	Localised orchards and hop fields are found throughout the area, whilst larger fields with mixed or arable farming are less common and confined to the lower ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unenclosed rough pasture/ commons on high ground, in need of grazing
Small pastures on slopes
Mixed arable and hop fields on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	A diversity of building styles and materials reflects the variations in geology, with locally-quarried stone, occasional timber-framing and more recent use of red brick.

Edited_KeyChars:
Diverse styles and materials including locally-quarried stone, occasional timber-frame and more recent red brick


FG KeyChar:
•	The hills are intersected by the east-west flowing Leigh Brook; otherwise small streams flow from spring lines at the foot of the hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The hills are intersected by the east-west flowing Leigh Brook; otherwise small streams flow from spring lines at the foot of the hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Ancient, mixed species hedges are typical, with localised dense tree cover; open unenclosed land is a distinctive feature of the high ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open unenclosed land distinctive of open commonland of high ground
Ancient, mixed species hedges typical on slopes
Larger regular hedged fields on lower ground


FG KeyChar:
•	Ridges of lower hills, of limestone and mixed shale, are found to the west and south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Ridges of lower hills, of limestone and mixed shale, are found to the west and south.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many dramatically-sited historic sites, including Iron Age hillforts, along the ridge.
•	Several large estates with designed landscapes are found in the foothills, such as at Eastnor.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many historic sites on ridge including Iron Age hillforts
Large estates with designed landscapes in the foothills e.g. Eastnor


FG KeyChar:
•	The higher hills are dominated by open moorland of acid grassland, bracken and localised heather, with encroaching scrub and woodlands below.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open heathland of acid grassland, bracken and heather on higher hills
Remnant lowland meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Several large estates with designed landscapes are found in the foothills, such as at Eastnor.
•	The upper slopes and summits are unsettled; elsewhere there are scattered farmsteads and cottages.
•	Parts of the Malvern Victorian Spa towns on the eastern slopes lie within the area, along with associated villas on the slopes around.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Several large estates with designed landscapes are found in the foothills, such as at Eastnor.
•	The upper slopes and summits are unsettled; elsewhere there are scattered farmsteads and cottages.
•	Parts of the Malvern Victorian Spa towns on the eastern slopes lie within the area, along with associated villas on the slopes around.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a narrow, north-south ridge of high, rounded hills of igneous rocks, which rise abruptly from the Severn Vale and form a prominent landmark from long distances.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a narrow, north-south ridge of high, rounded hills of igneous rocks, which rise abruptly from the Severn Vale and form a prominent landmark from long distances.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive arable farming dominates the fertile soils of the lower ground; pasture is more common on the higher ground with steeper slopes.
•	There are many traditional and bush orchards on slopes throughout the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive arable farming on fertile soils of lower ground
Pasture more common on steeper and higher ground
Permanent pasture and meadows along river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Farm buildings to the west are predominantly red sandstone, however to the east of the river Wye include brick, timber framed and grey Silurian limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farm buildings to west mainly red sandstone
East of River Wye building materials include brick, timber framed and grey Silurian limestone


FG KeyChar:
•	There are several narrow meandering floodplains with rivers important for fishing.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are several narrow meandering floodplains with rivers important for fishing.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are bounded by hedgerows of variable height, which are often species-rich, particularly along lanes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows often dense and species-rich, particularly along lanes, of variable height
Some hedgerows of very considerable age


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, although the area around the Woolhope Dome incorporates Silurian limestones, shaley mudstones and siltstones.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, although the area around the Woolhope Dome incorporates Silurian limestones, shaley mudstones and siltstones.


FG KeyChar:
•	Iron Age forts are found on several hill summits.
•	The west of the area was part of Archenfield, giving Welsh character.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iron Age hillforts on several summits
West of area was part of Archenfield, giving Welsh character
Parklands scattered across the landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	Unimproved grassland is found on areas of open common land and occasional remnants in small fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
Acidic unimproved grassland on open common land
Remnant limestone grasslands on slopes 
Unimproved or semi-improved neutral grasslands with abundant wild daffodils
Remnants of species rich lowland meadows in valleys
Significant fen and reed bed habitats in river valleys (needs to be checked - not described in the Biodiversity section of the NCA Profile)


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern throughout the area with small hamlets and clustered settlement around commons.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern throughout the area with small hamlets and clustered settlement around commons.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating landscape with some prominent rounded hills, lower rolling ground and narrow meandering flood plains.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating landscape with some prominent rounded hills, lower rolling ground and narrow meandering flood plains.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is largely confined to the steeper slopes adjacent to the flood plain and to hillsides.
•	Trees are often found in groups around farmsteads including small areas of parkland style planting.
•	There are also scattered trees along hedgerows and water courses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woods mainly on slopes above floodplain and on hillsides
Distinctive tree clumps and parkland style planting around farmsteads (in need of management)
Scattered hedgerow and riparian trees
Many traditional (and bush) orchards on slopes throughout area


Edited_KeyChars:
Small area of salt marsh on the banks of the Severn (technically may fall within the Severn and Avon Vales NCA)


FG KeyChar:
•	Agriculture is primarily dairying with some livestock rearing.  In addition, there are small holdings of small to medium-sized fields supporting market gardening, orchards, livestock rearing and horse grazing.
•	Commons, together with areas of enclosed farmland are used extensively for sheep grazing which tends to be unrestricted.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pastoral landscape outside of the Forest supports livestock rearing, with some dairying along the edge of the Severn and Avon Vale
Smallholdings of small- to medium-sized fields, supporting market gardening, orchards, livestock rearing and horse grazing
Commons and the statutory Forest are used extensively for unrestricted sheep grazing
Remnant areas of wet grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings represent a wide range of materials including sandstone, limestone, brick, pebble dash, slate and tiles, whilst more recent buildings are of white render with slate or dark pantile roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings represent a wide range of materials including sandstone, limestone, brick, pebble dash, slate and tiles
More recent buildings of white render with slate or dark pantile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Several small rivers drain from the plateau to the south and south east into the Severn, whilst others feed the Wye to the north and west.  Occasional pools are evident.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Several small rivers drain from the plateau to the south and south east into the Severn, whilst others feed the Wye to the north and west.  Occasional pools are evident.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields sizes range from small, irregular enclosures to medium rectilinear fields.  Fields are either bounded by hedgerows or stone walls with few hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields sizes range from small, irregular enclosures to medium rectilinear fields
Fields either bounded by hedgerows or stone walls with few hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating plateau of ridges and valleys contained by an outer rim of limestone and sandstone, creating a strong sense of isolation.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating plateau of ridges and valleys contained by an outer rim of limestone and sandstone, creating a strong sense of isolation.


FG KeyChar:
•	Aside from relics of an industrial past (iron ore and coal extraction) evident in tips, shallow iron workings or scowles, quarry faces and disused railway lines, most of which have been subsumed by the forest canopy, there are Norman Castles and Offa’s Dyke formerly marking the border between England and Wales

Edited_KeyChars:
Evidence from the Roman period of an early iron industry, exploiting deposits of iron ore with abundant local supplies of charcoal - remains of shallow workings still visible at Scowles
Relics of a more recent industrial past (iron ore and coal extraction) evident throughout
The line of Offa's Dyke and associated features
Old royal hunting forest and parkland remains


FG KeyChar:
•	Surrounding the edge of the Forest is a ring of settlements associated with iron ore deposits, often sprawling and linear in nature, where buildings are interspersed with industry and open grazing land.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Surrounding the edge of the Forest is a ring of settlements associated with iron ore deposits, often sprawling and linear in nature, where buildings are interspersed with industry and open grazing land.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive woodland covers large areas of the Character Area ranging from commercially managed coniferous plantations to broadleaved woodlands, many of which are ancient or semi natural, and designated SSSIs.  
•	In addition there are a significant number of traditional orchards to the north and east.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive woodland, with particular concentrations within the statutory Forest of the central plateau and Wye Valley
Extensive ravine woodlands within the Wye Valley
Woodland ranges  from managed coniferous plantations to broadleaved woodlands, many of which are
ancient - the Forest is one of the largest remaining areas of broadleaf semi-natural woodland in the country
Limited small scattered farm woodlands around the periphery of the  NCA
Few hedgerow trees seen in the more fertile arable areas
Significant number of traditional orchards to the north and east


Edited_KeyChars:
Rich woodland ground flora with areas of extensive scrub and bracken
Small areas of heathland and semi-natural grasslands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive woodland cover, particularly in the west, including blocks of ancient woodland (mainly oak, ash, birch) and coniferous plantation (mainly larch) along the ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive woodland cover, particularly in the west, including blocks of ancient woodland (mainly oak, ash, birch)
Coniferous plantation (mainly larch) along the ridge
Regularly spaced mature hedgerow trees


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many surviving areas of semi-open common land on the plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open, intensively farmed arable fields in many areas
Arable landscape affected by loss of winter stubble
Pasture along river corridors
Areas of rough pasture associated with steeper slopes and commons


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of small fields ancient hedges, often characterises steep ground. The agricultural landscape features hedges, trees and small woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Network of small fields with ancient hedges on steep ground
Larger, more regular hedged fields in other areas


FG KeyChar:
•	A formation of Chalk hills and plateau with a prominent escarpment and extensive dip slope with numerous dry valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A formation of Chalk hills and plateau with a prominent escarpment and extensive dip slope with numerous dry valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway
Numerous archaeological sites
Grand country houses and designed landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	There are remnants of chalk downland on the escarpment and valley sides with extensive areas of downland invaded by scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
Chalk grassland and downland on escarpment and valley sides (often invaded by scrub)
Remnant acid grassland on semi-open common land on plateau
Small outliers of heathland and acid grasslands on commons
Small areas of flower-rich wet meadows in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement consists of scattered villages and farmsteads, some of medieval origin, displaying consistent use of traditional building materials including flint, brick and clay tiles.
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.
•	Frequent grand country houses and designed landscapes occupy prominent positions on sloping valley sides.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement consists of scattered villages and farmsteads, some of medieval origin, displaying consistent use of traditional building materials including flint, brick and clay tiles.
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.
•	Frequent grand country houses and designed landscapes occupy prominent positions on sloping valley sides.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of woodland, dominated by beech on the plateau, and ‘hanging’ woodlands in the valleys, make the Chilterns one of the most wooded lowland landscapes in England.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive beech  woodlands on plateau and ‘hanging’ woods
Small ancient woodlands and hedgerow and in-field trees on farmland
Pollarded willows, alders and other trees along river courses
Traditional orchards


Edited_KeyChars:
Farmsteads, some of medieval origin, traditionally of flint, brick and clay tiles


FG KeyChar:
•	A varied land use pattern comprising a mix of arable and pasture land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming, with arable land predominating on the Hertfordshire plateaux, parts of the London Clay lowlands and Essex heathlands
Grasslands characteristic of river valleys throughout with remnant areas of wet grasslands
Horticulture and market gardening found on the light, sandy soils of former heaths in Essex, particularly around Colchester, along with orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers and streams including the broad valleys of the major rivers Ver, Colne and Lea flow through the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers and streams including the broad valleys of the major rivers Ver, Colne and Lea flow through the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries are varied and contrast from areas of well-hedged landscape across the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges to low and gappy across the heathlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly small to medium sized rectangular fields but also significant areas of small irregular fields as in the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges
Areas of well-hedged landscape across the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges and parts of Hertfordshire
Low and gappy hedgerows across the former heathlands of Essex
Wet ditched common in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	A mixed landscape consisting of four distinct sub-areas; the Hertfordshire Plateau and River Valleys, Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges, London Clay Lowlands and the Essex Heathlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A mixed landscape consisting of four distinct sub-areas; the Hertfordshire Plateau and River Valleys, Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges, London Clay Lowlands and the Essex Heathlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Notable medieval and later historic homes are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Substantial legacy of Prehistoric funerary monuments and settlement sites, visible as both crop marks and earthworks
Extraordinarily rich evidence of Prehistoric and early historic settlement pattern in the London Clay lowlands including extensive Roman and Saxon settlement
Essex heathlands offer evidence including territorial earthworks such as Iron Age hillforts
Ponds are a common characteristic of this NCA
Colchester was Britain’s earliest urban settlement and first Roman capital 
Landscape parklands surrounding 16th- and 17th-century rural
Estates and country houses built for London merchants are a particular feature in Hertfordshire


FG KeyChar:
•	Areas of unimproved acid grasslands, heath and fen add texture to the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of unimproved acid grasslands, heath and fen add texture to the landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is extensive across the Hertfordshire Plateau and the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges. Smaller intimate tree-lined valleys provide a strong contrast through un-wooded areas.

Edited_KeyChars:
The pattern of woodlands is varied across the NCA
Considerable ancient semi-natural woodland in Hertfordshire and parts of Essex, including many small farm woodlands
Significant areas of wood pasture and pollarded veteran trees e.g. in Broxbourne Woods
Frequent hedgerow trees (oak, sweet chestnut, holly, field maple) Elm also once common in places
Tree lined rivers
Apple orchards once a highly characteristic feature of those parts of Essex lying within this NCA


Edited_KeyChars:
Buildings are of timber with brownish red plain tiled roofs, with white weatherboarding typical


Edited_KeyChars:
This NCA is separated from the North Sea and Thames Estuary by a narrow strip of coastal marshes which form part of the Greater Thames Estuary (i.e. falling outside the NCA)


FG KeyChar:
•	Intensively cropped arable fields to the west with a greater density of horticulture and orchards to the east.  Pasture is very limited.
•	Rectangular, regular field patterns defined by crops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Intensively cropped arable fields on rich loamy soils to the west with a greater density of horticulture and orchards to the east
Pasture very limited with small areas of damp grassland e.g. in the Lydden Valley and along the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings include oast houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
High concentrations of pre-1750 farmstead buildings
Aisled barns - timber frame and weatherboard with brick and plain tile roofs
Oast houses associated with the hop industry found on some farms


JM KeyChar:
•	This area includes, in the east, the extensive, flat Wantsum and Lower Stour river and coastal marshes, as well as coastal flats at Sandwich.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally a heavily developed coastline
Coastal and valley marshes characteristic of undeveloped areas e.g. in the Lower Stour and around Sandwich and Worth where  small-scale marshes border sand dunes and coastal mudflats


FG KeyChar:
•	Sparse hedgerow pattern with some shelterbelt planting around settlement and farmsteads.
•	To the east, poplar and alder shelter hedges form a distinctive boundary feature.
•	Rectangular, regular field patterns defined by crops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular, rectangular field pattern with sparse and gappy hedgerows 
Hedgerows mainly of  poplar and alder in the east
Intricate pattern of drainage ditches in the Wantsum Channel and Lower Stour Marshes


FG KeyChar:
•	Low and gently undulating landscape characterised by high quality, fertile loam soils.  To the east Thanet is a geological outlier of the chalk.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low and gently undulating landscape characterised by high quality, fertile loam soils.  To the east Thanet is a geological outlier of the chalk.


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings include oast houses.
•	Historic features include Roman roads and defences at Reculver and Richborough.
•	Historic parklands characterise the junction between the plain and the chalk
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Evidence  from a range of periods including Paleolithic remains, Bronze Age barrows and an Iron Age hillfort
Lynchets representing Bronze Age cultivation found on Thanet
Distinctive Roman remains throughout the area, notably the Roman Saxon shore forts at Richborough and Reculver
Many surviving historical features reflect the area's important role in maritime defence - important
sequence of coastal defences ranging from the Roman forts, 16th century
castles and WWII defences
Historic parklands characterise the junction between the plain and the chalk


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of ancient woodland on higher ground at Blean, plus grazing marsh at transition to Character Area 81: Greater Thames Estuary.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland at Dartford
Small patches of unimproved grasslands  e.g. in the  Lydden Valley
Fen vegetation on alluvial and peat soils
 chalk grassland on cliffs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Dispersed settlement pattern with significant urban centres at Sandwich, Canterbury, Faversham, Sittingbourne and Dartford and the Medway Towns, plus seaside towns along the Thanet coast.
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dispersed settlement pattern with significant urban centres at Sandwich, Canterbury, Faversham, Sittingbourne and Dartford and the Medway Towns, plus seaside towns along the Thanet coast.
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, often treeless landscape with occasional scattered small woodlands - extensive areas of woodland limited to the distinct sub-area area around Blean.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly treeless with occasional scattered small woodlands
Extensive areas of ancient  woodland limited to the distinct sub-area around Blean in the far East - the close proximity of woodlands to the sea creates a distinctive sense of place, unique within the
context of the Kent landscape
Some shelterbelt planting around settlement and farmsteads
To the east, poplar and alder shelter hedges form a distinctive boundary feature
Area with a long association with orchards (part of the Garden of England)


FG KeyChar:
•	A predominantly pastoral landscape dominated by fields of permanent pasture.
•	A number of large areas of estate land and landscaped parks, particularly along the river valleys, are now intensively farmed.

Edited_KeyChars:
A predominantly pastoral landscape dominated by permanent pasture
Remnant wet meadows within river valleys (Mole and Wey)
Some areas of arable on open floodplain and larger fields to the east of Guildford


FG KeyChar:
•	Characterised by small mixed holdings with brick-built farms.
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.

Edited_KeyChars:
brick and flint and half-timbered buildings


FG KeyChar:
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A gentle lowland character reinforced by two rivers, the Mole and the Wey and river tributaries which meander through flat farmed landscapes towards the Thames.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A gentle lowland character reinforced by two rivers, the Mole and the Wey and river tributaries which meander through flat farmed landscapes towards the Thames.


FG KeyChar:
•	A landscape pattern comprising small or medium-sized, farmed, uneven fields.
•	Field boundaries varying from thin, straight, pure hawthorn hedges on flatter land and wider, irregular, mixed-species hedgerows on more undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field boundaries vary from thin (often degraded and gappy) straight, pure hawthorn hedges on flatter land to wider, irregular, mixed-species hedgerows and shaws on more undulating land
Ditches in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	A small-scale lowland farmed landscape lying within a generally flat but gently undulating clay vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A small-scale lowland farmed landscape lying within a generally flat but gently undulating clay vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	A number of large areas of estate land and landscaped parks, particularly along the river valleys, are now intensively farmed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Landscaped parks prominent in the area including Claremont at Esher, Painshill Park on the banks of the Mole at Cobham, Clandon landscaped by Capability Brown, and also Ockham and East Horsley
Small field ponds are characteristic of this landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	A mosaic of field ponds, meadows, remnant heathland and some individual mature tree species.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important areas of heathland on commons -  Esher, Ashtead and Epsom Commons


FG KeyChar:
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A moderately wooded landscape interspersed by oak/ash woods and shaws.
•	Field trees occur in straight lines, marking old hedgerow lines, typically oak, ash and field maple.

Edited_KeyChars:
Well wooded character including significant areas of ancient woodland
Wooded commons characterised by secondary woodland with areas of commercial conifer and broadleaf plantation
Ancient oak pollards found within mature woodland and on Epsom and Ashtead Commons
Riparian trees and woodland belts mark the lines of the river and canal 
Field trees occur in straight lines, marking old hedgerow lines, typically oak, ash and field maple
Hedgerow trees common (mainly oak)


FG KeyChar:
•	Overall this Character Area contains fragmented, poor agricultural land.
•	Fertile alluvium and free draining gravel terraces have been utilised for market gardening and fruit growing.
•	The cultivated parts of the Thames floodplain are dominated by grazing land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Agricultural parts of the Thames floodplain dominated by grazing land
Ancient wet meadows on the floodplain with some remnant areas of wet grassland remaining as on Staines Moor and at Runnymede and Cricklade
Fertile alluvium and free draining gravel terraces have been utilised for market gardening and fruit growing (and gravel extraction)


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings include large houses set within ornamental parkland, indicating the wealth of the Thames Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Black timber-framed and red brick/ flint farm buildings
Traditional large houses set within ornamental parkland.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	The presence of water is a key feature – in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, canals and open water bodies (the result of restored gravel workings).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	The presence of water is a key feature – in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, canals and open water bodies (the result of restored gravel workings).


FG KeyChar:
•	Regular field patterns on the floodplain suggest late enclosure.
•	Smaller field patterns on higher ground suggest earlier enclosure of drier land.
•	Hedgerows create landscape structure – mature oaks are a feature of the hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Regular, late enclosure field patterns on the floodplain
Smaller field patterns on higher ground
Ditches along field boundaries on flood plains
Both bound by hedgerows, often with mature trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying geology is dominated by London Clay, with an outcrop of Chalk to the north of the Character Area bordering the Chilterns.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying geology is dominated by London Clay, with an outcrop of Chalk to the north of the Character Area bordering the Chilterns.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.
•	Windsor Castle is located on an outcrop of chalk on the edge of the Thames.
•	The sloping banks of the Thames are occasionally dominated by extensive historic parklands, including Windsor Great Park.
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive historic parklands  such as Windsor Great Park


FG KeyChar:
•	Towards London in the east, the natural character of the area is overtaken by urban influences; a dense network of roads including the M25 corridor, Heathrow Airport, railway lines, golf courses, pylon lines, reservoirs and extensive mineral workings.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Towards London in the east, the natural character of the area is overtaken by urban influences; a dense network of roads including the M25 corridor, Heathrow Airport, railway lines, golf courses, pylon lines, reservoirs and extensive mineral workings.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant but important heathland in places
Ancient wet meadows on the floodplain
Remnant hay meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is generally confined to a matrix of small farm woods although woodlands characterise the north-western area, the wooded character extending up to the southern edge of the Chiltern Hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodlands characterise the north-western area, with the wooded character of small farm woods extending up to the southern edge of the Chiltern Hills
Mature hedgerow oaks including some ancient pollards
Many riverside trees, for example, along the Thames and its tributaries and in the Colne Valley
Colne Valley once a very important orchard growing area for London


FG KeyChar:
•	Predominantly characterised by intensive arable farmland, plus areas of pasture associated with the valleys and dairying within the vale landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly intensive arable farmland
Areas of pasture and rough grazing associated with valleys and scarps
Dairying in valleys
Remnant traditional water meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Historic buildings include knapped flint and weathered chalk in walls and locally occurring sarsen stones.

Edited_KeyChars:
Diverse historic building materials including brick, knapped flint, weathered chalk, locally occurring Sarsen stones, weatherboard, cob, tile and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.


FG KeyChar:
•	Chalk stream and rivers (e.g. Kennet, Lambourn and Pang are key feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Chalk stream and rivers (e.g. Kennet, Lambourn and Pang are key feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large geometric fields on the open downs are characterised by post and wire fencing. Within lower areas woodland, hedgerows and shelterbelts frequently form boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Very large geometric fields enclosed by fencing on open downs
In lower areas, hedgerow and shelterbelt boundaries
Small hedged fields in river valleys
Localised drainage ditches on valley floors
brick and flint walls around major estates


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast. 
•	To the west, sarsen stones are a particular feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast. 
•	To the west, sarsen stones are a particular feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	Savernake Forest with its remnant Royal Hunting Forest, ancient trees and historic parkland is a distinctive area.
•	Numerous barrows and other prehistoric earthworks including the Neolithic stone circle at Avebury, Silbury Hill and West Kennet Longbarrow, collectively designated as a World Heritage Site.  Bronze Age and Iron Age hillforts cluster on scarp ridges.  
•	The Ridgeway, an ancient chalk track following the top of the scarp, links Avebury with Ivinghoe in Hertfordshire.  There is a wider network of Green Lanes and drove roads.
•	Chalk cut white horses are a dramatic visual feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Savernake Forest former royal hunting forest
Extensive historic parkland/ deer parks
Numerous barrows and other prehistoric earthworks
Ridgeway ancient chalk track; chalk-cut white horses
Network of green lanes and drove roads


FG KeyChar:
•	Grazed chalk grassland is largely restricted to the scarps and steep slopes of dry valleys.  Substantial areas of ancient semi-natural woodland persist.

Edited_KeyChars:
Grazed chalk grassland on scarps and steep slopes of dry valleys
Floodplain grazing marsh in the river valleys with associated fen / marsh / carr vegetation
Chalk rivers with watercress beds and wetland habitats


FG KeyChar:
•	Sparse settlement pattern on the open downs of occasional farm buildings and racehorse training establishments, contrasting with compact villages and hamlets clustering in the valleys.  
•	Includes the historic market towns of Marlborough and Hungerford in the Kennet Valley and Pewsey in the Vale. Expanding urban centres border the Character Area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sparse settlement pattern on the open downs of occasional farm buildings and racehorse training establishments, contrasting with compact villages and hamlets clustering in the valleys.  
•	Includes the historic market towns of Marlborough and Hungerford in the Kennet Valley and Pewsey in the Vale. Expanding urban centres border the Character Area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large-scale open downs form a classic chalk landscape with strong escarpment backed by an elevated plateau of rolling or undulating topography extending as the dipslope.
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large-scale open downs form a classic chalk landscape with strong escarpment backed by an elevated plateau of rolling or undulating topography extending as the dipslope.
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Absence of woodland on the open chalk downs apart from characteristic beech clumps.  Woodland blocks are concentrated on areas of clay with flint on the lower parts of the dipslope creating a more enclosed landscape.
•	Savernake Forest with its remnant Royal Hunting Forest, ancient trees and historic parkland is a distinctive area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally no woodland on open chalk downs except for characteristic beech clumps
Woodland blocks on clay-with-flints on lower dip slope
Remnant royal hunting forest at Savernake Forest (ancient trees and historic parkland)
Areas of remnant wood pasture where clay with flints overlies the chalk
Occasional hedgerow trees in river valleys
Wet woodlands in river valleys (alder, poplar, willow pollards)


FG KeyChar:
•	A mixture of arable and pasture dominates the landscape with pasture often in smaller fields.

Edited_KeyChars:
A mixture of arable and pasture dominates the landscape 
Pasture often in smaller fields
Areas of low lying wet pasture


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive towns such as Malmesbury, Calne, Chippenham, Melksham and Trowbridge are dominated by attractive centres built of limestone ashlar, reflecting their prosperity as centres of the wool trade.  Other stone used throughout the area includes Cotswold stone and Corallian rag.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive towns of limestone ashlar
Other stone used throughout the area including Cotswold stone and Corallian rag


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.
•	The Kennet and Avon canal is a prominent feature in the south.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst hedgecover on arable land is poor, affected by agricultural intensification, overgrown hedgerows and hedgerow trees are a characteristic feature of pasture and low lying wet grasslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows are in a poor state on arable land but more dense with hedgerow trees on pasture
Larger field sizes to south and east - rectilinear  fields dominate
Localised dry stone walls
Drainage ditches in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age barrows, Iron Age hillforts, Bronze Age occupation sites and later medieval forests of Chippenham, Melksham and Chelwood are important features.
•	Extensive areas of ridge and furrow suggest that the area was dominated by arable cultivation.  Large historic mansions and parks, some of which were designed by Capability Brown are surrounded by woodland e.g. Bowood.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows, Iron Age hillforts, Bronze Age occupation sites
Extensive archaeological evidence and ancient ridge and furrow suggest that the area was dominated by arable cultivation
Large historic mansions and parks, some of which were designed by Capability Brown surrounded by woodland e.g. Bowood


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the wide river corridor is influenced by modern development, there are ancient patterns of flood meadows, pollards, alders and rich wetland pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
There are ancient patterns of flood meadows and  rich wetland pasture
Areas of heathland


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is concentrated in a few areas; notably mixed woodland between Chittoe and Sudley, on former commonland, on steeper slopes and adjacent to streams and river banks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed woodland (some ancient) concentrated on former commonland, on steeper slopes and adjacent to streams and river banks
Remnants of medieval forests of Chippenham, Melksham and Chelwood are important features
Hedgerow trees characteristic of pasture and low lying wet grasslands
Pollards and alder characteristic of wet pastures and streams


FG KeyChar:
•	The most extensive areas of woodland lies between Congresbury and the Avon Gorge and on the Failand Ridge.  Elsewhere woodlands are smaller and fragmented mainly confined to steeper land.
•	Parkland is a characteristic feature of  the south and west where the woodlands and mature and exotic trees bring a distinctive local character.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small fragmented woodland on steep land - most extensive areas of woodland between Congresbury and the Avon Gorge and on the Failand Ridge
Extensive woodland in Avon Gorge
Elsewhere, woodlands smaller, fragmented and mainly broadleaf
Scattered hedgerow trees
Small farm orchards characteristic


Edited_KeyChars:
Largely composed of north-west facing Carboniferous Limestone cliffs with a
narrow intertidal width


FG KeyChar:
•	Arable is prevalent in the north east and pasture on downland; semi-improved grasslands remain in wetter valley bottoms and on downland slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable is prevalent in the north east and pasture on downland
Semi-improved grasslands remain in wetter valley bottoms and on downland slopes
Areas of rough grazing e.g. in the Chew Valley


FG KeyChar:
•	Older village buildings, manor houses and mansions are of local ashlar which includes pale yellow Jurassic oolite, grey Carboniferous and Lias Limestone.  In some locations in the north, buildings are constructed of red or brown sandstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Older buildings made of local ashlar including pale yellow Jurassic oolite, grey Carboniferous and Lias Limestone. Some buildings in the north of red/brown sandstone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Avon cuts a steep sided valley through the area from the east.  It is joined by the Frome at the centre of Bristol and the Chew near Keynsham.  Other streams and rivers in the south east flow eastwards to join the Avon outside the Character Area and the Yeo on the south western edge flows directly to the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Avon cuts a steep sided valley through the area from the east.  It is joined by the Frome at the centre of Bristol and the Chew near Keynsham.  Other streams and rivers in the south east flow eastwards to join the Avon outside the Character Area and the Yeo on the south western edge flows directly to the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst flatter land and downland consist of large fields with low intermittent hedges and few hedgerow trees, valleys and steeper slopes predominantly in the south east have irregular fields and overgrown species rich hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular fields with overgrown species rich hedges found in the valleys and slopes of the south east Elsewhere larger fields with low, fragmented hedges with few trees
Dry stone walls in places


FG KeyChar:
•	The landform reflects the complex underlying geology, comprised of carboniferous limestones with sandstones, silts, conglomerates, together with muds, clays and alluvium.  Coal measures are also present reflecting the development of the mining industry.
•	Soils range from brown earths on limestone outcrops to poorly draining gleys on clays.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The landform reflects the complex underlying geology, comprised of carboniferous limestones with sandstones, silts, conglomerates, together with muds, clays and alluvium.  Coal measures are also present reflecting the development of the mining industry.
•	Soils range from brown earths on limestone outcrops to poorly draining gleys on clays.


FG KeyChar:
•	Neolithic long barrows and stone circles and Iron Age hillforts are important landscape features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic long barrows and stone circles and Iron Age hillforts important landscape features
Significant amounts of parkland with parkland trees including ancient oak pollards


FG KeyChar:
•	Bristol and its commercial, industrial and residential areas, major roads (M4 and M5), airfields and reservoirs occupy a substantial area around Bristol.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Bristol and its commercial, industrial and residential areas, major roads (M4 and M5), airfields and reservoirs occupy a substantial area around Bristol.


Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant acidic, calcareous and neutral semi-natural grassland associated both with the wetter valley
bottoms and dry downland slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements patterns are clustered around springsheads in limestone areas, whilst in the vales they are scattered, linked by a complex network of lanes with linear mining villages superimposed.  Settlement becomes especially dense in the south with many villages enlarged as commuter settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements patterns are clustered around springsheads in limestone areas, whilst in the vales they are scattered, linked by a complex network of lanes with linear mining villages superimposed.  Settlement becomes especially dense in the south with many villages enlarged as commuter settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	Low lying, shallow vales contrast sharply with high open downland ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Low lying, shallow vales contrast sharply with high open downland ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Some areas of open unenclosed downland grazing but mostly dominated by regular arable fields.  Extensive tracts of cereals, root and horticultural crops on the dip slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
Some open unenclosed downland grazing
Plateau and dip slope characterised by large arable fields
Areas of permanent and rough pasture on steeper slopes and in the mid-Surrey Hills
Wet pasture and meadows on the valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	Local building materials include flint and Wealden bricks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local building materials that include flint and Wealden bricks
Tile hung oast houses especially in the Kent Downs


Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive chalk cliffs at Dover (the White Cliffs of Dover)
Wetland complex in the Medway gap sustained by the tidal river, including intertidal mudflats and grazing marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	Cut by valleys of the rivers Stour, Medway, Darent and Mole.  The steep scarp is incised by dry valleys which form gentle wide coombes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Cut by valleys of the rivers Stour, Medway, Darent and Mole.  The steep scarp is incised by dry valleys which form gentle wide coombes.


Edited_KeyChars:
Thick woodland shaws and mixed bushy hedges on slopes
Denuded and often gappy hedgerows around arable land
Historic parish boundaries that take in downland, scarp foot and chartland
Walls associated with the boundary of major estates
Drainage ditches on valley floors


FG KeyChar:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.


FG KeyChar:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Drove roads and ancient tracks including North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way
Rich archaeological resource on the downs
Many historic parklands


FG KeyChar:
•	High quality unimproved chalk grassland survives on the scarp slope and dry valleys.  Ancient woodland and shaws characterise the dry valley sides and ridge tops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved chalk grassland on scarp slope and dry valleys
Localised patches of heathland and chalk heath on the sandy soils on top of the Downs, notably in Surrey
Remnant wet pasture and reed beds on the valley floors
Localised areas of calcareous flushes at the foot of the scarp slope


FG KeyChar:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.
•	A predominantly rural landscape with a few large settlements (Guildford, Chatham and Dover).  Where the Downs underlie London towards Croydon and Sutton they are dominated by urban development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.
•	A predominantly rural landscape with a few large settlements (Guildford, Chatham and Dover).  Where the Downs underlie London towards Croydon and Sutton they are dominated by urban development.


FG KeyChar:
•	Dramatic and distinctive chalk downland with a continuous and steep scarp giving extensive views across Kent and Surrey towards the South Downs and a broad, gentle dipslope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dramatic and distinctive chalk downland with a continuous and steep scarp giving extensive views across Kent and Surrey towards the South Downs and a broad, gentle dipslope.


FG KeyChar:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.
•	In Surrey, extensive areas of yew with box woodland are a distinctive feature of the scarp.

Edited_KeyChars:
A wooded chalk landscape with ancient woodland 
Oak-ash woodland and scrub on scarp and higher ground
Beech/ash/maple on valley sides
Sweet chestnut coppice on dip slope in Kent
Extensive areas of yew with box woodland on scarp in Surrey
Thick wooded shaws define many fields on valley sides and in the Kent Downs
Hedgerow trees on valley sides
Meandering tree-lined water courses in the river valleys
Traditional orchards in river valleys and at the foot of the downs in Kent


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural land comprises a mosaic of mixed farming, pasture and arable land set within a wooded framework.  A fruit growing orchard belts persists in Kent.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of mixed farming, pasture and arable land 
Wet grasslands associated with the River valleys, especially the River Arun in West Sussex


FG KeyChar:
•	The local vernacular includes timber framing and weatherboarding plus houses of sandstone laid in rubble courses patterned with dark carstone in the mortar between stones.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local vernacular includes timber framing and weatherboarding
Houses of sandstone laid in rubble courses patterned with dark carstone in the mortar between stones


FG KeyChar:
•	Surface water is an important feature across the Greensand with many streams and rivers (e,g Rother, Way, Arun, Medway)  draining off the dipslope.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Surface water is an important feature across the Greensand with many streams and rivers (e,g Rother, Way, Arun, Medway)  draining off the dipslope.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the soils.  On the clay hedges are dense, species rich with occasional standard oaks.  On more acidic soils they generally consist of hawthorn\blackthorn, also with occasional oak trees and trimmed low.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the underlying soil
On the clay hedges dense and species rich  
On more acidic soils often of hawthorn\blackthorn, trimmed low
Ditches common in the valleys of the Rother, Way, Arun, Medway


FG KeyChar:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.


FG KeyChar:
•	A range of historic landscape features including field monuments (tumuli and Iron Age hill forts), numerous landscaped parks, small quarries and relics of the iron industry including hammer ponds.
•	Distinctive sunken lanes cut into the sandstone are a historic and characteristic feature of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
A range of historic landscape features including tumuli and Iron Age hill forts
Small quarries and relics of the Wealden iron industry including hammer ponds
Numerous landscaped parks


FG KeyChar:
•	Important semi-natural habitats include lowland heath (although this is much reduced in area), extensive ancient woodland and pasture plus wetlands associated with the River Arun in West Sussex.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of heathland in West Surrey (e.g. Frensham, Thursley commons) and north and West of Liphook, amongst other areas, mainly on extensive interlinking commons
Extensive low lying wetlands in West Sussex, in particular associated with the Arun and Amberley Wildbrooks


FG KeyChar:
•	Small settlements are dispersed through the western and south-west part of the Character Area.  Large houses set within extensive gardens are found through the character area.
•	Much of the eastern Greensand belt is heavily dominated by modern development.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small settlements are dispersed through the western and south-west part of the Character Area.  Large houses set within extensive gardens are found through the character area.
•	Much of the eastern Greensand belt is heavily dominated by modern development.


FG KeyChar:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.
•	The combination of landform and topography creates an intimate, secretive character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.
•	The combination of landform and topography creates an intimate, secretive character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch, chestnut coppice plus more recent coniferous plantation.  Local variations in woodland cover reflect the diverse geology.
•	Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the soils.  On the clay hedges are dense, species rich with occasional standard oaks.  On more acidic soils they generally consist of hawthorn\blackthorn, also with occasional oak trees and trimmed low.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive areas of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch, with some converted to sweet chestnut coppice in past centuries 
Woodlands  reflect the diverse geology, including the distinctive chalk character of the East Hampshire Hangers
Wooded commons (‘charts’) found in East Surrey and West Kent
Large  conifer plantations
Hedgerow oaks common with alder along water courses
orchards once a highly characteristic feature of this NCA


Edited_KeyChars:
Mudflats and maritime cliffs and slopes
Sand and shingle beaches


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent pasture is the main farming land use.  Arable farming is associated with lighter soils on higher ground.
•	Areas of fruit cultivation are present, east of Tunbridge Wells in Kent.

Edited_KeyChars:
Permanent pasture with areas of rough pasture are the dominant land use
Arable farming on lighter soils on higher ground
Wet grasslands in the river valleys
Traditional hop gardens in Kent


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional rural vernacular of local brick, weatherboard and tile-hung buildings plus local use of distinctive Horsham slabs as a roofing material.  Black weatherboard barns are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional rural vernacular of local brick, weatherboard and tile-hung buildings plus distinctive Horsham slab roofs
Distinctive black weatherboard barns


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Heavily dissected by river floodplains with many small, narrow streams plus main rivers of the Adur, Arun, Beult and Medway.
•	Ponds frequently occur on the edges of fields and woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Heavily dissected by river floodplains with many small, narrow streams plus main rivers of the Adur, Arun, Beult and Medway.
•	Ponds frequently occur on the edges of fields and woodlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries of hedgerows and shaws enclose small, irregular fields.  Occasional lines of hedgerow trees mark former boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows and shaws enclosing small, irregular fields


FG KeyChar:
•	Broad low-lying gently undulating clay vales with outcrops of limestone or sandstone providing local variation.
•	Sandstone forms raised cliff above Romney Marsh at the eastern boundary of the Character Area

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Broad low-lying gently undulating clay vales with outcrops of limestone or sandstone providing local variation.
•	Sandstone forms raised cliff above Romney Marsh at the eastern boundary of the Character Area


FG KeyChar:
•	Roman iron industry revived in the 15th century has left legacy of hammer ponds.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hammer ponds, relics of Roman iron industry revived in 15th century
Many important parklands and designed landscapes
Wood pasture sites such as Ebernoe Common also notable
Ponds frequent on the edge of fields and woodlands


FG KeyChar:
•	Unimproved permanent pastures, species-rich damp grassland, roadside verges, small streams, rivers and ponds, and extensive ancient woodland are habitats of high nature conservation value.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved permanent pastures now much reduced in extent
Species-rich damp grassland and marshland of conservation value along the many small streams
Outliers of lowland heathland from the adjacent Greensand


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements tend to be small and scattered forming linear groups along roadsides or centred on greens or commons.
•	Urban influences to west around Gatwick/Horley/Crawley.
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements tend to be small and scattered forming linear groups along roadsides or centred on greens or commons.
•	Urban influences to west around Gatwick/Horley/Crawley.
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.


FG KeyChar:
•	An intricate mix of woodlands (much of it ancient) – including extensive broadleaved oak over hazel coppice, shaws, plus small field copses and tree groups, and lines of riparian trees along watercourses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient, extensive broadleaved oak with hazel coppice
Shaws, small field copses and tree groups (in need of management)
Lines of in-field trees marking former boundaries
Many  ancient trees
Lines of riparian trees along watercourses
Traditional orchards (once a very important orchard area with Hop gardens)


FG KeyChar:
•	A predominantly grazed grassland agricultural landscape – mainly sheep with some cattle and pigs.

Edited_KeyChars:
A largely pastoral landscape with significant areas of rough grassland
Remnant areas of wet grassland within river valleys
Localised areas of horticulture


FG KeyChar:
•	High quality vernacular architecture with distinct local variation.  Timber framed barns are a particular notable and characteristic feature of the High Weald.

Edited_KeyChars:
Houses traditionally timber framed with local tiles or brick
Black weatherboard barns
Distinctive use of local Horsham stone on roofs
Oast houses and windmills


FG KeyChar:
•	Coastal cliffs to the south at Fairlight.

JM KeyChar:
•	Where the High Weald meets the coast in the east there are highly distinctive, terraced, crumbling cliffs of sandstone separated by deep glens which fall steeply to the sea, ending in cliffs and waterfalls.

Edited_KeyChars:
No description available on this short length of coast

Noted that there are 167 ha of Maritime cliff & slope


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a dense network of small, narrow and winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by high hedgerows or woodland strips.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a dense network of small, narrow and winding lanes, often sunken and enclosed by high hedgerows or woodland strips.


FG KeyChar:
•	Main ridges, deeply dissected by tributaries in narrow ghylls.  Major rivers of the Rother, Brede, Ouse and Medway flow in broad valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Main ridges, deeply dissected by tributaries in narrow ghylls.  Major rivers of the Rother, Brede, Ouse and Medway flow in broad valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small and medium sized fields enclosed by a network of hedgerows and wooded shaws.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small and medium sized field of Medieval origin, largely irregular in shape
Enclosed by a network of dense species-rich hedgerows and wooded shaws
Ditches demarcate fields  within river floodplains


FG KeyChar:
•	Underlain by sands, soft sandstones and clays – giving rise to hilly country of east-west running ridges and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Underlain by sands, soft sandstones and clays – giving rise to hilly country of east-west running ridges and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	Strong influence of the Wealden Iron Industry (15th – 17th century) with features such as hammer ponds surviving today.
•	Wealth generated by iron industry resulted in grand houses and parklands, which are a particular feature of the area today.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong influence of the Wealden Iron Industry (15th – 17th century) with many features surviving
Wealth generated by iron industry resulted in grand houses and parklands, which are a particular feature 
Ashdown Forest is an historic landscape of great value – numerous important features
more than 10,000 ponds concentrated on the clay, including  hammer ponds - a remnant of the Iron Industry


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive ancient semi-natural woodland, including ancient oak and beech, notably high number of small ponds, plus heathland, notably at Ashdown Forest, and some remaining unimproved herb-rich meadows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remaining areas of unimproved herb-rich meadows
Extensive heathland, notably at Ashdown Forest - one of the most extensive areas of heathland in lowland England
Remnant wetlands in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of hamlets and scattered farmsteads traditionally located on the ridges.  Church towers and spires on the ridges are an important local landmark.
•	Includes several large towns such as Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough, East Grinstead, Bexhill, Hastings and Horsham.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of hamlets and scattered farmsteads traditionally located on the ridges.  Church towers and spires on the ridges are an important local landmark.
•	Includes several large towns such as Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough, East Grinstead, Bexhill, Hastings and Horsham.


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive broadleaved woodland cover with high forest, small woods, shaws, plus steep valleys with ‘ghyll woodland’.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive broadleaved woodland cover with high forest, much of ancient origin
Many small woods and shaws
Steep valleys with ‘ghyll woodland’
Numerous hedgerow and in-field oaks, some ancient
Areas of wood pasture
The pattern of woodlands reflects the Medieval origins of this landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	High quality agricultural land dominated by large scale arable fields, with some smaller areas of grazed wet pasture.

Edited_KeyChars:
High quality agricultural land dominated by large scale arable fields
Smaller areas of grazed wet pasture


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive architectural character within settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles, with some fine medieval churches.

Edited_KeyChars:
some timber-framed buildings of medieval date with exposed framing
Typically timber framing is either clad in white-painted weatherboarding or is tile hung


FG KeyChar:
•	Strong contrast of agricultural marshes with the coastal edge shingle and sand dune landscapes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong contrast of agricultural marshes with the coastal edge shingle and sand dune landscapes
 Strong nature conservation value associated with the mudflats, coastal sand dunes and shingle ridges


FG KeyChar:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.


FG KeyChar:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation
Hedgerow boundaries on the Isle of Oxney


FG KeyChar:
•	Distinctive architectural character within settlements of weatherboarding and hung tiles, with some fine medieval churches.  
•	The Martello Towers along the coast and the Royal Military Canal, relicts of Napoleonic War are notable historic features.
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Extensive areas of open water exist around Rye Harbour and Denge Marshes formed by flooded gravel pits.

Edited_KeyChars:
Flooded gravel pits now areas of open water
Evidence of old reclamation from the sea through settlement/road pattern
Main historic features are the early drainage channels some dating from the Medieval period
Napoleonic War relicts and Royal Military Canal


FG KeyChar:
•	High nature conservation value associated with the wet grazing marshes, dykes, mudflats and coastal sand dunes and shingle ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
High nature conservation value associated with the wet grazing marshes, reeds, dykes,


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Visually prominent power station at Dungeness plus associated transmission lines, on going gravel extraction and holiday resorts along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Visually prominent power station at Dungeness plus associated transmission lines, on going gravel extraction and holiday resorts along the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	A distinctive remote flat, marshland landscape with an absence of trees and dominant skies.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A distinctive remote flat, marshland landscape with an absence of trees and dominant skies.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, windswept character with trees limited to clumps on pockets on higher ground around farmsteads and small hamlets such as Romney and Newchurch.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly treeless
Areas of woodland on higher ground, a high percentage of which is ancient
Sporadic oaks and willows e.g. on Shirley Moor where oaks may mark former boundaries
Clumps of trees on higher ground and around settlements
Occasional orchards as on the Isle of Oxney


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is predominantly wet pasture, managed for grazing with little converted to arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly wet pasture managed for grazing
Limited arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings have flint or brick walls, with weatherboarding or hung tiles.  Plain tiles are commonly used as a roofing material.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of flint or brick, with weatherboarding or hung tiles and plain tile roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	Electricity transmission lines and pylons form dominant features in the flat and open landscape.  Concrete walls form sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation by the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
Concrete wall sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Electricity transmission lines and pylons form dominant features in the flat and open landscape.  Concrete walls form sea defences to prevent flooding and inundation by the sea.


FG KeyChar:
•	Patches of standing water reinforce the wetland character of the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Patches of standing water reinforce the wetland character of the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Infrequent hedges and fences only line roadways.  Drainage ditches and banks divide fields, with channels forming barriers to grazing stock, creating a chequer-board pattern.

Edited_KeyChars:
Infrequent hedges and fences along roads
Drainage ditches and banks divide fields in chequer-board pattern


FG KeyChar:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Crooked Ditch, a 14th Century sea defence and its embankment, and Mark Dyke, an ancient drain, are still visible in the landscape.  Pevensey Castle overlooks the Levels and Martello towers along the coast are important features.

Edited_KeyChars:
Crooked Ditch and embankment, a 14th century sea defence
Mark Dyke, an ancient drain still visible in the landscape
Pevensey Castle overlooking the Levels
Martello towers along the coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Reed-fringed drainage ditches, rushy pasture and wet meadows are the key semi-natural habitats found within the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Reed-fringed drainage ditches
Rushy pasture and wet meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlements are scattered on the pockets of higher land, linked by slightly raised roads.   
•	Eastbourne has a significant urban influence, and modern development around the fringes of the Levels is often unsympathetic to local character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlements are scattered on the pockets of higher land, linked by slightly raised roads.   
•	Eastbourne has a significant urban influence, and modern development around the fringes of the Levels is often unsympathetic to local character.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.
•	Views north are framed by the South Downs – a dramatic and distinctive backdrop.
•	Local landscape diversity is added by ‘eyes’ or islands of higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.
•	Views north are framed by the South Downs – a dramatic and distinctive backdrop.
•	Local landscape diversity is added by ‘eyes’ or islands of higher ground.


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape is largely devoid of significant tree cover; woodland is restricted to areas of higher ground associated with settlements.  Isolated, windswept trees mark the lines of dykes or roads.

Edited_KeyChars:
Little significant tree cover
Woodland restricted to higher ground around settlements
Isolated, windswept trees marking lines of dykes or roads


FG KeyChar:
•	A gentle, rolling dip slope of open arable fields with a large-scale geometric pattern flows gradually down to the narrow coastal plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open grazed downland with some areas of rough pasture
Dip slope mainly arable fields in large-scale geometric pattern
More mixed, pastoral character in some river valleys with areas of wet grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Roads and settlements are concentrated in the broad river valleys; elsewhere the land is sparsely settled. Flint is conspicuous in the built environment – in walls, buildings, churches and barns.

Edited_KeyChars:
Use of flint common in walls, buildings, churches and barns


FG KeyChar:
•	The iconic white cliffs of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head mark the eastern end of the South Downs where they join the sea.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iconic white cliffs of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head at eastern end of the South Downs
Other habitats largely confined to the Cuckmere estuary, including salt marsh, vegetated shingle, mudflats and saline lagoons.


FG KeyChar:
•	Public rights of way follow drove roads and ancient routes along the accessible downland tops; they benefit from dramatic panoramic across the downs and the Low Weald.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Public rights of way follow drove roads and ancient routes along the accessible downland tops; they benefit from dramatic panoramic across the downs and the Low Weald.


FG KeyChar:
•	The principal rivers – Arun, Adur, Ouse and Cuckmere – slice through the Downs as steep-sided valleys with flat alluvial floodplains; these fertile river valley landscapes of wet pastures, criss-crossing ditches and meandering river channels support intensive dairying and crops.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The principal rivers – Arun, Adur, Ouse and Cuckmere – slice through the Downs as steep-sided valleys with flat alluvial floodplains; these fertile river valley landscapes of wet pastures, criss-crossing ditches and meandering river channels support intensive dairying and crops.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are rare features on the open eastern downs, but provide enclosure between woodlands and designed parkland landscapes on the more wooded western downs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Thick hedgerow enclosures on the Western Downs
Few hedgerows on open Eastern Downs
Straight reed-filled drainage ditches on river floodplains
Brick and flint walls bounding large estates such as Cowdray Park


FG KeyChar:
•	A broad elevated east-west chalkland spine with a steep north-facing scarp slope of close-cropped grassland, woodland and scrub overlooking the Low Weald to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A broad elevated east-west chalkland spine with a steep north-facing scarp slope of close-cropped grassland, woodland and scrub overlooking the Low Weald to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fragments of semi-natural chalk grassland are found on scarp slopes and combes; lack of grazing often leads to scrub invasion.

Edited_KeyChars:
Semi-natural chalk grassland on scarp slopes and combes (lack of grazing may lead to scrub invasion)
Chalk valley wetlands - ponds, marsh and meadows subject to frequent flooding
Largest areas of rare chalk heath in Britain


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Roads and settlements are concentrated in the broad river valleys; elsewhere the land is sparsely settled. Flint is conspicuous in the built environment – in walls, buildings, churches and barns.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland is concentrated on steep scarp slopes, but there are also extensive plantations on the broad dip slopes of the western downs in Hampshire and West Sussex where clay-with-flints often overlies the chalk; scattered copses are prominent skyline features on the open eastern downs.
•	Tree cover is either broadleaved woodland, with beech, ash and sycamore, or is mixed with conifers; there are also some large plantations of Corsican pine and western red cedar and isolated remnants of yew forest.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive broadleaved and mixed woodland (mainly beech and ash) on steep scarp (hangers) and broad dip slopes of western downs
Scattered copses forming prominent skyline features
Isolated  yew forest
Hedgerow trees common on the Western Downs
Lines of trees often mark the outer extent of the floodplain of the main river valleys


Edited_KeyChars:
Rich archaeological resource of international importance on the Downs including prominent Iron Age hillforts and Bronze Age barrows running along the crest line
Drove roads and ancient routes along  downland tops
Highly characteristic designed parkland and major estates on the more wooded Western Downs


FG KeyChar:
•	The fertile soils of the lower plain support intensive arable farming and horticulture, with some dairy, beef and poultry.  Permanent grassland is a feature of the poorer quality land.  Mixed farming, including pig rearing and horse paddocks, occurs on the thicker gravel deposits.

Edited_KeyChars:
Intensive arable and horticulture, with some dairy, beef and poultry on lower plain
Permanent grassland on poorer quality land
Mixed farming on  thicker gravel deposits inland
Traditional coastal grazing marshes (in decline)


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are of a mixture of materials – timber frame, flint, cob and thatch are all common.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of timber frame, flint, cob and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	Sand dune grasses and intertidal marsh communities are characteristic of the coastline while areas of species-rich meadow remain inland

Edited_KeyChars:
Sand dunes, mudflats, saltmarshes, saline lagoons and coastal grazing marshes


FG KeyChar:
•	The continuity of the Plain is interrupted by many streams and rivers flowing to the sea and forming wide, alluvial floodplains.  Flooded gravel pits comprise some of the largest areas of freshwater in the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The continuity of the Plain is interrupted by many streams and rivers flowing to the sea and forming wide, alluvial floodplains.  Flooded gravel pits comprise some of the largest areas of freshwater in the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Drainage ditches, wire fences or low banks are the predominant field boundary features across the lower coastal plain, with few hedgerows and hedgerow trees.  Hedgerows enclose the smaller scale landscape of the upper plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Drainage ditches and banks across the lower coastal plain, with few hedgerows
Hedgerows enclosing smaller scale landscape on upper plain


FG KeyChar:
•	The South Coast Plain is a flat landscape with an intricately indented shoreline, of flinty marine and valley gravels extending several miles inland, divided into a lower and upper plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The South Coast Plain is a flat landscape with an intricately indented shoreline, of flinty marine and valley gravels extending several miles inland, divided into a lower and upper plain.


FG KeyChar:
•	Important Roman villa sites around Chichester are still visible features, as are the Roman fort at Portchester and a post-medieval abbey at Titchfield.

Edited_KeyChars:
Important Roman and medieval sites and features
Parklands at the foot of the Downs
Farm ponds and extensive gravel workings (non historical)


Edited_KeyChars:
Areas of species-rich meadow inland
Reedbeds at the head of creeks
Small remnant areas of coastal heath


FG KeyChar:
•	The Character Area has significant urban development; with settlements along the coastline dominated by suburban villages and the extensive seaside towns between Brighton and Southampton including Portsmouth, Littlehampton and Worthing linked by major road systems.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Character Area has significant urban development; with settlements along the coastline dominated by suburban villages and the extensive seaside towns between Brighton and Southampton including Portsmouth, Littlehampton and Worthing linked by major road systems.


FG KeyChar:
•	Along the exposed open coastal plain and shoreline tree cover is limited to isolated wind-sculpted woodlands and shelterbelts.  A strong network of ancient and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands and coniferous plantations is present on the upper coastal plain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Near coast tree cover limited to isolated wind-sculpted field trees,  woodlands and shelterbelts
On upper coastal plain, strong network of ancient and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands


Edited_KeyChars:
A highly varied and dramatic coastline strongly influenced by geology
Steep chalk cliffs in the south and west (e.g. St Catherine's Head) and dramatic chalk stacks (the Needles)
Sandstone cliffs in the east
On south coast Greensand and chert topped cliffs tower above series of terraces running down to low coastal cliffs
Sand dunes at the mouth of Newtown Creek and at St Helen's
Small areas of salt marsh associated with the estuaries of the north coast


FG KeyChar:
•	The island is characterised by mixed agricultural use - mainly permanent grassland in the north, intensive arable in the south and horticulture in the east. There are also areas of rough grazing on the chalk ridge and high downs, and some orchards.  Pony paddocks and vineyards are increasingly found on the edges of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly permanent grassland in north, including some coastal grassland
Remnant wet grasslands in river valleys
Intensive arable in south
Horticulture in east
Rough grazing on the chalk ridge and high downs


FG KeyChar:
•	Local limestones and sandstones are the main traditional building materials.  Local brick buildings are common, and a few ancient buildings are roofed with a combination of limestone slabs and tile upper courses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings mainly in local limestones and sandstones or brick
Some ancient buildings roofed with limestone slabs and tile upper courses


FG KeyChar:
•	The Medina and Yar rivers rise near the south coast and flow northwards to the Solent through deep gaps in the central chalk ridge.  Downstream sections form rias.  South flowing streams arise from the base of the chalk ridge to cut the island's distinctive 'chines' in the south-west.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Medina and Yar rivers rise near the south coast and flow northwards to the Solent through deep gaps in the central chalk ridge.  Downstream sections form rias.  South flowing streams arise from the base of the chalk ridge to cut the island's distinctive 'chines' in the south-west.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows are the predominant boundary feature throughout – with variations in field size and pattern.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows throughout
Large rectilinear fields across much of the island but small areas of irregular medieval enclosure, especially on the south coast
Parklands bounded by brick or brick and flint walls


FG KeyChar:
•	The island has a varied landscape, reflecting its underlying geology.  A central chalk ridge divides the island on an east-west axis.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The island has a varied landscape, reflecting its underlying geology.  A central chalk ridge divides the island on an east-west axis.


FG KeyChar:
•	Historical landscape features include prehistoric burial mounds, former medieval deer parks, and Victorian country houses and parklands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Features include prehistoric burial mounds
Former medieval deer parks and Victorian country houses and parklands (including Osborne House) are a particular feature


FG KeyChar:
•	Ancient woodland, heathland, unimproved meadows and grasslands, marshes, creeks and bogs are the island's key semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland over sandy outcrops
Remnant chalk downland
Unimproved meadows and grasslands
Wetland landscapes (marsh, bog and wet meadows)
Reedbeds at the head of  the estuaries of the north coast


FG KeyChar:
•	Patterns of settlement vary.  Small, linear villages connected by winding lanes are located at the base of the chalk.  Victorian seaside resorts, estates and villas are concentrated along the coast.
•	Urban development is spreading into former agricultural land, with waste disposal sites, extensive holiday and industrial developments and caravan parks blurring the edge of settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Patterns of settlement vary.  Small, linear villages connected by winding lanes are located at the base of the chalk.  Victorian seaside resorts, estates and villas are concentrated along the coast.
•	Urban development is spreading into former agricultural land, with waste disposal sites, extensive holiday and industrial developments and caravan parks blurring the edge of settlements.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover varies; small copses, relict wood pastures and large plantations characterise the north of the Island, whilst ancient hangar woodlands and further plantations are found in the south.  Ancient woodland is also found along the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient coppiced woodland, small copses, mainly in north
Ancient hangar woodlands, mainly in south
Ancient oak woodland along coast
in the north wood pasture and hedgerow oaks
Plantation woodlands throughout
Some orchards


FG KeyChar:
•	The landscape is dominated by grazing land on heavy, clayey soils with small pockets of horticulture and some arable use on higher ground.
•	Intensive market cropping, associated with garden centres, nurseries and smallholdings, is concentrated in the Meon Valley.
•	Former heathland or common, on pockets of acidic soils, are frequently used as paddocks or unintensive grazing land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly grazing land 
Small scale horticulture and arable use on higher ground
Intensive market gardening and garden centres in the lower Meon and Test Valleys
Water meadows and grazing marsh in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Wide lush river valley bottoms, with water meadows and riverine vegetation, afford open views in an otherwise small-scale and intimate landscape.
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.
•	The patchwork of small, intimate and irregular fields are defined by ancient hedgerows.
•	Oaks are prevalent within hedgerows and help to create an impression of a well-wooded landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small, irregular fields defined by ancient hedgerows - reinforcing the character of a small-scale intimate landscape
Drainage channels in the river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The gently undulating landscape is characterised by a diversity of features and land uses which reflects changing soil types and local variations of topography.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The gently undulating landscape is characterised by a diversity of features and land uses which reflects changing soil types and local variations of topography.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.
•	Historic parks and large estates and their houses indicate the historical prosperity of the Hampshire lowlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Neolithic long barrows, Bronze Age Barrows and Saxon burial grounds on the chalk ridge of Ports Down (area of stock suggests that these features may lie outside this NCA)
Historic parks and large estates and their houses with deer parks indicating the historical prosperity of the Hampshire lowlands
Many ponds in the river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Wide, lush river valleys contain unimproved meadows and grazing marshes as well as numerous ponds.

Edited_KeyChars:
River valleys contain unimproved meadows and grazing marshes
Remnant calcareous grassland on the chalk ridge of Ports Down
Former heathland on pockets of acid soils


FG KeyChar:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of villages and scattered farmsteads is linked by winding roads and lanes.
•	There are major urban centres are Southampton, Eastleigh and Havant.
•	Urban expansion and the busy M27/M3 corridors diminish the rural character of the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of villages and scattered farmsteads is linked by winding roads and lanes.
•	There are major urban centres are Southampton, Eastleigh and Havant.
•	Urban expansion and the busy M27/M3 corridors diminish the rural character of the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.

Edited_KeyChars:
Tree cover consists of ancient (oak dominated) woodland
frequent hedgerow oaks help create an impression of a well-wooded landscape
There are also floodplain trees, riverine vegetation and wet woodlands (sallow and alder carr)
Willow pollards found along water courses


Edited_KeyChars:
Timber frame barns
Thatch and plain clay tiles typical roofing materials
Local clays used for brick-making


Edited_KeyChars:
Salt marsh associated with the lower reaches of the Test, Itchen and Hamble


FG KeyChar:
•	Farming is small scale and land use is dominated by pasture and widespread horse grazing.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farming is small scale and land use is dominated by pasture and widespread horse grazing
Remnant wet grasslands in river valleys
Areas of arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Variety and contrast is given by the wide grazed floodplain, drainage ditches, restored gravel workings and lush wetland vegetation associated with the Kennet Valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Variety and contrast is given by the wide grazed floodplain, drainage ditches, restored gravel workings and lush wetland vegetation associated with the Kennet Valley.


FG KeyChar:
•	Cultivated farmland and pasture is typically enclosed within small and irregularly shaped fields.
•	Fields are enclosed by hedgerows with hedgerow trees.
•	The unenclosed nature of the remnant heaths is unusual within the context of the south-east region.
•	Winding, sunken lanes are an historic landscape feature, as are henges, long and round barrows and traces of ancient field systems.

Edited_KeyChars:
Typically small/irregular fields from ancient field systems, enclosed by hedgerows (some suffering from decline) with trees
Drainage  dykes with linking channels in the Kennet Valley


FG KeyChar:
•	Winding, sunken lanes are an historic landscape feature, as are henges, long and round barrows and traces of ancient field systems.
•	The Forest of Eversley and Bracknell Forest reflect historic use of the land as medieval hunting forests.
•	Fragmented blocks of largely neglected remnant heathland are found on large commons or as Ministry of Defence training areas.
•	This was an important occupation area from Mesolithic to modern times based on exploitation of the rivers - with numerous Prehistoric, Roman and medieval settlements survive.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.

Edited_KeyChars:
Numerous Prehistoric, Roman and medieval settlements
Traces of ancient field systems as well as henges, long and round barrows
Archaeologically important sites including Iron Age hill forts, Roman roads
Landscaped parks with their origins in medieval deer parks
The Forest of Eversley and Bracknell Forest reflect historic use of the land as medieval hunting forests


FG KeyChar:
•	A subtle mosaic of grassland, bogs, ponds and fringes of scrub is found between the woodlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
A subtle mosaic of grassland, bogs, ponds and fringing scrub found between large blocks of woodland
Fragmented blocks of largely neglected remnant heathland are found on large commons or as Ministry of Defence training areas 
Reed beds and lush wetland vegetation characteristic of the Kennet and other river valley bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Barracks, army housing, camps and military signs and notices give the landscape an inescapable military tone.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.
•	Intensive residential development over the past 50 years has led to large towns such as Ascot, Camberley, Farnborough and Woking, linked by major transport routes (the M3, M4, M25, and A34).

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Barracks, army housing, camps and military signs and notices give the landscape an inescapable military tone.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.
•	Intensive residential development over the past 50 years has led to large towns such as Ascot, Camberley, Farnborough and Woking, linked by major transport routes (the M3, M4, M25, and A34).


FG KeyChar:
•	Landform is dominated by flat to gently sloping plateaux incised by broad river valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Landform is dominated by flat to gently sloping plateaux incised by broad river valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Trees are a significant feature in the form of wooded gardens, belts of woodland along roadsides and substantial areas of woodland (mixed wood with beech and birch) and forestry (coniferous plantations).
•	Pockets of ancient semi-natural woods and wood-pasture.
•	The area has a heathy character due to the dominance of oak/birch/bracken/pine.

Edited_KeyChars:
substantial areas of woodland (mixed wood with beech and birch) and forestry (coniferous plantations)
Pockets of ancient semi-natural woods and wood pasture
A heathy character due to the dominance of oak/birch/bracken/pine
hedgerow trees common (mainly oak)
Riparian alder woods along watercourses, poplar avenues and pollarded willows at the waterside


Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in red brick and timber frame with thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	Intensive arable production dominates, with a small proportion of grazing land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly intensive arable production
Small proportion of grazing land
Unimproved wet grasslands and water meadows and remnant traditional watercress beds in Test and Itchen valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are generally of brick, chalk cob or brick with flints with thatch common in the river valleys.  Timber frame barns are a common feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings of brick, chalk cob or brick with flints
Thatch common in the river valleys
Timber frame barns a common feature


FG KeyChar:
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Test and Itchen valleys are notable features within the landscape.  The majority of other valleys are dry, although some support winter streams or ‘bournes’.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Test and Itchen valleys are notable features within the landscape.  The majority of other valleys are dry, although some support winter streams or ‘bournes’.


FG KeyChar:
•	Fields are generally large and rectilinear, with hedgerows, coniferous shelterbelts, fences or edges of ancient woodland defining the field pattern.  Trackways with wide verges also often form field boundaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fields generally large and rectilinear with hedgerows
Trackways with wide verges also often form field boundaries
Coniferous shelterbelts and fences may also bound fields
Ditches in the valley bottoms which are largely devoid of hedgerows
Brick and flint walls define the pale of major estates


FG KeyChar:
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•	Iron Age hill-forts and Bronze Age burial mounds are prominent historical landscape features.
•Numerous wooded valleys are characteristic features, with a significant proportion of ancient semi-natural woodland.  Wood-pastures and plantations are also found within the landscape.  Parklands and estates feature widely.

Edited_KeyChars:
Iron Age hillforts and Bronze Age burial mounds
Roman roads
Parklands and estates with wood pastures and plantations
Ponds in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Ancient woodlands, hedgerows and wood-pastures, and areas of unimproved species-rich chalk grassland, are the key semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved species-rich chalk grassland
Reedbeds, fen, marsh in the valleys of the Test and Itchen and other valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a widely dispersed pattern of villages and hamlets, predominantly in valleys with the open downland sparsely populated.
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	There is a widely dispersed pattern of villages and hamlets, predominantly in valleys with the open downland sparsely populated.
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Hampshire Downs are a strongly rolling chalk downland dissected by sheltered valleys and combes.
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Hampshire Downs are a strongly rolling chalk downland dissected by sheltered valleys and combes.
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•Numerous wooded valleys are characteristic features, with a significant proportion of ancient semi-natural woodland.  Wood-pastures and plantations are also found within the landscape.  Parklands and estates feature widely.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wooded valleys  and slopes with ancient semi-natural oak woodland and hazel coppice
Distinctive beech copses on higher chalk knolls
Wood-pastures and plantations
coniferous shelterbelts characteristic north of Winchester
Mature poplar plantations in valley bottoms
Alder, sallow and willow trees fringing water courses, with willows often pollarded


FG KeyChar:
•	Small enclosed fields and paddocks in, and on the edge of, the forest are bounded by Hampshire hedgebanks with hedgerows  and used for livestock rearing and back-up grazing.
•	Arable land uses predominate in the south on the richer agricultural soils where large regular fields are bounded by neat, low hedgerows with hedgerow oaks.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive mixed grazing  by ponies and cattle on open Forest
Enclosed fields/ paddocks for stock rearing and back-up grazing
Areas of rough grazing
Arable in the south on richer agricultural soils
Areas of wet grassland and water meadows in the valley of the Avon


FG KeyChar:
•	There are bleak and exposed salt marshes and shingle beaches along the Solent coast from where there are views to the Isle of Wight.

Edited_KeyChars:
Salt marshes and shingle beaches along Solent coast
Salt marshes suffering from significant coastal squeeze, especially at the mouth of the Lymington River


FG KeyChar:
•	Surface water drains into the Avon, Lymington, Beaulieu and Test Rivers which flow southwards into the Solent.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Surface water drains into the Avon, Lymington, Beaulieu and Test Rivers which flow southwards into the Solent.


Edited_KeyChars:
Small enclosures with Hampshire hedgebanks in and around the Forest
Large regular fields with neat low hedgerows in arable areas


FG KeyChar:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.


FG KeyChar:
•	The absence of intensive agriculture in the Forest core has ensured the survival of numerous historic features including Bronze Age round barrows and Iron Age field systems.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unique survival of historic commoning system on former royal hunting forest
Numerous historic features including Bronze Age round barrows and Iron Age field system
Remnant medieval field systems


FG KeyChar:
•	The brown forest soils in the centre of the area support one of the largest tracts of semi-natural woodland in southern England – these ancient and ornamental woodlands are typically composed of oak, beech and sweet chestnut.
•	The open lawns, grassland, wood pasture and heath are maintained by close grazing enabled by common grazing rights.
•	Ancient oaks and wood pasture are features of the forest landscape.
•	Lowland heaths, acidic grasslands and mires occur in the central area.
•	Valley bogs and grasslands occur in the Avon Valley, alongside the expanses of open water left by the extraction of gravels in the valley bottom.
•	There are bleak and exposed salt marshes and shingle beaches along the Solent coast from where there are views to the Isle of Wight.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lawns, wood pasture, lowland heaths with common grazing
Acid grasslands and valley mires and bogs
Floodplain grasslands and open water in Avon Valley


FG KeyChar:
•	The Forest is sparsely populated with small forest villages or isolated dwellings, each with their own garden or paddock, linked by a network of narrow lanes.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Forest is sparsely populated with small forest villages or isolated dwellings, each with their own garden or paddock, linked by a network of narrow lanes.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open and exposed plateaux and gently rolling hills are incised by wide U shaped valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Open and exposed plateaux and gently rolling hills are incised by wide U shaped valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.
•	The brown forest soils in the centre of the area support one of the largest tracts of semi-natural woodland in southern England – these ancient and ornamental woodlands are typically composed of oak, beech and sweet chestnut.
•	Ancient oaks and wood pasture are features of the forest landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive ancient and ornamental woodlands of oak, beech and sweet chestnut (wood pasture)
Scattered self-sown birch and pine trees on heath
Hedgerow and field oaks in enclosed landscapes
Riverside trees in the valley of the Avon


Edited_KeyChars:
Variety of traditional buildings ranging from hunting lodges and estate villages to small thatched cottages


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive areas of cereal cropping dominate the agricultural land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Arable cultivation dominant except on Salisbury Plain where significant area of rough grassland
Dry pastures on lower valley slopes, with meadows and damp pasture on valley floors
Unimproved water meadows and remnant traditional watercress beds in valleys of Avon and tributaries


FG KeyChar:
•	Older cottages of cob and thatch roofs, with brick and tile common from the 19th century onwards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional agricultural buildings largely of brick and flint with timber-framed barns common


FG KeyChar:
•	The chalk upland is dissected by distinctive intimate river valleys part of the River Avon system.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The chalk upland is dissected by distinctive intimate river valleys part of the River Avon system.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large arable fields with very few hedges predominate across the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large arable fields with very few hedges, may be bounded by tracks with wide verges
Ditches in valley bottoms
Brick and flint walls define the pale of major estates


FG KeyChar:
•	Sarsen stones are scattered across Salisbury Plain and Downs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Sarsen stones are scattered across Salisbury Plain and Downs.


FG KeyChar:
•	An outstanding prehistoric ritual landscape with widespread earthworks and monuments prominent in the open landscape, especially Stonehenge.
•	Locally distinctive features include chalk-cut white horses.
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Outstanding prehistoric ritual landscape with widespread prominent earthworks and monuments including Stonehenge World Heritage Site
Locally distinctive features chalk-cut white horses
Large parkland and estate landscapes particularly in valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Salisbury Plain contains one of the largest remaining areas of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe.

Edited_KeyChars:
Salisbury Plain has one of the largest remaining areas of calcareous grassland in north west Europe
Valley bottom wetlands and grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.
•	Traditional settlement pattern of nucleated villages on the edges of the valley floodplain and foot of scarp slopes contrasting with the unsettled open downland.
•	Groups of estate cottages in uniform style are a notable feature.
•	The Character Area includes Salisbury with its fine riverside and waterside setting.
•	Military housing is present at Tidworth, Larkhill, Durrington and Amesbury .

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.
•	Traditional settlement pattern of nucleated villages on the edges of the valley floodplain and foot of scarp slopes contrasting with the unsettled open downland.
•	Groups of estate cottages in uniform style are a notable feature.
•	The Character Area includes Salisbury with its fine riverside and waterside setting.
•	Military housing is present at Tidworth, Larkhill, Durrington and Amesbury .


FG KeyChar:
•	An extensive, open rolling chalk plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An extensive, open rolling chalk plateau.


FG KeyChar:
•	Scattered copses and shelterbelts on the high downs with woodlands confined mainly to valleys and steep slopes. Extensive ridge top ancient oak woodlands at Grovely Wood and Great Ridge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scattered copses, clumps and shelterbelts on high downs
Woodlands confined mainly to valleys and steep slopes
Extensive ridge top ancient oak woodlands at Grovely Wood and Great Ridge
Field trees associated with areas of estate plantings
Wet woodland and lines of willow and poplar along watercourses


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is characterised by mixed farming, although pasture dominates in the clay vales with arable on the Upper Greensand dip slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
The area is characterised by mixed farming
Pasture dominates in the clay vales
Areas of rough grassland on steeper slopes
Remnant wet meadowlands on river floodplains
Arable on the Upper Greensand dip slope


FG KeyChar:
•	A wide variety of local building materials and techniques have been used, including local stone with brick and half timbering.  Fine dressed stone is reserved for mansions and manor houses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Variety of building materials, including local stone with brick and half timbering 
Mansions and manors are of fine dressed stone


FG KeyChar:
•	Four principle river systems drain the area and include the Rive Stour, Brue, Frome and Nadder which cuts through the Vale of Wardour.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Four principle river systems drain the area and include the Rive Stour, Brue, Frome and Nadder which cuts through the Vale of Wardour.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field patterns include both rectilinear Parliamentary enclosures and small Medieval irregular enclosures, both bounded by hedgerows.

Edited_KeyChars:
Field patterns include both rectilinear Parliamentary enclosures and small Medieval irregular enclosures All bounded by predominantly thick hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.
•	To the south is the chalk escarpment of the Dorset Downs.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.
•	To the south is the chalk escarpment of the Dorset Downs.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.

Edited_KeyChars:
Fortifications strategically located on hilltops
Significant large estates and landscapes parkland from the 16th and 17th century at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead 
Remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham


FG KeyChar:
•	Remnant flood meadows remain alongside streams and rivers while on higher ground and common land there are remnant patches of species rich acid grassland, with areas of scrub on the northern scarp slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
On higher ground and on common land remnant patches of species-rich acid grassland
 Patches of calcareous  grassland on the limestone hills


FG KeyChar:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.
•	Small nucleated villages and hamlets are located in sheltered valleys and on the low limestone hillocks within the clay vale.  
•	Towns include Gillingham, Shaftesbury, Wincanton, Frome and Sturminster Newton.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.
•	Small nucleated villages and hamlets are located in sheltered valleys and on the low limestone hillocks within the clay vale.  
•	Towns include Gillingham, Shaftesbury, Wincanton, Frome and Sturminster Newton.


FG KeyChar:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	On the scarp slopes of the Greensand are ancient woodlands and coniferous plantations, whilst alongside streams and rivers, willows and alders are common.  Scattered broadleaved woodlands are evident throughout the area.
•	Hedgerow trees are widespread; predominately mature oaks

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient woodland and plantation on Greensand scarp slopes
Scattered broadleaved woodlands are evident throughout the area
Willow and alder along the many river courses
Mature hedgerow trees (oaks) abound


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip-slope with low and sparse hedgerows. 
•	Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip slope 
Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys
Rough grasslands on some valley sides
water meadows in river valleys along with cress beds (as in the Chalke Valley)


FG KeyChar:
•	Low, rendered buildings are common.  Flint with brick dressing, clunch and thatch are traditional materials reflecting the lack of a consistent supply of building stone.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low, rendered buildings are common
Flint with brick dressing, clunch and thatch are traditional materials reflecting the lack of a consistent supply of building stone


FG KeyChar:
•	Streams cut through the scarp in steep valleys.  Water meadows are found in the wider valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Streams cut through the scarp in steep valleys.  Water meadows are found in the wider valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Open, mainly arable, downland on the dip-slope with low and sparse hedgerows.
•	Pasture and smaller scale fields within valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely characterised by large Parliamentary enclosures with straight, narrow hawthorn hedges


FG KeyChar:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.


FG KeyChar:
•	Prominent and vast hillforts and other prehistoric features crown the highest ridges above the steep scarp slope.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prominent and vast hillforts and other prehistoric features crown the highest ridges above the steep scarp slope
Neolithic earthworks, long barrows and burial mounds on the chalk uplands
Ditch and bank earthworks and cross-ridge dykes
Strip lynchets (ancient field systems) close to medieval villages
Estate parklands a highly characteristic feature of this NCA


FG KeyChar:
•	Scarp slopes support species-rich calcareous grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Scarp slopes support species-rich calcareous grassland
Remnant grazing marsh and wetland habitats in river valleys
Heathlands  along the boundary with the Dorset Heaths


FG KeyChar:
•	Across the downs isolated farmsteads are linked by ancient lanes.
•	Linear villages are found in the sheltered valleys and ancient settlements cluster at the foot of the scarp along the springline.  
•	Blandford Forum and Dorchester are the only towns in this area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Across the downs isolated farmsteads are linked by ancient lanes.
•	Linear villages are found in the sheltered valleys and ancient settlements cluster at the foot of the scarp along the springline.  
•	Blandford Forum and Dorchester are the only towns in this area.


FG KeyChar:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.
•	Complex combes and steep-sided, sheltered valleys with woodlands, hedged fields, flood meadows and villages in flint and thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.
•	Complex combes and steep-sided, sheltered valleys with woodlands, hedged fields, flood meadows and villages in flint and thatch.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodlands, shelterbelts of beech, ash and sycamore, deer parks, clumps and copses containing ancient hazel coppice.
•	Hill top copses (mainly beech) are a feature.
•	Few trees on the dipslope, but woodland increases towards the lowlands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Woodlands, shelterbelts of beech, ash and sycamore, clumps and copses containing ancient hazel coppice
Hill top copses (mainly beech) are a feature
Few trees on the dip slope, but woodland increases towards the lowlands
Hedgerow trees in the chalk valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture characterises the agricultural landscape with areas of arable confined mainly to the floodplains.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly pasture with rough grasslands around heathland fringes
Characteristic wet floodplain grasslands (at risk)
Areas of arable in floodplains


FG KeyChar:
•	Dispersed hamlets and isolated farms and cottages are traditionally of red brick, commonly clay from local pits, roofed in tiles or thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional farms and cottages of local red brick, roofed in tiles or thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour.

Edited_KeyChars:
Sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour


FG KeyChar:
•	Off the heathland, small fields are divided by hedgerows with frequent hedgerow trees.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unenclosed heathland
Elsewhere small fields are divided by hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	Heathland covers the core of the area - broken locally by steep-sided sandstone hills and patches of exposed chalk.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Heathland covers the core of the area - broken locally by steep-sided sandstone hills and patches of exposed chalk.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age barrows are visible on more prominent heathland sites while the prehistoric port at Hengistbury Head is of international historic importance.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows on prominent heathland sites
Prehistoric port at Hengistbury Head of international importance
Scattered areas of parkland around the fringes of the heathland


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is sparsely populated but the growing conurbation of Poole-Bournemouth, which takes up the full southern coastline of the area, is a major influence, with surrounding areas under severe development pressure.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Much of the area is sparsely populated but the growing conurbation of Poole-Bournemouth, which takes up the full southern coastline of the area, is a major influence, with surrounding areas under severe development pressure.


FG KeyChar:
•	Heather dominates the open heathland with areas of purple moor-grass.  Areas of conifer plantation have now been restored to heathland to relink heathland fragments.
•	Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heathland of heather and purple moor-grass (affected by reversion to scrub and woodland)
Remnant areas of acidic grassland around the heathland edge and in scattered enclosures


Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dispersed hamlets and isolated farms and cottages are traditionally of red brick, commonly clay from local pits, roofed in tiles or thatch.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a low undulating exposed and open broad-scale landscape of poor sandy soils with views north across  Poole Harbour.
•	The heathland is surrounded by a transitional landscape of rolling hills and broad, river valleys commonly bordered by river terrace deposits forming extensive terrace flats.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a low undulating exposed and open broad-scale landscape of poor sandy soils with views north across  Poole Harbour.
•	The heathland is surrounded by a transitional landscape of rolling hills and broad, river valleys commonly bordered by river terrace deposits forming extensive terrace flats.


FG KeyChar:
•	Blocks of conifers and successional oak-birch woodland break up the heathland  and form locally prominent landmarks while around the heathland edge secondary woodland, dominated by birch, forms an intricate mosaic with open pasture.
•	Occasional stunted pine stand out on the open heathland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Distinctive stunted pines and successional oak-birch on heath
Secondary woodland, mainly birch, round heathland edge in mosaic with open pasture
Frequent hedgerow trees in enclosed landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	Agricultural land use is mixed, reflecting the varying geology.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed agriculture dominated by arable and improved pasture
Areas of rough grazing in the Corfe Valley


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst hedges are non existent or low in the south west, they are thick with substantial hedgebanks elsewhere.  On higher ground there are scattered areas of dry stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedges non-existent or low in the south west
Thick hedgerows with substantial earthbanks elsewhere
On limestone ridges scattered areas of dry stone walls


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.
•	The soils are largely calcareous clays and brown earths with small areas of stagnogleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.
•	The soils are largely calcareous clays and brown earths with small areas of stagnogleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	Prominent features include the prehistoric hill forts of South Cadbury and Ham Hill and houses such as Montacute, Barrington Court and Dillington House built from the Elizabethan period onwards.  Their surrounding parklands of lime, oak and beech are conspicuous features in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Prominent prehistoric hill forts of South Cadbury and Ham Hill 
Houses such as Montacute, Barrington Court, Sherborne Castle, and Dillington House built from the Elizabethan period onwards, with surrounding  parklands of lime, oak and beech forming conspicuous features in the landscape


Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant areas of lowland meadows
Along the most southerly edge of the NCA chalk escarpments support remnant areas of calcareous grasslands
Remnant areas of fen in river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	Although the area is well settled, there are few villages or towns of any size.  Most settlements are located in the valleys, close to watercourses with farmsteads on spring lines.  Winding minor lanes, link the settlements to higher ground.  
•	Larger settlements include the market towns of Sherborne and Yeovil – the latter having grown to a significant size, largely due to its industrial sector.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Although the area is well settled, there are few villages or towns of any size.  Most settlements are located in the valleys, close to watercourses with farmsteads on spring lines.  Winding minor lanes, link the settlements to higher ground.  
•	Larger settlements include the market towns of Sherborne and Yeovil – the latter having grown to a significant size, largely due to its industrial sector.


FG KeyChar:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.


FG KeyChar:
•	Small woods, copses and scrub are most frequent on the steep ridges and in deep combes.  There are some coniferous plantations, semi natural ancient woodlands, remnant orchards with poplar shelter belts, and streamside willow pollards and alder, predominately in the vales.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small woods including semi-natural ancient woodlands, copses and scrub frequent on steep ridges and in deep combes
Scattered small coniferous plantations
Remnant orchards with poplar shelter belts
hedgerow trees found on the limestone hills and on the Yeovil Sands
Streamside willow pollards and alder, predominately in the vales


FG KeyChar:
•	The majority of the character area is under improved pasture, with some horticulture in the south west.  Pig rearing is becoming increasingly common on the plateau.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly improved pasture with some pig rearing on plateau
Areas of rough grazing on the plateau and Bleadon Hills
Some horticulture in south west (the Strawberry Belt)
Floodplain under intensive arable cultivation


FG KeyChar:
•	Buildings are constructed of red conglomerate, grey limestone and pale grey Doulting Stone.  Most older Mendip buildings are modest cottages in rough, exposed stone with almost no detailing of windows and doorways.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limestone and conglomerate in buildings give a unified character
Most older buildings in rough, exposed stone with little detailing


FG KeyChar:
•	Natural surface water is almost absent on the plateau, aside from where recently abandoned mine workings have developed as ponds.  At the foot of the plateau springs emerge as the source of the Cheddar Yeo and Axe.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Natural surface water is almost absent on the plateau, aside from where recently abandoned mine workings have developed as ponds.  At the foot of the plateau springs emerge as the source of the Cheddar Yeo and Axe.


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mixture of enclosure.  Hedgerows are the dominant field boundary of the Character Area but with stone walls on the plateau and some of the eastern slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows are main field boundary type, often outgrown on the south western slopes
Limestone walls on the plateau and some of the eastern slopes defining rectilinear fields
Floodplain areas divided by ditches and hedgerows including irregular fields


FG KeyChar:
•	An open limestone plateau with karst features including complex underground caves and river systems gives the area a unique character.  Sandstone outcrops form prominent features.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	An open limestone plateau with karst features including complex underground caves and river systems gives the area a unique character.  Sandstone outcrops form prominent features.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many industrial archaeological sites, reflecting the past lead, coal and cloth industries.  The plateau has an outstanding assemblage of prehistoric features such as burial mounds and hill forts.

Edited_KeyChars:
Many relics of past lead, coal and cloth industries
Outstanding prehistoric features such as burial mounds and hillforts on plateau
Historic parkland with mature trees


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is characterised by unimproved limestone grassland on the plateau slopes, open moorland in the north, marshy land in the valley bottoms, including some neutral unimproved meadows and damp woodlands, and ‘gruffy ground’ left from the lead industry which has revegetated to form important semi-natural habitats.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unimproved limestone grassland and karst features on plateau 
Open heathland/ moorland in north
Marshy land in valley bottoms, including some neutral unimproved meadows
‘Gruffy ground’ left from the lead industry which has revegetated to form important semi-natural habitats


FG KeyChar:
•	Villages are concentrated at the foot of the plateau slopes.  Elsewhere, settlement is scattered.  Major transport routes such as the M5 and A38 cut through the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Villages are concentrated at the foot of the plateau slopes.  Elsewhere, settlement is scattered.  Major transport routes such as the M5 and A38 cut through the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Mendip Hills are a chain of prominent limestone hills extending inland from the coast and rising up sharply from the surrounding lowlands.
•	Dramatic gorges, cliffs and escarpment slopes surround the plateau.  Further west, land breaks into individual hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Mendip Hills are a chain of prominent limestone hills extending inland from the coast and rising up sharply from the surrounding lowlands.
•	Dramatic gorges, cliffs and escarpment slopes surround the plateau.  Further west, land breaks into individual hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	The plateau and hilltops are largely treeless, except for a few old ash pollards and wind-shaped shelterbelts and conifer plantations.  The slopes and valleys surrounding the plateau have a wide range of woodlands forming an attractive mosaic with open land and other land uses.

Edited_KeyChars:
Plateau and hilltops largely treeless except for old ash pollards and wind-shaped shelterbelts
Slopes and valleys with wide range of woodlands in mosaic with other land uses
Damp woodland in valley bottoms
Small groups of willow in the Yeo floodplain
Hedgerow trees more common in the east
Orchards on the outskirts of  Loxton


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the area lies below high tide level and the water level of the main river systems and is susceptible to flooding.
•	Rivers draining into the Levels and Moors include the Axe, Brue and Parrett.  Before the drainage schemes of the late 17th Century there was widespread sea and river flooding.  Current drainage relies on gravity pumps removing excessive backlogs of water.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Most of the area lies below high tide level and the water level of the main river systems and is susceptible to flooding.
•	Rivers draining into the Levels and Moors include the Axe, Brue and Parrett.  Before the drainage schemes of the late 17th Century there was widespread sea and river flooding.  Current drainage relies on gravity pumps removing excessive backlogs of water.


Edited_KeyChars:
Dunes with a thicket of sea buckthorn, storm gravel beaches and mudflats along the margins of Bridgewater Bay
Areas of salt marsh


FG KeyChar:
•	The strong chequer-board pattern of the ‘rhynes’ or ditches reflects a planned landscape reclaimed from wetland, initiated in the 13th Century with the construction of raised causeways and further major reclamation undertaken in the late 17th Century.

Edited_KeyChars:
Strong chequer-board pattern from reclaimed land from the 13th to 17th century
Boundaries on the Levels and Moors are generally  deep, wide, wet rhynes
On drier land hedge boundaries vary in condition


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.


Edited_KeyChars:
Rich archaeological remains on the peat moors


FG KeyChar:
•	Pockets of semi-natural unimproved grasslands, wet meadows, fen, mire and reed beds are highly characteristic and underline the area’s wetland character, as does the emergent vegetation of the rhynes.
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.

Edited_KeyChars:
Pockets of semi-natural unimproved grasslands, wet meadows, fen, mire and reed beds


FG KeyChar:
•	A strong planned element is also evident in towns and villages, with buildings running along single streets e.g. Langport and surrounded by strip fields.
•	Settlements on the edge of the Levels include Weston super Mare and Bridgwater and the M5 is a significant feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A strong planned element is also evident in towns and villages, with buildings running along single streets e.g. Langport and surrounded by strip fields.
•	Settlements on the edge of the Levels include Weston super Mare and Bridgwater and the M5 is a significant feature.


FG KeyChar:
•	The area ranges from peat moors, clay levels, inland ‘burtles’ or gravel beds to the mudflats, storm gravel beaches and dune belt fringing the edge of Bridgwater Bay.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area ranges from peat moors, clay levels, inland ‘burtles’ or gravel beds to the mudflats, storm gravel beaches and dune belt fringing the edge of Bridgwater Bay.


FG KeyChar:
•	Many parts of the Levels and Moors are treeless, although groups of pollarded willow fringe the islands and ridges of higher ground and mark the lines of rhynes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Largely treeless although isolated small woodlands
Groups of pollarded willow on islands and following the banks of rhynes
Hedgerow trees (ash and oak)
Orchards a particular feature of the land at the edge of the levels


FG KeyChar:
•	The landcover is dominated by improved pasture supporting dairying, with localised withy beds.

Edited_KeyChars:
The land cover is dominated by improved pasture supporting dairying
Increasing areas of arable on higher ground
Localised withy beds


FG KeyChar:
•	Building on the open Moors and Levels is restricted to occasional 19th Century or more recent farmsteads mainly in brick or occasional Blue Lias with clay, pantile roofs and thatch.

Edited_KeyChars:
19th Century or more recent farmsteads mainly in brick or occasional Blue Lias with clay, pantile roofs and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	Reflecting the history of reclamation, roads are sinuous and narrow following the line of old seawalls, or straight and slightly raised.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Reflecting the history of reclamation, roads are sinuous and narrow following the line of old seawalls, or straight and slightly raised.


FG KeyChar:
•	Although Blue Lias is the dominant building material, there are a variety of other materials such as oolite, sandstone and conglomerate, contrasting with many 19th Century buildings which are constructed in brick and pantile.  Tall church towers are evidence of Medieval wealth, St Michael’s on Glastonbury Tor, being the most visible landmark.

Edited_KeyChars:
Blue Lias is main traditional building material, with oolite, sandstone and conglomerate


FG KeyChar:
•	Major rivers such as the Brue, Axe and Parrett, rise on surrounding ground and cut through the Mid Somerset Hills.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Major rivers such as the Brue, Axe and Parrett, rise on surrounding ground and cut through the Mid Somerset Hills.


FG KeyChar:
•	Hedgerows, typically containing a wide range of species and hedgerow trees are common dividing small, irregular fields except where there are planned settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mostly small, irregular fields divided by species rich hedges
Some arable fields may be larger
Ditches in areas of floodplain grazing marsh  in the river valleys


FG KeyChar:
•	The underlying geology is of late Triassic and early Jurassic grey clay and limestone overlaid by red Mercia Mudstone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The underlying geology is of late Triassic and early Jurassic grey clay and limestone overlaid by red Mercia Mudstone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture tends to be the main landcover with remnant areas of calcareous and neutral grasslands.

Edited_KeyChars:
Remnant areas of calcareous and neutral grasslands


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst small towns and villages like Somerton and Street lie in sheltered sites, other settlements like Meare, Wedmore and Wookey lie on island rising out of the wetlands or at the wetland edge with characteristic tracks (droves) linking these settlements with the traditional summer grazing provided by the Levels and Moors.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Whilst small towns and villages like Somerton and Street lie in sheltered sites, other settlements like Meare, Wedmore and Wookey lie on island rising out of the wetlands or at the wetland edge with characteristic tracks (droves) linking these settlements with the traditional summer grazing provided by the Levels and Moors.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Mid Somerset Hills are a series of distinctive low hills, ridges and islands dividing the Somerset Moors and Levels.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Mid Somerset Hills are a series of distinctive low hills, ridges and islands dividing the Somerset Moors and Levels.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst woodlands of ash and maple are a common feature on the ridge tops and steeper side slopes, orchards are a particular characteristic of lower land at the boundary of the Levels and Moors, close to settlements.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ash and maple woodlands most common on ridges and side slopes
Mature hedgerow trees of ash and oak and areas of suckering elm
Frequent small orchards on lower land


Edited_KeyChars:
Permanent pasture is the main land cover with significant areas of arable


Edited_KeyChars:
Range of archaeological features on grassland and arable
Parklands with estate woodland


FG KeyChar:
•	Open heathland characterises the rounded summits of the northern hills, providing rough grazing.  Below the hilltops, mixed farming is predominant.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open heathland grazing on rounded summits of northern hills
Mixed farming predominant elsewhere
Beneath summits a predominantly pastural landscape (mainly improved but with some unimproved)
Rough grassland on the scarp
Arable running along ridgelines


FG KeyChar:
•	The local vernacular building style varies due to the rich diversity of locally available building materials.

Edited_KeyChars:
Local vernacular building style varies due to  rich diversity of locally available building materials


FG KeyChar:
•	The mixed geology creates spring lines where water reaches less permeable layers.  Streams cut down the scarp to form deep, incised combes.  Long, broad valleys with streams flowing to the Vale of Taunton characterise land to the east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The mixed geology creates spring lines where water reaches less permeable layers.  Streams cut down the scarp to form deep, incised combes.  Long, broad valleys with streams flowing to the Vale of Taunton characterise land to the east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Former deer parks and designed parklands are a characteristic landscape feature.
•	Beech hedgebanks  bound the rectangular fields around the edge of the open plateau and on the lower agricultural land in the south.  Mixed hedgerows are used elsewhere, and stone-faced banks or earth banks are used within the combes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Beech hedgebanks bound rectangular fields around edge of open plateau and on lower ground in the south (many outgrown - see woodland and trees)
Mixed hedgerows elsewhere
Stone-faced banks or earth banks within the combes


FG KeyChar:
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	Bronze Age burial mounds, barrows, standing stones and stone circles are surviving relics of the prehistoric landscape and important landscape features.  Ridge and furrow is also visible on the moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age burial mounds, barrows, standing stones and stone circles
Ridge and furrow is visible on  moorland
Former deer parks and designed parklands a distinctive feature


FG KeyChar:
•	The extensive heathlands and sessile oak woodlands are important semi-natural habitats.  Rhododendron is abundant in the valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
Extensive moorland heaths (with transitions between upland and lowland heath affected by bracken and rhododendron invasion)
Unimproved grasslands on combe sides


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement is sparse, consisting of isolated farms, hamlets or small villages located along the spring line or tucked into the narrow combes and valleys.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement is sparse, consisting of isolated farms, hamlets or small villages located along the spring line or tucked into the narrow combes and valleys.


FG KeyChar:
•	The Quantock Hills are a discrete landform with a prominent and rounded profile.
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The Quantock Hills are a discrete landform with a prominent and rounded profile.
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.


FG KeyChar:
•	The broad hilltops and plateau are largely treeless.  The steep valleys and lower slopes are well wooded with semi natural broadleaved woodland and forestry plantations.

Edited_KeyChars:
Broad hilltops and plateau largely treeless
Steep valleys and lower slopes covered with semi-natural ancient  broadleaved woodland  Rhododendron abundant in the valleys
Highly distinctive outgrown beech hedgebanks planted in the 19th century, now forming lines of  mature beech that define the field pattern


FG KeyChar:
•	The heather and grass moorlands are used for rough grazing with pasture on the lower slopes.  There are some localised areas of arable.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heather and grass moorlands used for rough grazing
Large enclosures of rough grazing around the moorland fringe
Improved pasture on lower slopes
Wet grasslands on valley floors
Localised areas of arable


FG KeyChar:
•	Farmsteads are built mainly of local slate and shale rubble, sometimes whitewashed.  A variety of local stone is used in the villages, along with cob and brick, with slate roofs.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farmsteads mainly of local slate and shale rubble, sometimes whitewashed
Also some cob and brick with slate roofs


FG KeyChar:
•	The plateau is deeply incised by short rivers sometimes cascading as waterfalls over the high coastal slopes and cliffs.  Steep sided valleys in the south form the headwaters of the Barle, Quarm and Exe rivers.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The plateau is deeply incised by short rivers sometimes cascading as waterfalls over the high coastal slopes and cliffs.  Steep sided valleys in the south form the headwaters of the Barle, Quarm and Exe rivers.


FG KeyChar:
•	Rectilinear patterns of 19th Century enclosure extend high up to the moorland edge, bounded by beech-topped hedgebanks which have grown out to form wind-pruned lines of beech.  Elsewhere, older field patterns are enclosed by irregular hedges and stone walls.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rectilinear 19th century enclosures below moorland edge with beech-topped hedgebanks (many out-grown)
Older, irregular hedge and stone wall enclosures elsewhere


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is of high archaeological interest, with Bronze Age remains such as hill-forts, stone circles and barrows forming prominent features.

Edited_KeyChars:
High archaeological interest, including prominent hillforts, stone circles and barrows
Former deer parks on lower slopes


FG KeyChar:
•	Heather, blanket bog, grass heath and bracken dominate the moorlands with coastal and wet heath.

Edited_KeyChars:
Heather, blanket bog, grass heath and bracken on moorlands
Traditional moorland grazing by Exmoor ponies
Also coastal and wet heath
Species-rich valley grasslands with a tradition of hay meadow management


FG KeyChar:
•	The central moorlands are largely devoid of settlement.  Villages are mainly concentrated in valley bottoms, often sited around river crossing points.  Along the coastal edge there is a greater variety and density of settlement.  
•	Minehead, Dunster, Dulverton and Lynton are the main towns which serve the area.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The central moorlands are largely devoid of settlement.  Villages are mainly concentrated in valley bottoms, often sited around river crossing points.  Along the coastal edge there is a greater variety and density of settlement.  
•	Minehead, Dunster, Dulverton and Lynton are the main towns which serve the area.


FG KeyChar:
•	Exmoor is a diverse upland landscape, rising abruptly out of the surrounding lowlands.
•	A high and spectacular steeply sloping wooded coastline forms the northern edge of the area, fringing the Bristol Channel.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Exmoor is a diverse upland landscape, rising abruptly out of the surrounding lowlands.
•	A high and spectacular steeply sloping wooded coastline forms the northern edge of the area, fringing the Bristol Channel.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland, mostly ancient and oak-dominated, cloaks the steep coastal combes and inland valleys.  Former deer parks and conifer plantations are features of the lower slopes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Ancient oak-dominated woodland in steep coastal combes and inland valleys
Beech windbreaks (many outgrown hedgerows) on moorland plateau fringes
Alders and willows fringe river banks defining the course of rivers
Estates with field trees (and associated parkland) on lower slopes
Orchards a traditional features adjacent to farmsteads


Edited_KeyChars:
Very high coastal slopes and cliffs
Important sand dunes at Braunton Burrows


FG KeyChar:
•	Permanent grassland characterises the floodplain with arable, pasture, market gardening and orchards in the vales and pasture and arable on more undulating land.

Edited_KeyChars:
Permanent pasture characterises the Tone floodplain
Arable, pasture, market gardening and orchards in the vales 
Pasture and  arable on more undulating land


FG KeyChar:
•	Red sandstone buildings and perpendicular church towers of Triassic sandstone are prominent features in the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Red sandstone buildings and perpendicular church towers of Triassic sandstone are prominent


Edited_KeyChars:
The land ends in low cliffs, mainly in Blue Lias, with exposed rock formations on the beaches


FG KeyChar:
•	The River Tone and its tributaries drains the area to the south, whilst to the north Doniford Stream fed by tributaries arising from the Quantocks and Brendon Hill, drains into the sea at Watchet.  To the east many streams drain off the Quantock dip slopes and flow into the River Parrett.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The River Tone and its tributaries drains the area to the south, whilst to the north Doniford Stream fed by tributaries arising from the Quantocks and Brendon Hill, drains into the sea at Watchet.  To the east many streams drain off the Quantock dip slopes and flow into the River Parrett.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally low, although there are many hedgerow trees.
•	Whilst some fields systems were enclosed from the Medieval period, common pastures on the edge of the Vale and on the floodplains were enclosed during the 18th and 19th Century.
•	The thick hedgerows (and hedgebanks on higher ground) are species rich usually dominated by hazel with a mix of other woody species such as dogwood, holly and blackthorn.  The hedgerows were also managed as a source of wood.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mainly small/medium sized fields in a rectilinear pattern bound by thick hedgerows


FG KeyChar:
•	The topography can be divided into four distinct areas: the floodplain, a gentle low vale, underlain by mudstones and clay, a more elevated, undulating vale underlain by sandstones and mudstones and the open windswept coast with low cliffs to the north.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The topography can be divided into four distinct areas: the floodplain, a gentle low vale, underlain by mudstones and clay, a more elevated, undulating vale underlain by sandstones and mudstones and the open windswept coast with low cliffs to the north.


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst some fields systems were enclosed from the Medieval period, common pastures on the edge of the Vale and on the floodplains were enclosed during the 18th and 19th Century.
•	A number of Iron Age hillforts are located on higher ground.

Edited_KeyChars:
Limited medieval field systems
Iron age hillforts 
Estate woodlands associated with large houses


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is densely settled with a dispersed pattern of hamlets and farms linked by winding lanes.
•	The main settlements which include Wellington, Taunton, the western edge of Bridgwater and Minehead have a strong visual influence on landscape character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area is densely settled with a dispersed pattern of hamlets and farms linked by winding lanes.
•	The main settlements which include Wellington, Taunton, the western edge of Bridgwater and Minehead have a strong visual influence on landscape character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Woodland cover is generally low, although there are many hedgerow trees.
•	The area was once characterised by cider apple orchards, supporting the local cider industry.  The few old orchards that have survived are scattered thorough the landscape.  Modern bush orchards do not have the same visual impact as the older orchards.

Edited_KeyChars:
Generally low woodland cover
Many hedgerow  trees
Within Tone floodplain willow and alder found along water courses
Mixture of historic and modern orchards


Edited_KeyChars:
Blocks of low lying wet pasture and scrub
Small remnants of species-rich semi-natural grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	A complex pattern of rivers  -  the Axe, Sid, Otter and Yarty - flows southward whilst the Fivehead River flows to the north east.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A complex pattern of rivers  -  the Axe, Sid, Otter and Yarty - flows southward whilst the Fivehead River flows to the north east.


FG KeyChar:
•	Field boundaries throughout the area are defined by either hedgerows or hedgebanks.
•	A strong rectilinear pattern of 18th Century enclosure and straight roads characterises the plateau which contrasts with the small-scale Medieval enclosures of the slopes and vale bottoms.

Edited_KeyChars:
Hedgerows or hedgebanks throughout often with associated ditches on poorly drained soils
Strong rectilinear pattern of 18th century enclosure on plateau
Small medieval enclosures on slopes and vale bottoms


FG KeyChar:
•	Whilst the Upper Greensand of the upper plateaus and ridges gives rise to poor, slightly acidic soil, the river valleys consist of fine loams and silts.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Whilst the Upper Greensand of the upper plateaus and ridges gives rise to poor, slightly acidic soil, the river valleys consist of fine loams and silts.


FG KeyChar:
•	A strong rectilinear pattern of 18th Century enclosure and straight roads characterises the plateau which contrasts with the small-scale Medieval enclosures of the slopes and vale bottoms.
•	Bronze Age barrows are found predominately between Gittisham Hill and Black Down with Iron Age Hill forts both on the coast and inland including, Castle Neroche.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows and Iron Age Hillforts both on the coast and inland including Castle Neroche
Remnant areas of parkland associated with larger estates
Small water features a common feature in this often ill-drained landscape


FG KeyChar:
•	A mosaic of lowland and wet heathland, neutral/acidic and species rich grassland, wet and ancient oak ash woodland, are characteristic of the area with extensive coastal salt marshes in the Axe floodplain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Lowland and wet heathland vulnerable to loss
Remnant areas of  neutral/acidic and species-rich grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Settlement on higher ground is sparse with farm buildings following straight enclosure roads.  Elsewhere settlements lie mainly along the spring lines at the foot of escarpments or at river crossing points.
•	The Character Area includes the towns of Honiton, Chard, Axminster and the coastal towns of Lyme Regis, Seaton and Sidmouth.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Settlement on higher ground is sparse with farm buildings following straight enclosure roads.  Elsewhere settlements lie mainly along the spring lines at the foot of escarpments or at river crossing points.
•	The Character Area includes the towns of Honiton, Chard, Axminster and the coastal towns of Lyme Regis, Seaton and Sidmouth.


FG KeyChar:
•	The dramatic open, heathy windswept scarp slopes and plateaus up to 300m AD in the north fall southwards to sheltered lush valleys and ridges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The dramatic open, heathy windswept scarp slopes and plateaus up to 300m AD in the north fall southwards to sheltered lush valleys and ridges.


FG KeyChar:
•	A well wooded appearance dominates the area, created by wooded scarp slopes, shelterbelts and avenues, and coniferous and deciduous plantations of beech, oak and pine, willow-dominated carr woodland on valley spring lines, and hedgerow trees and copses.
•	Traditional orchards were once a key characteristic of the southern half of the Character Area and remnants still remain.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wooded scarp slopes with ancient oak-ash woodland
Shelterbelts, copses, avenues, plantations of beech, oak, pine
Willow-dominated carr on valley spring lines
Mature hedgerow trees, often beech and scattered in-field trees largely of oak
Remnant traditional orchards in southern half of area


FG KeyChar:
•	Although low intensity mixed livestock farming dominates the Character Area there has been an increase in arable farmland on lower valley sides and floors.

Edited_KeyChars:
Low intensity mixed livestock farming dominates
Increase in arable farmland on lower valley sides and floors
Much lifestyle farming


FG KeyChar:
•	Traditional buildings are constructed in chert, cob, flint or brick roofed in thatch, tile or slate, while older buildings in coastal locations are colour washed.

Edited_KeyChars:
Traditional buildings in chert, cob, flint or brick roofed in thatch, tile or slate
Older buildings in coastal locations colour washed


FG KeyChar:
•	To the south the coastline is defined by unstable cliffs, irregular headlands and estuaries.

Edited_KeyChars:
Unstable cliffs, irregular headlands and estuaries
Extensive coastal salt marshes at mouth of Axe


Edited_KeyChars:
The Exe and Teign estuaries have extensive reedbeds and saltmarsh, with sand dunes at their mouth


FG KeyChar:
•	Mixed farming predominates but as the land rises northwards to the Culm, pasture becomes more widespread and the Redland soils disappear.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming predominates with more pasture in the north
Remnant wet grasslands and rush pasture within river valleys
Marginal areas of rough grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Cob, red sandstone and thatch rural buildings are distinctive to the area.
•	Linhays – open-fronted animal shelters of timber frame or stone – are a feature.

Edited_KeyChars:
Cob and red sandstone construction with thatch characterise rural dwellings 
Longhouses and cross passage houses characteristic
Linhay animal shelters are distinctive of the area


FG KeyChar:
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Much of the area is characterised by winding sunken lanes, irregular field patterns and varied hedgebanks, often rich in wildflowers.
•	The lower floodplain and coastal landscapes, by contrast, have large, open arable fields and low-cut hedges.

Edited_KeyChars:
Floodplain and coastal landscapes have large open fields with low-cut hedges
Irregular field pattern with flower rich hedgebanks elsewhere


FG KeyChar:
•	Soils derived from red sandstone give this area its name.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Soils derived from red sandstone give this area its name.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.

Edited_KeyChars:
Bronze Age barrows  found on the Haldon Hills and a number of Iron Age hill forts, such as at Stoke Hill
Parkland and estate planting associated with manor houses


FG KeyChar:
•	The Exe and Teign estuaries have extensive reedbeds, saltmarshes and sand dunes.

Edited_KeyChars:
Estuarine habitats: reedbeds and marshes
Land in the west of the NCA rises to the flat, flint-topped Haldon Hills with some remnant lowland heath
Remnant areas of species-rich and Culm grassland


FG KeyChar:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.
•	Settlement is mainly dispersed farmsteads and hamlets; villages are often of medieval origin and layout.
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.
•	Settlement is mainly dispersed farmsteads and hamlets; villages are often of medieval origin and layout.
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Steep-sided valleys with wide floodplains cut through the hilly landscape, the hills gradually decreasing in height toward the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Steep-sided valleys with wide floodplains cut through the hilly landscape, the hills gradually decreasing in height toward the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	Large woodlands are confined mainly to the steep valley sides.
•	Elsewhere, particularly in the upper valleys, small, irregular, broadleaved woodlands and copses may give a strong sense of enclosure.
•	East of the Exe the land rises to dry, open heathland with gorse, scattered pine, wind-trimmed beech and wooded ridges.
•	West of the Exe the conifer plantations and heathland of the Haldon Hills rise high above the valleys.
•	In the lower valleys there are open flood meadows with little tree cover.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large woodlands on valley sides with small broadleaved woodland in the upper valleys
Hedgerow trees and small copses often give a wooded appearance to the hills
Scattered field trees in more open landscapes including riverside trees marking the line of water courses


FG KeyChar:
•	Pasture (dairying, beef cattle (traditionally including Devon Reds) and sheep) is the dominant land use and there are significant areas of semi-natural vegetation.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland
Also significant areas of arable
Significant areas of semi-natural vegetation including areas of the highly characteristic Culm grassland

 (Culm grassland occurs as patches on common and unimproved land.  It describes damp unimproved grasslands that are found overlying the Culm Measures and  incorporates a diverse range of vegetation communities from mire, fen, swamp and wet heath vegetation communities.  As it is classified with the BAP Priority Habitat for purple moor grass and rush pasture it is considered here (under wet grassland), although aspects of its vegetation are picked up under 'F Semi-natural Habitats')


FG KeyChar:
•	Rural buildings are traditionally of cob and thatch or slate.

Edited_KeyChars:
Rural buildings traditionally of cob and thatch or slate


Edited_KeyChars:
Wide range of coastal landscape features
Sand dune and estuarine features including saltmarsh in the Taw-Torridge estuary
High wooded cliffs and combes around Clovelly
Rugged, rocky, exposed Atlantic coastal cliffs in the west


FG KeyChar:
•	Main roads tend to follow ridges and have wide verges.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Main roads tend to follow ridges and have wide verges.


FG KeyChar:
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.


FG KeyChar:
•	Ridgetop fields are generally large and regular, representing parliamentary enclosures, with low hedgerows and hedgebanks that reveal long views.
•	By contrast, valley sides have winding sunken lanes, irregular older fields, and earth hedgebanks of mixed species.
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large, regular fields of the Parliamentary enclosures on ridge tops with low hedgerows and hedgebanks 
By contrast, valley sides have irregular older fields enclosed by  earth hedgebanks with mixed species


FG KeyChar:
•	Culm Measures give rise to heavy, infertile soils on the hilltops and valley bottoms; some valley sides have more fertile and better-drained soils.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Culm Measures give rise to heavy, infertile soils on the hilltops and valley bottoms; some valley sides have more fertile and better-drained soils.


FG KeyChar:
•	Clusters of Bronze Age barrows are found on the ridgetops.

Edited_KeyChars:
Clusters of Bronze Age barrows are found on the ridgetops
Localised parkland landscapes


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland.
•	Culm grasslands occur on patches of common and unimproved land.

Edited_KeyChars:
significant areas of semi-natural vegetation
Culm grasslands occur on patches of common and unimproved land

 (Culm grassland occurs as patches on common and unimproved land.  It describes damp unimproved grasslands that are found overlying the Culm Measures and  incorporates a diverse range of vegetation communities from mire, fen, swamp and wet heath vegetation communities.  As it is classified with the BAP Habitat for purple moor grass and rush pasture it is considered here (under wet grassland), although aspects of its vegetation are picked up under 'F Semi-natural Habitats')


FG KeyChar:
•	Small settlements are sited at river crossing points or in prominent hilltop locations.
•	Coastal resorts and development occur at Bideford, Westward Ho!, Clovelly and Bude and locally have a strong visual influence on landscape character.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Small settlements are sited at river crossing points or in prominent hilltop locations.
•	Coastal resorts and development occur at Bideford, Westward Ho!, Clovelly and Bude and locally have a strong visual influence on landscape character.


FG KeyChar:
•	Spectacular cliffs and broad, rolling ridges up to around 200m AOD offer wide views across a remote landscape.
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Spectacular cliffs and broad, rolling ridges up to around 200m AOD offer wide views across a remote landscape.
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are some substantial valley and coastal woodlands (oak, birch and rowan) and some large blocks of plantation woodland on the moors.
•	Otherwise there is little tree cover except wind-shaped hedgerow, in-field and farmstead trees (oak, ash and beech, the latter typically occurring on high ground).

Edited_KeyChars:
Substantial valley and coastal woodlands (oak, birch and rowan)
Large blocks of plantation woodland on the moors
Generally little tree cover except wind-shaped hedgerow, in-field and farmstead trees (oak, ash and beech, the latter typically occurring on high ground).


FG KeyChar:
•	Most of the open moor is common land that has long been used for extensive grazing by cattle, sheep and ponies, moorland grazing rights being an important part of many hill farm enterprises.

Edited_KeyChars:
Enclosed land is almost exclusively under pasture, with traditional hay meadows typical
Intakes include significant enclosure  of rough grassland
Rush pasture common


FG KeyChar:
•	Granite and slate in cottages, farmhouses, villages, abandoned mine buildings and walls unify the landscape.

Edited_KeyChars:
Granite and slate used in the construction of cottages and farmhouses


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of ancient roads, sunken lanes and hump-backed bridges connects the moor to the villages and towns beyond its outer edge.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	A network of ancient roads, sunken lanes and hump-backed bridges connects the moor to the villages and towns beyond its outer edge.


FG KeyChar:
•	Around the moorland lies a gentler landscape of small, irregular pasture fields with dry stone walls and high banks.
•	There are also extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ in the 19th century, some of which are now reverting to moorland.

Edited_KeyChars:
Small, irregular pasture fields with dry stone walls and high banks surround the open moorland
Extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ have enclosed parts of the moorland fringe


FG KeyChar:
•	Dartmoor is underlain by a large granite batholith with an aureole of metamorphic rocks including tin, copper and china clay bearing deposits.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Dartmoor is underlain by a large granite batholith with an aureole of metamorphic rocks including tin, copper and china clay bearing deposits.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are also extensive rectilinear field patterns originating from the expansion of ‘newtakes’ in the 19th century, some of which are now reverting to moorland.
•	There is very high historic interest from Bronze Age onwards, with many visible features including hut circles, standing stones, reaves, field systems and hillforts.
•	The mining industry has made as strong impact on the landscape, with dramatically sited spoil heaps and ruins.

Edited_KeyChars:
Very high historic interest from Bronze Age onwards, with many visible features including hut circles, standing stones, reaves, field systems and hillforts
Mining industry has made a strong impact on the landscape, with dramatically sited spoil heaps and ruins


FG KeyChar:
•	The high, exposed core of Dartmoor is an irregular moorland plateau with blanket bogs and mires, surrounded by areas of heathland and grass moor with dramatic tors, clitters and broken rock.

Edited_KeyChars:
An irregular moorland plateau with blanket bogs and mires, surrounded by areas of heathland and grass moor with dramatic tors, clitters and broken rock form the core of Dartmoor
Most of the open moor is common land extensively grazed by cattle, sheep and ponies


FG KeyChar:
•	The area has important and distinctive landscape features, notably its peri-glacial landforms, blanket bog, archaeology and traditional land management system.
•	The open, windswept moors, with wide views and stunted trees, contrast with sheltered, wooded, terraced landscapes in the valleys and fringes.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	The area has important and distinctive landscape features, notably its peri-glacial landforms, blanket bog, archaeology and traditional land management system.
•	The open, windswept moors, with wide views and stunted trees, contrast with sheltered, wooded, terraced landscapes in the valleys and fringes.


FG KeyChar:
•	There are many ancient upland oak woods, and also scattered forestry plantations.
•	Woodland is more extensive on the eastern than the western slopes of the area.
•	Clumps of sycamore and beech shelter farmsteads on the moorland edge.

Edited_KeyChars:
Open windswept moors with occasional stunted trees
Sheltered, wooded  valleys and fringes
Many ancient upland oak woods and large scattered forestry plantations
Clumps of sycamore and beech shelter farmsteads on the moorland edge


FG KeyChar:
•	The area is characterised by mixed farming, red soils appearing when ploughed.
•	Orchards and market gardening are distinctive, particularly in the Tamar valley.

Edited_KeyChars:
Mixed farming, red soils appearing when ploughed
Market gardening  distinctive, particularly in Tamar valley
Areas of rough grassland on moorland fringes and along coast
Floodplains with wet meadows


FG KeyChar:
•	Sunken lanes link farms and hamlets with cob, stone, slate and thatched buildings.

Edited_KeyChars:
Farms and hamlets of cob, stone, slate and thatch


FG KeyChar:
•	There is a diverse and complex coastline with fine scenery and views.

Edited_KeyChars:
Large expanses of tidal water, saltmarsh and mudflats extending far inland along the ria estuaries 
Spectacular sandstone, slate and limestone cliffs and long sandy beaches
Sand dunes (as at Bigbury) and vegetated shingle as at Slapton Sands


FG KeyChar:
•	Rivers rising on Dartmoor cut through the plateau, with narrow rias at the coast.

Edited_KeyChars:
•	Rivers rising on Dartmoor cut through the plateau, with narrow rias at the coast.


FG KeyChar:
•	A network of wildflower-rich, often treeless and closely trimmed Devon banks separates the patchwork of fields.
•	Larger fields occur on higher, flatter land and smaller fields on the valley sides; field patterns are generally irregular.

Edited_KeyChars:
Wildflower-rich, often treeless, closely trimmed Devon banks (often with stone-facing)
Larger fields on higher, flatter land
Smaller fields on the valley sides
Field patterns generally irregular


