# Tbl_NCA_KeyCharacteristics

Description:
•	The fields are medium to large in size on the open, flatter ground of the plateau, whilst smaller, more irregular and with higher hedges on the slopes and in the valleys.
•	Scattered damson trees are a distinctive feature along many hedgerows in this area.


Description:
•	The field pattern is typically of irregular, small, hedged fields.


Description:
•	Ancient, mixed species hedges are typical, with localised dense tree cover; open unenclosed land is a distinctive feature of the high ground.


Description:
•	Fields are bounded by hedgerows of variable height, which are often species-rich, particularly along lanes.


Description:
•	Fields sizes range from small, irregular enclosures to medium rectilinear fields.  Fields are either bounded by hedgerows or stone walls with few hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	Whilst fields on the floodplains are divided by ditches with willow pollards and alders, elsewhere there is a regular pattern of parliamentary enclosure with hawthorn hedges and infrequent hedgerow trees.


Description:
•	Limestone walls, constructed from the local honey-coloured stone, form characteristic field boundaries on the higher land.  Hedges are also commonly used, particularly in the valleys.


Description:
•	Variable field boundaries with network of thick hedgerows with oak and ash trees on drier gravel terraces, ditches on lower wetland areas, plus lines of willow pollards.


Description:
•	Generally large geometric fields divided by regular pattern of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, although a local pattern of small fields surrounds hilltop villages.


Description:
•	A network of small fields ancient hedges, often characterises steep ground. The agricultural landscape features hedges, trees and small woodlands.


Description:
•	Field boundaries are varied and contrast from areas of well-hedged landscape across the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges to low and gappy across the heathlands.


Description:
•	Sparse hedgerow pattern with some shelterbelt planting around settlement and farmsteads.
•	To the east, poplar and alder shelter hedges form a distinctive boundary feature.
•	Rectangular, regular field patterns defined by crops.


Description:
•	A landscape pattern comprising small or medium-sized, farmed, uneven fields.
•	Field boundaries varying from thin, straight, pure hawthorn hedges on flatter land and wider, irregular, mixed-species hedgerows on more undulating land.


Description:
•	Regular field patterns on the floodplain suggest late enclosure.
•	Smaller field patterns on higher ground suggest earlier enclosure of drier land.
•	Hedgerows create landscape structure – mature oaks are a feature of the hedgerows.


Description:
•	Large geometric fields on the open downs are characterised by post and wire fencing. Within lower areas woodland, hedgerows and shelterbelts frequently form boundaries.


Description:
•	Whilst hedgecover on arable land is poor, affected by agricultural intensification, overgrown hedgerows and hedgerow trees are a characteristic feature of pasture and low lying wet grasslands.


Description:
•	Whilst flatter land and downland consist of large fields with low intermittent hedges and few hedgerow trees, valleys and steeper slopes predominantly in the south east have irregular fields and overgrown species rich hedges.


Description:
•	Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the soils.  On the clay hedges are dense, species rich with occasional standard oaks.  On more acidic soils they generally consist of hawthorn\blackthorn, also with occasional oak trees and trimmed low.


Description:
•	Field boundaries of hedgerows and shaws enclose small, irregular fields.  Occasional lines of hedgerow trees mark former boundaries.


Description:
•	Small and medium sized fields enclosed by a network of hedgerows and wooded shaws.


Description:
•	Crossed by irregular network of linear drainage dykes, channels and banks, some of open water others with marshy vegetation.  Limited hedgerow cover.


Description:
•	Infrequent hedges and fences only line roadways.  Drainage ditches and banks divide fields, with channels forming barriers to grazing stock, creating a chequer-board pattern.


Description:
•	Hedgerows are rare features on the open eastern downs, but provide enclosure between woodlands and designed parkland landscapes on the more wooded western downs.


Description:
•	Drainage ditches, wire fences or low banks are the predominant field boundary features across the lower coastal plain, with few hedgerows and hedgerow trees.  Hedgerows enclose the smaller scale landscape of the upper plain.


Description:
•	Hedgerows are the predominant boundary feature throughout – with variations in field size and pattern.


Description:
•	Wide lush river valley bottoms, with water meadows and riverine vegetation, afford open views in an otherwise small-scale and intimate landscape.
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.
•	The patchwork of small, intimate and irregular fields are defined by ancient hedgerows.
•	Oaks are prevalent within hedgerows and help to create an impression of a well-wooded landscape.


Description:
•	The hills have complex underlying geology which is resistant to erosion and has thus resulted in the hills having a smooth rounded shape.


Description:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.


Description:
•	The margins of Morecambe Bay have been formed by faulted outcrops of Lower Carboniferous limestone, forming upstanding blocks and bare limestone scars, pavements and cliffs.  Low limestone beaches are found at Arnside and Silverdale.


Description:
•	The Yorkshire Dales are underlain by Millstone Grit in the east, the Yoredale Series (comprising alternating limestone, sandstone and shales) in the north and west and Great Scar Limestone in the south and west.


Description:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.


Description:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.


Description:
•	The Vale of Mowbray is a low lying area underlain by Triassic sandstones and mudstones blanketed by a thick layer of glacial boulder clay with moraines and ridges of sands and gravels.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by sandstones and mudstones from the Middle Jurassic in the north and sandstones and limestone from the Upper Jurassic in the south.  Shales from the Lower Jurassic (with alum, jet and cement stone) are revealed along the coast and where rivers have eroded deep valleys.


Description:
•	Although the Vale of Pickering is underlain by Kimmeridge Clay, buried deeply beneath layers of glacial and fluvial clays and sands.  The flatter and more low lying areas, with peaty soils, are found in the eastern part of the Vale.  The western part is more undulating in nature with clay soils.  An area of glacial moraine along the coast forms a further area of undulating land.


Description:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.


Description:
•	The solid geology of the Vale of York comprises Triassic sandstone and mudstone and Lower Jurassic mudstone completely buried beneath glacial till, sand, gravel and moraines. These moraines form a number of curving ridges across the Vale.  The northern part of the Vale is underlain by glacial clay, sand and gravel.


Description:
•	The Howardian Hills are formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic period and the calcareous sandstone and limestone of the Upper Jurassic.  Numerous east west faults cross the hills, giving rise to irregular ridges and valleys.  Prominent scarps of limestone are notable features along the outermost ridges.  Glacial drift deposits contribute to the more undulating landform in the south and west.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by predominantly Magnesium Limestone geology which is covered in many places by drift deposits.  This forms an escarpment in the west and a gently dipping landform in the east.  Coal deposits are found in the west along with the associated spoil tips, mineral lines and stocking areas.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones which are buried beneath glacial deposits of boulder clay and marine alluvium.  A carboniferous Millstone Grit Sandstones outcrop is found at Heysham Head, creating cliffs and a rocky foreshore.  Drumlins characterise much of the area - drowned in places where they meet the coast.


Description:
•	It is thickly blanketed by glacial till, with poorly-drained peat-filled hollows that give rise to mosses and meres.


Description:
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys


Description:
•	The dominant feature is the central upland core of Millstone Grit fells, with extensive tracts of heather moorland and blanket bog.


Description:
•	It lies within a broad trough underlain by coal measures, which provided the basis of for early industrialisation.


Description:
•	Most of the Southern Pennines are underlain by Millstone Grit.  Layers have eroded at different rates, creating distinctive terraced landscape of plateaux and escarpments.  Isolated beds of sandstone form mesa-shaped hills across the area.  Coal measures are found over a much smaller area, and a narrow band of Carboniferous Limestone occurs in the north west. 
•	Soils reflect local deposits of boulder clay, sands and gravels and the creation of extensive areas of blanket bogs that cover the moorland summits.


Description:
•	This area is underlain by carboniferous strata.  Coarse grained sandstone bed (gritstones) interbedded with softer siltstones and mudstones dominate the area creating smooth hills and plateaux.  In the east, the Millstone Grit is overlain by beds of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Coal Measures.


Description:
•	This area is underlain by Coal Measures comprising mudstone with beds of sandstone and many seams of coal.   The area lies below 300 metres AOD, contrasting with the neighbouring areas of the Peak District and Pennine fringes.


Description:
•	This low lying, flat landscape is formed by drift deposits which overlie the bedrock of mudstone occupying the area of the former Lake Humber which was impounded by ice blocking the Humber gap.  There are higher ridges of sandstone or mudstone and also moundy glacial deposits.


Description:
•	The Holderness landscape is formed by superficial drift deposits overlying chalk below.  Glacial till covers much of the area and gradually increases in thickness towards the coast and forms hummocky coastal terrain and soft clay cliffs.  There are a number of glacial landforms such as hummocky terrain, kettle holes, drumlins and moraine-like ridges.


Description:
•	The Middle Marsh is underlain by glacial tills which produce slowly permeable, seasonally waterlogged fine loams which are ideal for cereals.  Mixed with the clay tills are localised areas of outwash gravels.  The Outmarsh is composed of marine alluvium and has deep clayey soils.


Description:
•	This rolling upland landscape is dominated by a west-facing chalk escarpment, extensively moulded by glacial and periglacial action.
•	The escarpment takes a simple form in the north, where the plateau top has light chalky soils and the scarp face is clothed with scrub woodland and pasture.
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.
•	Further south the scarp form is more complex, with exposed ironstones, limestones and sandstones (the latter giving rise to acid soils) and glacial till.


Description:
•	A broad low lying and very gently undulating vale underlain by seasonally waterlogged loams and clay, grading to deeper calacareous loams towards Horncastle and the Lincolnshire Wolds.
•	By contrast there are deep acidic soils on the wind blown coversands which have accumulated on the eastern vale against the scarp of the Wolds at Elsham and Market Rasen and near Woodhall Spa and Coningsby.


Description:
•	Soils over the coastal and central fens are rich, fertile calcareous and silty.  Further inland soils are defined by dark, friable fen peat.


Description:
•	The majority of the area is underlain by permeable Sherwood Sandstone and has an undulating character with dry valleys (sculpted by glacial activity) and narrow river valleys.


Description:
•	This is an area of undulating, rising ground underlain by bands of Carboniferous sandstone and mudstone with occasional outliers of Carboniferous limestone.


Description:
•	The area forms a sharply defined high plateau that is underlain by Millstone Grit, giving rise to rounded hill summits and rocky outcrops and prominent linear edges.


Description:
•	The area is elevated Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected by steeply cut dales and gorges with rock outcrops, screes, and cave systems.
•	Much of the limestone is overlain by deposits of loess, which give rise to fertile loamy soils in many parts of the plateau. Higher areas and steeper slopes are more strongly influenced by the underlying limestone.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by Carboniferous rocks, including Millstone Grit which creates localised steep edges.


Description:
•	This transitional area runs along the boundary of the Millstone Grit uplands of the Southern Pennines and the Dark Peak and the overlying Coal Measures which dip south and east beneath the Manchester plain.  The smooth, undulating landform has been cut by a series of steep sided valleys.


Description:
•	The Manchester conurbation is centred on low hills which rise above the drift covered plain of New Red Sandstone.  Sands and river alluvium lie along the valleys of the Mersey and its tributaries.  These river valleys contain the most significant stretches of countryside within the otherwise built up area of the conurbation.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by coal measures which are buried under a patchy layer of glacial drift deposits.  This is an elevated landscape, rising to 170 metres at Billinge Hill and falling abruptly to the Lancashire Plain, Merseyside and the Mersey Valley.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay which in turn is overlain by varying amounts of glacial outwash sands and gravels, softer clays, estuarine and river alluvium, blown sand and peat.  Clay cliffs, extensive beaches comprising shingle spits and bars, together with peaty areas in local hollows and valleys are the key underlying features of this landscape.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay.  These combine to create a low-lying but gently rolling platform punctuated by numerous low sandstone ridges.


Description:
•	Low-lying, undulating landscape underlain by Triassic sandstone overlain by glacial boulder clay.  It is punctuated by numerous low sandstone outcrops.  A dramatic sandstone ridge extends from Bidston hill in the north through Noctorum and Mountwood to Storeton in the south, providing long views over the Dee and Mersey.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by Triassic sandstone which surfaces to the south and east of Runcorn.  Most of the area is overlain with glacial boulder clay, pockets of sand and gravel and, along the valley bottom, estuarine and river alluvium and windblown sand.  Peat has formed in drainage hollows created during the early post glacial period, most common on the western fringes of Manchester.


Description:
•	Most of the area is underlain by glacial deposits of clay, sand and gravel.


Description:
•	This area forms a prominent, steep-sided sandstone ridge rising from the Cheshire Plain.
•	To the east, the lower slopes of the ridge are cloaked in deposits of glacial sand and gravel.


Description:
•	Flat topped hills, mostly of limestone, with steep slopes form a band across the western half of the area giving way to gentler foothills and the Shropshire Plain to the east.


Description:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Carboniferous and Triassic sandstones, while Coal Measures dominate in the vicinity of the Potteries.


Description:
•	This landscape is a rolling plateau, with incised valleys, underlain by Permo-Triassic sandstones and localised Carboniferous rocks including Coal Measures.


Description:
•	The area includes the high dissected sandstone plateau of Cannock chase, the northern part of the Black Country plateau and lower fringing landscape of softer Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones.
•	The coalfield area is largely covered by glacial till which gives rise to heavy, poorly drained soils originally covered with heathland.


Description:
•	These are flat, wide valleys, contained by gentle side slopes, with wide rivers flowing on alluvial floodplains between terraces of sand and gravel.


Description:
•	The area has a complex underlying geology, with outcrops of limestone, Millstone Grit and sandstone. It has a steeply undulating landform dissected by minor river valleys which drain northwards towards the Rivers Trent and Soar.


Description:
•	Bands of sandstone, mudstone and coal measures combine to form a gently undulating plateau of ridges and shallow valleys.  The topography becomes increasingly shallow towards the south, where there are thick deposits of glacial till.


Description:
•	The character area is underlain by the Triassic Mercia Mudstones, which give rise to productive clay soils; outcrops of sandstone extend across the area southwards and westwards, supporting well drained sandy soils and ensuring good arable productivity.


Description:
•	The underlying structure of the landscape is formed by Precambrian slates and volcanic rocks which form steep slopes and give rise to the infertile soils that support heathlands. The older Precambrian rocks are partially obscured by more fertile Mercia Mudstones which form broader vales.


Description:
•	The wolds are rolling ridges of glacial till underlain by Jurassic rocks.  The hills are separated by narrow valleys.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by limestones, which support shallow, well-drained calcareous loams, but there are also areas of slowly permeable and seasonally waterlogged clayey soils, developed on glacial till.


Description:
•	Mainly consisting of the shallow dip slope of a low chalk escarpment sloping west to east.  Often referred to as the Good Sands due to fertility of the versatile light soils.
•	Separated from the coastal strip along the Wash by an outcrop of lower greensand.


Description:
•	Soils are deep and loamy and among the most fertile in the country.  Dune sands fringe some of the coasts.


Description:
•	Contrast and variety within the Estuary is provided by Sheppey, a long low island rising from a stretch of very flat marsh along the Swale estuary in Kent with low, steep, clay cliffs facing towards Essex across the Thames estuary.
•	Strong feeling of remoteness and wilderness persists on the open beaches and salt marshes, on the reclaimed farmed marshland and also on the mudflats.


Description:
•	The area’s soils comprise glacial sands, gravels and till, covering the crag deposits that lies along the North Sea coast.


Description:
•	Large areas of chalky boulder clay plateau with little relief except where the rivers and streams have incised shallow valleys.


Description:
•	One of the most extensive areas of sandy heaths in lowland England with poor, free draining sands with scattered flints over chalk, which are among the least fertile soils in the country.


Description:
•	Broadly flat, chalky, boulder clay plateau dissected by undulating river valley topography, particularly marked in upper valley reaches, which are much smaller in scale.


Description:
•	The distinctive, open, variable topography of the Chalk is a continuation of the Chilterns.


Description:
•	The area comprises gently undulating clay vales and ridges, with extensive gravel and alluvial deposits along the principal river floodplains.


Description:
•	A large scale, rolling, elevated landscape providing extensive panoramic views across the Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire claylands (Character Area 88).
•	A narrow escarpment formed of Lower Greensand with distinct scarp slope to the north-west and dip slope to south-west.


Description:
•	The landscape consists of a broad plateau underlain by Jurassic Oolitic limestones and covered by irregular drifts of glacial boulder clay.


Description:
•	The principal landform of the area is a broad, low undulating ridge underlain by Jurassic limestones which falls away from a steep northern scarp overlooking the River Welland.  
•	The highest points are capped by heavy boulder clays which are unsuitable for cultivation and it is here that the extensive ancient woodlands lie, emphasising the relief and providing a strong sense of enclosure.  Linear woodlands mark the scarp slopes to the north.


Description:
•	Most of the area is underlain by thick boulder clay, but where this has been eroded the more easily cultivated glacial sands and gravels are the favoured sites for historic villages.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by clays of the Lias Group, capped locally by the ironstone-bearing Marlstone and Northampton Sands at the high (c. 210m) ironstone hills around Guilsborough and Staverton.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by lower Lias clays and Mercia mudstones, with extensive surface deposits of glacial drift.


Description:
•	The underlying geology in the north of the area is dominated by Palaeozoic rocks, including coal measures, while the centre and south of the area is underlain by Triassic mudstones and sandstones, with frequent deposits of glacial drift.


Description:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.


Description:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, with localised deposits of alluvium and glacial drift.


Description:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.


Description:
•	Ridges of lower hills, of limestone and mixed shale, are found to the west and south.


Description:
•	Much of the area is underlain by Old Red Sandstone, although the area around the Woolhope Dome incorporates Silurian limestones, shaley mudstones and siltstones.


Description:
•	This is an undulating plateau of ridges and valleys contained by an outer rim of limestone and sandstone, creating a strong sense of isolation.


Description:
•	Soils range from poor, wet soils on Mercia mudstones in the west to heavy fertile soils of Lias Clay in the east with terrace gravels flanking the edges of watercourses.


Description:
•	Broad belt of open, flat to gently undulating lowland farmland on clay containing a variety of contrasting landscapes.


Description:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.
•	The limestone is overlain in places by clay and on higher parts of the ridge by Greensand.


Description:
•	A formation of Chalk hills and plateau with a prominent escarpment and extensive dip slope with numerous dry valleys.


Description:
•	A mixed landscape consisting of four distinct sub-areas; the Hertfordshire Plateau and River Valleys, Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges, London Clay Lowlands and the Essex Heathlands.


Description:
•	Low and gently undulating landscape characterised by high quality, fertile loam soils.  To the east Thanet is a geological outlier of the chalk.


Description:
•	A small-scale lowland farmed landscape lying within a generally flat but gently undulating clay vale.


Description:
•	The underlying geology is dominated by London Clay, with an outcrop of Chalk to the north of the Character Area bordering the Chilterns.


Description:
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast. 
•	To the west, sarsen stones are a particular feature.


Description:
•	This is an undulating clay vale dominated by Oxford Clay and cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, with gravels and other alluvial deposits in the river bed.  Its eastern boundary is formed of Corallian limestone.


Description:
•	The landform reflects the complex underlying geology, comprised of carboniferous limestones with sandstones, silts, conglomerates, together with muds, clays and alluvium.  Coal measures are also present reflecting the development of the mining industry.
•	Soils range from brown earths on limestone outcrops to poorly draining gleys on clays.


Description:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.


Description:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.


Description:
•	Broad low-lying gently undulating clay vales with outcrops of limestone or sandstone providing local variation.
•	Sandstone forms raised cliff above Romney Marsh at the eastern boundary of the Character Area


Description:
•	Underlain by sands, soft sandstones and clays – giving rise to hilly country of east-west running ridges and valleys.


Description:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.


Description:
•	A broad elevated east-west chalkland spine with a steep north-facing scarp slope of close-cropped grassland, woodland and scrub overlooking the Low Weald to the north.


Description:
•	The South Coast Plain is a flat landscape with an intricately indented shoreline, of flinty marine and valley gravels extending several miles inland, divided into a lower and upper plain.


Description:
•	The island has a varied landscape, reflecting its underlying geology.  A central chalk ridge divides the island on an east-west axis.


Description:
•	The gently undulating landscape is characterised by a diversity of features and land uses which reflects changing soil types and local variations of topography.


Description:
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.


Description:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.


Description:
•	Sarsen stones are scattered across Salisbury Plain and Downs.


Description:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.
•	To the south is the chalk escarpment of the Dorset Downs.


Description:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.


Description:
•	Heathland covers the core of the area - broken locally by steep-sided sandstone hills and patches of exposed chalk.


Description:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.
•	The dramatic and diverse south coast is of international geological importance, embracing elements of all the inland landscapes.  
•	A narrow but prominent chalk ridge rises almost vertically to separate the Character Area from the adjacent Dorset Heaths to the north.


Description:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.  
•	To the east, the flat Brit river valley is enclosed by the complex, small-scale landscape of conical oolitic limestone hills surrounding the village of Powerstock.


Description:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.
•	The soils are largely calcareous clays and brown earths with small areas of stagnogleys.


Description:
•	An open limestone plateau with karst features including complex underground caves and river systems gives the area a unique character.  Sandstone outcrops form prominent features.


Description:
•	In the south-west the broader valleys of the rivers Lymn and Bain have valley marshes, acid mires, alder carr and tree-lined watercourses.


Description:
•	Remnants of lowland heath (eg at Martin Moor near Woodhall Spa and Willingham Woods near Market Rasen) and the Lincolnshire Limewoods between Bardney and Wragby are the most important semi-natural habitats in the vale.


Description:
•	Predominantly cultivated with little semi-natural land remaining. Remnants of relic wet areas are rare exceptions e.g. Wicken, Woodwalton and Holme.


Description:
•	Pastures along watercourses, particularly the Trent washlands, have some species-rich grassland habitats, but these are generally isolated and rare in the character area.


Description:
•	The area’s strong heathland character is often evident at roadsides and along woodland edges, where there are patches of bracken, gorse and broom.


Description:
•	There are some patches of unimproved grassland and hay meadows in the valleys and rough grassland and heathland remnants on the enclosed moorlands.


Description:
•	There are wide expanses of unenclosed heather and grass moorland on the rolling upland plateaux.


Description:
•	Steep slopes and dale-sides are associated with a mosaic of herb-rich grassland, woodland and scrub.


Description:
•	There is a mosaic of heather moorland and upland grassland on higher ground.
•	Herb-rich hay meadows and damp rush pasture occur in fields along the valleys.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats include unimproved grassland, rushy meadows and herb rich hay meadows.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats include sizeable areas of open grassland and some areas of wetland.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats have formed on many former industrial sites, particularly where undermining has resulted in the formation of subsidence flashes.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats make a very significant contribution to the character of this area and include intertidal sands and sand dunes, salt marsh and, inland from the coast, areas of species rich grassland and fen.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats include extensive dune systems around Meols and salt marshes and mudflats in the Dee estuary.  Areas of lowland heath are found on the sandstone outcrops with gorse-clad slopes contrasting with the red sandstone rocks.


Description:
•	Important wetland habitats remain along the estuary shores.


Description:
•	There are small patches of heathland along the ridge top and many remnants of heathland vegetation across the area.


Description:
•	There has been extensive quarrying in the south in the past, but many quarries are now abandoned and have become overgrown with grassland and scrub.


Description:
•	On higher ground there is rough or unimproved pasture and the highest ground includes open moorland with some heather.


Description:
•	Open grassland and heather moorland are dominant on the hill tops.


Description:
•	Patches of lowland heathland are remnants of a much wider coverage of this habitat in the past.


Description:
•	Cannock Chase is dominated by lowland heathland and coniferous woodland.


Description:
•	Ancient heathy woodlands are found on the northern scarp slopes of the Needwood Forest area and in association with patches of lowland heath on the fringes of Cannock Chase to the west.


Description:
•	There are patches of unimproved grassland and rush pasture on river floodplains and open water (arising from gravel extraction) provides some wetland habitat.


Description:
•	Where pasture prevails, particularly in areas of parkland, there are extensive areas of unimproved pasture and remnant acid grassland and heathy scrub and woodland are found on some of the steep, undulating sandstone slopes.


Description:
•	Some derelict sites which have been colonised by scrub and secondary woodland have become valuable for nature conservation.  Elsewhere there are remnants of acid grassland over sandstone in the more nutrient rich valleys.


Description:
•	There are occasional patches of unimproved pasture in fields around villages and along streamsides, as well as on the many wide road verges throughout the area.


Description:
•	Patches of heathland and former commons are concentrated around the Precambrian rock outcrops.  These are now dominated by bracken, but also have patches of heather and wet heath.


Description:
•	The wooded escarpments and hills along the northern and western edges of the Wolds have the greatest variety of semi-natural habitats, with woodland, wet flushes and unimproved grassland.


Description:
•	Aside from the ancient woodlands noted above, many of the river valleys have species-rich meadows and grassland on wide enclosure road verges.


Description:
•	Some remnant areas of heathland that have not been reclaimed for agriculture e.g. along the Cromer Ridge and in the west reflecting the lighter soils.
•	The river valleys provide limited contrast but many are tree lined on the slopes or planted with poplar on the valley floor. The unplanted valleys are wide, lush and pastoral with water meadows divided by reed-filled dykes.


Description:
•	The landscape is a mosaic of semi-natural habitats of species-rich fen, reed beds, marsh, scrub and carr woodland.


Description:
•	Surviving areas of heathland create a distinctive lowland and coastal landscape.


Description:
•	The areas of heaths bring colour and textural variation and are an important biodiversity resource as well as a centre for military sites, camps and training grounds. Scrub, oak, thorn, pine and birch encroach wherever management is not maintained.


Description:
•	Remnants of chalk grassland remain, often associated with linear features such as road verges and the margins of golf courses.


Description:
•	River corridors of the Great Ouse and Ivel compose cohesive sub-areas characterised by flood plain grassland, riverine willows and larger hedges.


Description:
•	Riverside meadows and waterside trees and shrubs are common, along with flooded gravel pits and their associated wetlands which result from reclamation schemes.


Description:
•	There is a concentration of semi-natural ancient woodlands in the Yardley Chase and Whittlewood areas. Many of the hedgerows are species rich and the minor roads often have species-rich grass verges.


Description:
•	The area is exceptionally rich in ancient semi-natural woodlands and former areas of grazing land within the woodland are of particular value.  Regeneration on former quarries has created a complex and attractive mosaic of grassland, woodland and scrub in areas such as the Barnack hills and holes and unimproved grasslands are often marked by ridge and furrow on the fringes of settlements.


Description:
•	The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater (eg Owston Woods and Launde Big Wood) are generally ancient and survive from the Leighfield Forest.  They are of significant nature conservation interest in an area with relatively limited woodland cover.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats are fragmented and small in scale.  21% of the woodlands are of ancient origin.


Description:
•	Some areas of heathland persist on poorer soils in central and northern areas.


Description:
•	There are occasional species-rich grasslands, heathlands and ancient woodlands throughout the area.


Description:
•	Open heather moorland, acid grassland and extensive areas of bracken are found on the upper hill slopes and summits.


Description:
•	Pasture is also frequent with occasional wet meadows and permanent pastures along the rivers.


Description:
•	Localised heaths and commons are found on the hills east of Bromyard.


Description:
•	The higher hills are dominated by open moorland of acid grassland, bracken and localised heather, with encroaching scrub and woodlands below.


Description:
•	Unimproved grassland is found on areas of open common land and occasional remnants in small fields.


Description:
•	There are significant areas of unimproved meadow and neutral grassland along the main rivers with fragments of calcareous grassland on higher ground.


Description:
•	Semi-natural habitats include unimproved limestone grassland and wet meadows with alder and willow carr.  Woodlands on the flat plateaux tops contain a wide range of calciole shrubs and ground flora.


Description:
•	Important semi natural habitats include open water and floodplains with their  watercourses, willow fringes and pollards.


Description:
•	Important semi-natural habitats include the extensive areas of ancient woodland, including coppice with standards, plus small areas of limestone grassland and isolated patches of heath and acid grassland on the Greensand.


Description:
•	There are remnants of chalk downland on the escarpment and valley sides with extensive areas of downland invaded by scrub.


Description:
•	Areas of unimproved acid grasslands, heath and fen add texture to the landscape.


Description:
•	Extensive areas of ancient woodland on higher ground at Blean, plus grazing marsh at transition to Character Area 81: Greater Thames Estuary.


Description:
•	A mosaic of field ponds, meadows, remnant heathland and some individual mature tree species.


Description:
•	There are ancient wet meadows on the floodplain.


Description:
•	Grazed chalk grassland is largely restricted to the scarps and steep slopes of dry valleys.  Substantial areas of ancient semi-natural woodland persist.


Description:
•	Although the wide river corridor is influenced by modern development, there are ancient patterns of flood meadows, pollards, alders and rich wetland pasture.


Description:
•	High quality unimproved chalk grassland survives on the scarp slope and dry valleys.  Ancient woodland and shaws characterise the dry valley sides and ridge tops.


Description:
•	Important semi-natural habitats include lowland heath (although this is much reduced in area), extensive ancient woodland and pasture plus wetlands associated with the River Arun in West Sussex.


Description:
•	Unimproved permanent pastures, species-rich damp grassland, roadside verges, small streams, rivers and ponds, and extensive ancient woodland are habitats of high nature conservation value.


Description:
•	Extensive ancient semi-natural woodland, including ancient oak and beech, notably high number of small ponds, plus heathland, notably at Ashdown Forest, and some remaining unimproved herb-rich meadows.


Description:
•	High nature conservation value associated with the wet grazing marshes, dykes, mudflats and coastal sand dunes and shingle ridges.


Description:
•	Reed-fringed drainage ditches, rushy pasture and wet meadows are the key semi-natural habitats found within the landscape.


Description:
•	Fragments of semi-natural chalk grassland are found on scarp slopes and combes; lack of grazing often leads to scrub invasion.


Description:
•	Ancient woodland, heathland, unimproved meadows and grasslands, marshes, creeks and bogs are the island's key semi-natural habitats.


Description:
•	Wide, lush river valleys contain unimproved meadows and grazing marshes as well as numerous ponds.


Description:
•	A subtle mosaic of grassland, bogs, ponds and fringes of scrub is found between the woodlands.


Description:
•	Ancient woodlands, hedgerows and wood-pastures, and areas of unimproved species-rich chalk grassland, are the key semi-natural habitats.


Description:
•	The brown forest soils in the centre of the area support one of the largest tracts of semi-natural woodland in southern England – these ancient and ornamental woodlands are typically composed of oak, beech and sweet chestnut.
•	The open lawns, grassland, wood pasture and heath are maintained by close grazing enabled by common grazing rights.
•	Ancient oaks and wood pasture are features of the forest landscape.
•	Lowland heaths, acidic grasslands and mires occur in the central area.
•	Valley bogs and grasslands occur in the Avon Valley, alongside the expanses of open water left by the extraction of gravels in the valley bottom.
•	There are bleak and exposed salt marshes and shingle beaches along the Solent coast from where there are views to the Isle of Wight.


Description:
•	Salisbury Plain contains one of the largest remaining areas of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe.


Description:
•	Remnant flood meadows remain alongside streams and rivers while on higher ground and common land there are remnant patches of species rich acid grassland, with areas of scrub on the northern scarp slopes.


Description:
•	Scarp slopes support species-rich calcareous grassland.


Description:
•	Heather dominates the open heathland with areas of purple moor-grass.  Areas of conifer plantation have now been restored to heathland to relink heathland fragments.
•	Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour.


Description:
•	Chalk grasslands, scrubby slopes and ancient woodlands of the chalk ridge combined with calcareous grasslands along the dramatic rolling cliff tops are the main semi-natural habitats of the area.


Description:
•	Unimproved grasslands, wet flushes and marshy areas are found along the springlines at the valley sides and there are prominent patches of heathland within mosaics of bracken, gorse and acid grassland on the ridges and steeper greensand slopes.


Description:
•	The area is characterised by unimproved limestone grassland on the plateau slopes, open moorland in the north, marshy land in the valley bottoms, including some neutral unimproved meadows and damp woodlands, and ‘gruffy ground’ left from the lead industry which has revegetated to form important semi-natural habitats.


Description:
•	Pockets of semi-natural unimproved grasslands, wet meadows, fen, mire and reed beds are highly characteristic and underline the area’s wetland character, as does the emergent vegetation of the rhynes.
•	Extensive peat extraction, particularly in the Brue Valley to the east, gives rise to a more complex landscape of excavations and re-colonising scrub with ‘reclaimed’ nature reserves adding further variety.


Description:
•	The extensive heathlands and sessile oak woodlands are important semi-natural habitats.  Rhododendron is abundant in the valleys.


Description:
•	Heather, blanket bog, grass heath and bracken dominate the moorlands with coastal and wet heath.


Description:
•	A mosaic of lowland and wet heathland, neutral/acidic and species rich grassland, wet and ancient oak ash woodland, are characteristic of the area with extensive coastal salt marshes in the Axe floodplain.


Description:
•	The Exe and Teign estuaries have extensive reedbeds, saltmarshes and sand dunes.


Description:
•	There is a mosaic of improved and unimproved grassland.
•	Culm grasslands occur on patches of common and unimproved land.


Description:
•	The high, exposed core of Dartmoor is an irregular moorland plateau with blanket bogs and mires, surrounded by areas of heathland and grass moor with dramatic tors, clitters and broken rock.


Description:
•	At its northern edge, the area merges with the mainly pastoral Dartmoor fringe, where patches of heathland are present.
•	Wider valleys, such as the Dart, have floodplain pasture, marsh, willow and alder.
•	There are large expanses of tidal water, saltmarsh and mudflats extending far inland, spectacular sandstone, slate and limestone cliffs, and long sandy beaches.


Description:
•	Open grasses and heath line the coastline in fragmented sections.  There are also areas of heath and scrub on the open plateau, with hedgebanks often taking on a heathy character which significantly extends the visual influence of this vegetation type.


Description:
•	Distinctive habitats include wet heaths, dry grassland, valley bogs, crags, extensive areas of semi natural grassland and gorse scrub, as well as woodland and rivers.


Description:
•	The central uplands mainly consists of a mixture of dry and wet heath.


Description:
•	Moorland dominates the granite plateau with poor surface drainage resulting in boggy mires. The valleys, often marked by heaps of mining spoil, have abundant wetland carr scrub.


Description:
•	The central plateau is dominated by unimproved grassland and moorland, with extensive coastal heathlands along cliff tops.


Description:
•	Heathland with heather and moorland grasses dominates the plateau while remaining fragments of cliff top heathland also survive, in the past providing common grazing.  The majority of both cliff top and moorland heath forms part of the Lizard National Nature Reserve.


Description:
•	Open, unenclosed areas of maritime heath and grassland fringe the islands, now often dominated by gorse and bracken.


Description:
•	Patchy scrub and maritime grassland cover the cliffs and adjacent steep slopes on the more sheltered eastern coast.  The windward west coast is more rugged, steep and largely bare of vegetation.  The central plateau is dominated by dry heathland vegetation, with some areas of dry heath/acid grassland mosaic, and patches of bracken.


Description:
•	The River Tweed and its English tributaries form an outstanding example of a sandstone and limestone river.  There are also some areas of wet grassland (for example within the Millfield Plain) and fragments of broadleaved woodland on steep river banks.


Description:
•	Ancient, semi-natural riparian woodlands are common in the tributary valleys; while higher ground on the valley sides has grass moorland, wet pastures, loughs and mires.  In the North Tyne valley hay meadows and calcareous grassland also occur.


Description:
•	Riparian woodlands (often ancient in origin) and wet pasture are key habitats, and species-rich pastures and meadows are found along the course of Hadrian’s Wall.


Description:
•	Ancient oak woods are found in denes and gorges and on steep river bluffs, and there are some remnant heaths and valley mires.


Description:
•	Key habitats include lowland heath, dry acid grassland and meadows; calcareous grassland; river corridors; and drainage ditches (with reeds and rushes).


Description:
•	Some remnant water meadows and wet pastures can be found within the valley floors.


Description:
•	There are important heathland habitats on the poorer acidic soils of the scarp and upper ridges.


Description:
•	Formerly extensive water-meadow systems and hay meadows are now greatly reduced but wet valley bottom grassland remains a key habitat.


Description:
•	Settlement comprises dispersed farmsteads, small nucleated villages, fishing villages and small coastal resort towns.
•	The area south-west of Berwick-Upon-Tweed is affected by whinstone quarrying and opencast coal mining.


Description:
•	There are scattered farmsteads and small hamlets, served by the market towns of Alnwick and Rothbury.


Description:
•	Small traditional villages are strategically sited at river bridging points and on the break of slope at the edge of the valley floor.
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.


Description:
•	The valleys also provide sheltered sites for dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets on strategic sites, sometimes with medieval fortified buildings.
•	There are no modern-day cross-border roads through the Cheviots, however, and this helps maintain a sense of isolation and wilderness.
•	Perceptions of remoteness and solitude are affected by military training, as the south-western part of the Character Area lies within the Otterburn Training Area.


Description:
•	The area is very sparsely populated overall.
•	Military training areas at Spadeadam Forest and Otterburn affect perceptions of remoteness and solitude.


Description:
•	The area includes Carlisle and numerous smaller towns and villages.  Traditional materials and styles in the area are mixed, reflecting the physical characteristics and varied history of the Solway Basin.
•	Dispersed nucleated inland settlements have grown around the core of a set of farm buildings, and along the coast towns and villages, including Victorian coastal resorts, have followed a more linear pattern of growth.
•	New, sometimes large scale development, is particularly apparent on the Carlisle urban fringe and also on several former 1940s airfields.


Description:
•	The main towns are Maryport, Cockermouth, Workington, Whitehaven, Millom and Barrow.  Views within the landscape are affected by the visibility of ports, manufacturing industrial buildings and chemical works, as well as Sellafield nuclear power station.
•	Development is quite extensive in the lowland ridge, with wind turbines, masts and pylons and roads.  Open-cast coalmining is also a feature on the landscape.


Description:
•	Agricultural settlements are found in the valleys.  The valleys also contain market towns which have expanded in response to the area’s popularity for tourism and recreation.


Description:
•	The main towns in the area are Appleby-in-Westmorland and Penrith.  The Eden Valley has numerous attractive villages, including Langwathby, Temple Sowerby, Warcop and Great Musgrave.


Description:
•	Within the dales there are small villages and scattered farmsteads, mainly of local sandstone with stone slate or slate roofs, giving a strong vernacular character.


Description:
•	Settlements are located strategically along the valley, which is a significant transport route through the Pennines.


Description:
•	There are large, scattered country houses, institutions (hospital, prisons, colleges), and an extensive urban fringe effect near settlements, where pit villages have often merged.
•	In the southern part of the area large-scale industry, urban settlements and major road and rail routes dominate the landscape.


Description:
•	Urban fringe land uses such as pony grazing are also found around settlements.
•	The historic riverside cities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Durham are strategically located at bridging points of the rivers Tyne and Wear.
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.


Description:
•	The traditional villages of the plateau, which still have some local stone-built houses clustered around central greens, contrast with Victorian brick-built terraces.
•	There is widespread urban development with major infrastructure corridors, scattered mining towns and villages near the coast, and large industrial estates.


Description:
•	Old agricultural villages lie on the ridge tops or valley floors and have buildings of local sandstone with roofs of stone or slate.
•	Mining villages with Victorian terraced housing of brick or stone and slate and later estate housing are scattered across the landscape, contributing an urban fringe character, particularly in the north-eastern part of the Character.


Description:
•	Settlement is limited and generally on the lower land around the central upland, and the villages of Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Ravenstonedale and Shap are historic settlements with limestone buildings and walls.
•	Development has mainly included limestone quarrying and stone extraction for rockeries from limestone pavements.


Description:
•	Settlement is largely in small hamlets and villages on the lower slopes, linked by a network of minor roads.


Description:
•	Settlements are generally dispersed and rural in character, having usually grown around large farmsteads.  
•	Larger centres include Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale and Milnthorpe which have a seaside resort character, reflecting the growth in the use of the area for recreation from the 18th Century onwards.


Description:
•	Although the area is predominantly rural in nature, it has a number of limestone and sandstone quarries.
•	Stone villages tend to be nucleated and focused on key transport routes and at bridging points.


Description:
•	Catterick military camp, developed in the twentieth century, together with the ‘golf balls’ of the military installation at Menwith Hill, are prominent features.
•	The area has a number of small, historic market towns including Kirkby Malzeard, Middleham, Masham, Richmond and Barnard Castle, as well as the spa town of Harrogate.


Description:
•	There is a nucleated pattern of small green villages connected by winding lanes, and scattered farms.
•	The southern part of the area has a series of attractive Georgian market towns.


Description:
•	Villages, which are often located on higher ground, tend to be linear in form.  Some have village greens and many have churches with spire or towers, providing landmarks in the wider landscape.
•	The area includes the county town of Northallerton together with Thirsk.  Its lowland character means it has long been favoured as a transport route, and is crossed by the East Coast Mainline and the A1.  The area includes a number of active and disused airfields.


Description:
•	Within the upland dales and along the coast, settlement tends to be nucleated.  Elsewhere it is typically more dispersed with a scatter of farmsteads and roadside cottages.  Small fishing villages cling to steep valley sides.
•	The area includes industrial facilities such as the potash works at Boulby and the military communications infrastructure at Fylingdales.  Large caravan parks are found along the coast and tourism is an important part of the economy of settlements such as Whitby, Scarborough and Saltburn.


Description:
•	Historic linear settlements are located above the flood level close to springs and shallow wells, with long thin burgage plots running back from the main street.  On the higher ground, settlement is a dispersed pattern of cottages, small hamlets and farmsteads.  Villages are linked by a network of straight roads and tracks.
•	There are relatively few urban or industrial influences on the landscape  The principal settlements include Pickering, Norton, Eastfield and Filey.  The Scarborough to York railway line crosses the area.


Description:
•	Settlements are distinctive with a linear form with buildings set back behind wide grass verges.  The Vale is scattered with large, brick built farmsteads.
•	The City of York provides a visual focus for the Vale.  Roads radiate from the city while the Minster provides a focal point for the surrounding area.


Description:
•	Many villages are linear in form with wide verges forming village greens.  In other villages, houses are clustered around a single village green. The simplicity and scale of these villages contrasts with the grandeur of the area’s many stately homes.


Description:
•	The landscape has been influenced by the Roman occupation, with Ermine Street and Dere Street forming the basis for much of the route of the modern A1.  Country houses and designed parklands along the ridge have an important influence on the landscape.
•	The settlement pattern varies from large scattered farmsteads and small nucleated villages to larger towns on the plateau. The area is more heavily settled near Nottingham, where there is also a greater intensity of industrial activity. 
•	Limestone quarrying influences the landscape, especially in the central and southern parts of the ridge.


Description:
•	The area includes the former county town of Lancaster and the seaside town of Morecombe.  It also has a range of industrial influences including iron work, landfilling and the nuclear power station at Heysham.
•	Caravan parks and other holiday related developments are found along the coast.


Description:
•	Designed landscapes associated with large houses are locally common in the south, where they provide enclosure in an otherwise open landscape.
•	Isolated brick farmsteads occur in rural areas.
•	Urban settlement is concentrated in the planned Victorian coastal resorts and inland towns.


Description:
•	A network of winding hedge-lined country lanes connects small, often linear, villages, hamlets and scattered farmsteads, mostly in local stone.


Description:
•	There is a scattered settlement pattern, with picturesque stone villages and strong unity of building materials, styles and village form.


Description:
•	Many settlements are of industrial origin, deriving power from rivers for the textile industry.  Mineral working and engineering led to the further expansion of settlements such as Keighly.


Description:
•	The constraining influence of the landform, together with the early influence of transport by canal and rail, resulted in a linear pattern of development within the valleys and larger industrial centres such as Bradford, Sheffield and Huddersfield.
•	Much of the area is significantly influenced by urban areas, with transport infrastructure, residential areas, industry and quarries present in most parts of the area.


Description:
•	In addition to major industrial areas such as Sheffield and the Lower Don Valley, there are many smaller mining and manufacturing settlements.
•	The influence of large urban areas is evident in the retreat of farming in some areas and the presence of degraded pasture, gappy hedges and broken fences.  Transport routes, including motorways, add further urban influences to the surrounding landscape.


Description:
•	Settlement is scattered across the area and is traditionally located on the higher ground out of reach of the floods.  Many villages tend to be strung out along roads and there are larger, nucleated villages, and small market towns.
•	There are also larger more industrial centres like Goole and Selby together with motorways, roads, embankments and power stations which impact on the flat, open landscape.


Description:
•	The central moorlands are largely devoid of settlement.  Villages are mainly concentrated in valley bottoms, often sited around river crossing points.  Along the coastal edge there is a greater variety and density of settlement.  
•	Minehead, Dunster, Dulverton and Lynton are the main towns which serve the area.


Description:
•	The area is densely settled with a dispersed pattern of hamlets and farms linked by winding lanes.
•	The main settlements which include Wellington, Taunton, the western edge of Bridgwater and Minehead have a strong visual influence on landscape character.


Description:
•	Settlement on higher ground is sparse with farm buildings following straight enclosure roads.  Elsewhere settlements lie mainly along the spring lines at the foot of escarpments or at river crossing points.
•	The Character Area includes the towns of Honiton, Chard, Axminster and the coastal towns of Lyme Regis, Seaton and Sidmouth.


Description:
•	Large parks and manor houses occur near the towns.
•	Settlement is mainly dispersed farmsteads and hamlets; villages are often of medieval origin and layout.
•	Extensive urban development, coastal resorts, roads and railways are found on the lower valleys and coast.


Description:
•	Small settlements are sited at river crossing points or in prominent hilltop locations.
•	Coastal resorts and development occur at Bideford, Westward Ho!, Clovelly and Bude and locally have a strong visual influence on landscape character.


Description:
•	Isolated out barns in open fields are characteristic of the area.
•	Villages are sited in sheltered valley locations; towns at ria heads or mouths.


Description:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of scattered farmsteads and hamlets.  Modern buildings are often out of keeping with the local vernacular.  Coastal settlements such as Newquay are expanding as tourist centres, often extending onto the higher ground around the sheltered coves, increasing their adverse visual impact.


Description:
•	Settlements on the sparsely populated open moorland are linked by open, unenclosed tracks, whilst villages, hamlets and farmsteads of recent, industrial origin tend to lie on the moorland fringes and valleys linked by winding, sunken lanes.  Farming patterns, overlaid by miners’ small holdings account for the dispersed and complex pattern of settlement and piecemeal enclosure.
•	Other prominent features are the disused aerodrome at Davdistow and a windfarm at Cold Northcott near St Clether.


Description:
•	The traditionally dispersed settlement pattern has been augmented by roadside development and the enlargement of hamlets and small villages.  The Eden Project, a major tourist attraction, is located on the southern fringes of the Character Area.


Description:
•	The traditional settlement pattern is of dispersed hamlets and farmsteads with villages of mainly recent industrial origin occupying the most sheltered sites.


Description:
•	Settlement pattern is dispersed and linked by minor lanes, with ancient hamlets and farmsteads concentrated in the valleys and main settlements along the coastline.
•	Tourism-led development around the coastline is often out of keeping with the local vernacular style.  The wind farm and BT Earth station on Goonhilly Down break up the skyline and are dominant features in an otherwise remote and wild landscape.


Description:
•	Hughtown on St. Mary’s forms the principal settlement with small hamlets and solitary farmhouses elsewhere.


Description:
•	There is only one settlement, in the south of the island.  It comprises a small group of farm buildings, cottages, a shop and an inn, together with a church, hotel and the remains of older buildings.  It is also the location of the landing stage for visitors.


Description:
•	This narrow, low-lying, windswept coastal plain has wide views east to the sea and west to the Cheviots, with striking views along the coast itself.
•	There is diverse coastal scenery dominated by high cliffs and offshore islands in the north, and by sweeping sandy bays and dunes in the south.
•	The Whin Sill intrusions produce dramatic landscape features, including the coastal cliffs at Bamburgh and the Farne Islands and distinctive inland outcrops.


Description:
•	These sandstone hills form distinctive skyline features with generally level tops, north-west facing scarps, and craggy outcrops with exceptional views.
•	They are highest in the south, where they reach over 400m AOD.


Description:
•	This tranquil, agricultural, valley and plain landscape drains northwards to the Tweed and eastwards to the North Sea.
•	It has many features shaped by glaciation, including drumlin fields within the Tweed valley lowlands, extensive clay and sand deposits around Millfield, and moraines, eskers and kames within the undulating vales of Coquetdale and Whittingham Vale to the south.


Description:
•	This smooth, sinuous cluster of hills of volcanic origin rises to over 800m AOD and forms a wild, open, windswept landscape with broad moorland horizons.
•	There are extensive rolling plateaux of semi-natural grass moor and heather moorland.
•	On the northern flanks of the hills are deep ravines and rocky outcrops with dramatic scree slopes, glacial meltwater channels and ice-gouged hollows.


Description:
•	This is a large-scale dissected landscape of high, rolling or undulating plateau with expanses of sweeping moorland, extensive coniferous woodlands, large reservoirs, and wide, long distance views.


Description:
•	A flat, open landscape lying between more dramatic upland areas - the Cumbria High Fells and the Southern Uplands.


Description:
•	High fells, with deep U-shaped glaciated valleys forming steep open fellsides with rocky outcrops.  The underlying geology is composed of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, together with an outcrop of the Borrowdale Volcanic group in the Sca Fell Range towards the centre of the area.  The volcanic rock provides rugged, spectacular scenery whilst the Skiddaw group forms smooth sided mountains such as Skiddaw.  Mineral veins run through all of the rocks in the area. Scree slopes are common.
•	U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys and corries higher on the mountains.  The sheltered U-shaped valleys have sloping sides and flat valley floors.
•	Silting of lakes has produced some large alluvial flats and fans.


Description:
•	This is an upland landscape of high moorland ridges divided by broad pastoral dales; it shows slow change and cultural continuity.


Description:
•	This is a narrow east-west lowland corridor that runs through a gap in the Pennine uplands, which are visible to north and south.
•	It is visually contained to the north by the parallel scarps of the Whin Sill.


Description:
•	This intermediate upland fringe plateau comprises a series of ridges and intimate river valleys in the north, opening out to a broader, flatter landscape in the south and east.


Description:
•	Sweeping sandy beaches and rocky headlands remain although much of the coast is developed.
•	It is heavily influenced by large-scale opencast coal mining sites, deep mine spoil heaps and colliery restoration.


Description:
•	The area comprises gently undulating or rolling land, underlain by sandstones, shales and coal with thick layers of glacial clays, sands and gravels, and incised by the meandering rivers Tyne and Wear and their tributaries.
•	Steep gorges and denes open up in places into broad floodplains overlooked by steep bluffs.


Description:
•	This gently rolling low plateau of soft Magnesian Limestones, overlain by thick glacial boulder clays, dips south-eastwards and is incised by steep-sided denes at the coast.
•	A low west-facing escarpment is dissected in the north by minor valleys separated by spurs.


Description:
•	This rolling low upland landscape of ridges and valleys has a strong east-west grain with panoramic views from higher ground.
•	The valleys are broad with moderate slopes and occasional narrow flood plains.


Description:
•	Steep sided distinctive smooth hills and pronounced ridges and valleys and incised by a number of narrow inaccessible gills.  The hills have steep scree slopes and occasional waterfalls and crags, and they reach heights of 600m.
•	The River Lune Valley provides a contrast with the upland landscape of the Howgill Fells.


Description:
•	Undulating low fells and ridges, together with 300m+ high rugged fells.  Underlying Silurian slates and shales contribute to the area’s gentler, undulating character and form.
•	Glacial erosion formed long, straight U-shaped valleys with lakes.


Description:
•	Lower lying undulating pastoral areas are found between the hills and the coast, including a larger scale rolling landscape to the west and a smaller scale landscape of contrasts with the surrounding limestone hills to the east.


Description:
•	The Millstone Grit gives rise to a plateau of high moorland.  The Yoredale Series gives rise to typically stepped profiles along dales sides.  The Great Scar Limestone gives rise to classic glacio-karst landscapes with limestone pavements, gorges, gills, scars, outcrops and cave systems.
•	The high moorland, which rises in places to over 600m AOD, contrasts with deep, glacially enlarged dales.


Description:
•	The Pennine Dales Fringe is underlain by resistant Millstone Grit which dips gently to the east, forming the eastern flank of the Pennines.  The flanks are dissected by a series of river valleys including those of the Tees, Ure, Nidd and Wharf.
•	The area is generally orientated eastwards, the moorlands of the Pennines forming a physical and visual barrier to the east.


Description:
•	This is a broad, low-lying plain of gently undulating or flat land on glacial clays, sands and gravels, with wide views to distant hills.
•	The meandering, slow-moving river Tees flows through the heart of the area, with distinctive incised meanders in its middle reaches.


Description:
•	The area is flatter in the south and west (formed on glacial lake deposits) and more undulating in the east, marking the transition to the North Yorkshire Moors.


Description:
•	The landform is dominated by a high moorland plateau which is tilted to the south, creating a steep escarpment along its northern edge and more gentle, though still pronounced slopes along the Vale of Pickering to the south.  The Cleveland Hills blend into the Hambledon Hills to the south and the North York Moors to the east.  Outlying hills to the north include the distinctive landmark of Roseberry Topping.
•	The high moorland is dissected by a series of dales, deepened by glacial meltwaters.  These dales are generally broad and sweeping but are steep sided in places.


Description:
•	The Yorkshire Wolds are underlain by Chalk with some small areas of Jurassic Rocks along their western fringe.  The chalk is reflected in the steep and prominent north and west facing escarpment and a more gently rolling, east and south facing dip slope.
•	This is a large-scale landscape with big skies and long views from the escarpment and plateaux which contrast with the more enclosed chalk valleys.


Description:
•	This is a relatively flat and gently rolling plain, broken by isolated hills such as Parbold Hill, Beacon Park and Ashurst’s Beacon.


Description:
•	This is an undulating, rolling landscape with local variation created by numerous river valleys and by the moorland outliers of Beacon Fell, Longridge Fell and Pendle Hill on the south side of the area.
•	On the northern edge of the area drumlins are characteristic while on the south, strong, mounded outcrops or ‘reef knolls’ of limestone form distinct landscape features in the Ribble and Hodder valleys


Description:
•	The large-scale, sweeping landform of the Bowland Fells is incised by narrow, wooded, intimate valleys and cloughs.
•	The dominant feature is the central upland core of Millstone Grit fells, with extensive tracts of heather moorland and blanket bog.
•	However, physical harshness is tempered by the compactness of the topographical unit and its proximity to settlement.
•	Steeply sloping, sculptural escarpments and exposed moorland tops contrast with the surrounding lush green valleys of the Lune, Ribble, Hodder and Wyre, to which they are linked by the wooded cloughs.


Description:
•	The broad valley of the river Calder and its tributaries runs north-east to south-west between the backdrops of Pendle Hill and the southern Pennines.
•	This visually contained landscape would once have shared many characteristics with the rural valley of the river Ribble to the north but is now mainly urban.


Description:
•	Most of the Southern Pennines are underlain by Millstone Grit.  Layers have eroded at different rates, creating distinctive terraced landscape of plateaux and escarpments.  Isolated beds of sandstone form mesa-shaped hills across the area.  Coal measures are found over a much smaller area, and a narrow band of Carboniferous Limestone occurs in the north west.


Description:
•	This area is underlain by carboniferous strata.  Coarse grained sandstone bed (gritstones) interbedded with softer siltstones and mudstones dominate the area creating smooth hills and plateaux.  In the east, the Millstone Grit is overlain by beds of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Coal Measures.
•	The area is highest in the west, marking the transition from the Pennine Moorlands to lower ground in the east.


Description:
•	Green lanes, quiet countryside and an empty, remote, rural character.
•	Villages are typically sited at high points, with ironstone, limestone and/or brick buildings clustered around a prominent church.  Farms are isolated along narrow lanes.


Description:
•	Villages are generally small, with a nucleated form and a rather isolated rural character.  However settlements close to the urban areas of Daventry and Rugby and along strategic routes such as the M1, the A14 and the A425 have significant commuter development.


Description:
•	There is a nucleated settlement pattern of villages, with occasional outlying farms.
•	Large country houses set in mature parkland are a recurring feature.
•	In some areas there is a strong urban influence, particularly near to the urban centres of Leamington Spa, Coventry and Rugby.


Description:
•	Much of the Arden landscape is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, with just a few villages along the river valleys, and frequent isolated farms. 
•	The former commons attracted settlement by landless labourers which formed the basis for many of the Arden hamlets and the isolated wayside cottages with long, narrow gardens.
•	Small mining settlements, with terraced housing, have developed in the north-east of the area.
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.


Description:
•	Welsh settlement patterns of isolated farmsteads, small fields and Welsh farm names in the western uplands contrast with scattered villages, castles and anglicised names in the valleys.
•	The former market towns of Kington and Bishop’s Castle are the principal settlements in the area.


Description:
•	Scattered farmsteads and hamlets form a dispersed settlement pattern with occasional villages.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern with scattered villages, hamlets and farmsteads throughout, and clustered settlements around commons.
•	The historic market towns of Hereford and Leominster are the principal settlements with dense urban development.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern of scattered hamlets, farms and manor houses throughout the area, with pink and grey Old Red Sandstone traditionally used and occasionally timber-framing.
•	A clustered settlement pattern occurs on and around Bringsty Common and Bromyard Downs.
•	Bromyard is the principal settlement of the area.


Description:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern is typical, with scattered farmsteads, hamlets and occasionally small villages, but there is also localised wayside settlement, particularly around commons.


Description:
•	Several large estates with designed landscapes are found in the foothills, such as at Eastnor.
•	The upper slopes and summits are unsettled; elsewhere there are scattered farmsteads and cottages.
•	Parts of the Malvern Victorian Spa towns on the eastern slopes lie within the area, along with associated villas on the slopes around.


Description:
•	There is a dispersed settlement pattern throughout the area with small hamlets and clustered settlement around commons.


Description:
•	Surrounding the edge of the Forest is a ring of settlements associated with iron ore deposits, often sprawling and linear in nature, where buildings are interspersed with industry and open grazing land.


Description:
•	Although the Character Area is dominated by towns and nucleated villages; many of which lie along the rivers, to the west settlements are dispersed in nature, linked by a network of lanes leading to the River Severn.  
•	The M5, large settlements such as Cheltenham and Gloucester, Avonmouth and riverside power stations are prominent features in the landscape.


Description:
•	The principal towns - Bath, Stroud and Cirencester – lie on the edge of the area.  Small towns and villages lie at the scarp foot, in the valley bottoms or on the gentler valley sides.  Small hamlets and isolated farmsteads are found on the higher ground.  Settlements are linked by a complex network of roads.


Description:
•	Settlement pattern comprises villages located on rising land at edges of the area and on raised gravel deposits within the floodplain (e.g. City of Oxford). Elsewhere settlement is sparse.


Description:
•	Small villages perched high up on spurs, hilltops and ridges.  Hilltop villages are often focussed around a village green and church.  Also, in Oxfordshire, small springline villages.
•	A network of winding sunken lanes connects the villages.  
•	Expanding urban centres are at Swindon, to the western end of the ridge, and Oxford.


Description:
•	Settlement consists of scattered villages and farmsteads, some of medieval origin, displaying consistent use of traditional building materials including flint, brick and clay tiles.
•	A network of ancient green lanes and tracks, including the Ridgeway, links numerous archaeological sites and settlements.
•	Frequent grand country houses and designed landscapes occupy prominent positions on sloping valley sides.


Description:
•	Dispersed settlement pattern with significant urban centres at Sandwich, Canterbury, Faversham, Sittingbourne and Dartford and the Medway Towns, plus seaside towns along the Thanet coast.
•	Canterbury is a settlement of significant historical interest with notable buildings and cultural associations.


Description:
•	The interface between countryside and urban edge is characterised by an unkempt appearance of wire fences, sheds, derelict hedgerows and weed-infested associated with pony paddocks.
•	Some of the essential farmland character has been fragmented by the expansion of London and the associated major roads that dissect this Character Area.


Description:
•	The ‘lost villages’ of Denham, Shepperton and Upper Halliford are now engulfed by built development.


Description:
•	Sparse settlement pattern on the open downs of occasional farm buildings and racehorse training establishments, contrasting with compact villages and hamlets clustering in the valleys.  
•	Includes the historic market towns of Marlborough and Hungerford in the Kennet Valley and Pewsey in the Vale. Expanding urban centres border the Character Area.


Description:
•	Most of the major settlements lie along the Avon, linked by valley bottom and ridge roads, smaller villages are clustered along streams.


Description:
•	Settlements patterns are clustered around springsheads in limestone areas, whilst in the vales they are scattered, linked by a complex network of lanes with linear mining villages superimposed.  Settlement becomes especially dense in the south with many villages enlarged as commuter settlements.


Description:
•	Drove roads, plus ancient tracks including the North Downs Way and Pilgrim’s Way are a feature of the landscape.
•	Historic settlement pattern with parish boundaries that take in an area of downland, scarp foot and chartland form the framework for the present network of settlements.
•	A predominantly rural landscape with a few large settlements (Guildford, Chatham and Dover).  Where the Downs underlie London towards Croydon and Sutton they are dominated by urban development.


Description:
•	Small settlements are dispersed through the western and south-west part of the Character Area.  Large houses set within extensive gardens are found through the character area.
•	Much of the eastern Greensand belt is heavily dominated by modern development.


Description:
•	Settlements tend to be small and scattered forming linear groups along roadsides or centred on greens or commons.
•	Urban influences to west around Gatwick/Horley/Crawley.
•	Rural lanes and tracks with wide grass verges and ditches.


Description:
•	An essentially medieval landscape reflected in pattern of settlement, fields and woodland.
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of hamlets and scattered farmsteads traditionally located on the ridges.  Church towers and spires on the ridges are an important local landmark.
•	Includes several large towns such as Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough, East Grinstead, Bexhill, Hastings and Horsham.


Description:
•	Scattered settlement pattern on raised ground linked by long, straight open roads reflects the piecemeal reclamation process.
•	Visually prominent power station at Dungeness plus associated transmission lines, on going gravel extraction and holiday resorts along the coast.


Description:
•	Settlements are scattered on the pockets of higher land, linked by slightly raised roads.   
•	Eastbourne has a significant urban influence, and modern development around the fringes of the Levels is often unsympathetic to local character.


Description:
•	The Character Area has significant urban development; with settlements along the coastline dominated by suburban villages and the extensive seaside towns between Brighton and Southampton including Portsmouth, Littlehampton and Worthing linked by major road systems.


Description:
•	Patterns of settlement vary.  Small, linear villages connected by winding lanes are located at the base of the chalk.  Victorian seaside resorts, estates and villas are concentrated along the coast.
•	Urban development is spreading into former agricultural land, with waste disposal sites, extensive holiday and industrial developments and caravan parks blurring the edge of settlements.


Description:
•	A dispersed settlement pattern of villages and scattered farmsteads is linked by winding roads and lanes.
•	There are major urban centres are Southampton, Eastleigh and Havant.
•	Urban expansion and the busy M27/M3 corridors diminish the rural character of the landscape.


Description:
•	Barracks, army housing, camps and military signs and notices give the landscape an inescapable military tone.
•	Small farms, cottages and straggling roadside settlements are common, but park estates and country houses are also present.
•	Intensive residential development over the past 50 years has led to large towns such as Ascot, Camberley, Farnborough and Woking, linked by major transport routes (the M3, M4, M25, and A34).


Description:
•	There is a widely dispersed pattern of villages and hamlets, predominantly in valleys with the open downland sparsely populated.
•	Winchester, Andover, Basingstoke and Alton are the key towns which serve the area.  Several major transport routes such as the M3 cut through the landscape.


Description:
•	The Forest is sparsely populated with small forest villages or isolated dwellings, each with their own garden or paddock, linked by a network of narrow lanes.
•	Traditional buildings include large country houses and estate villages, hunting lodges, terraces of workers cottages, and small thatched cottages with steep pitches.


Description:
•	Large parklands and estate landscapes particularly within the valleys.
•	Traditional settlement pattern of nucleated villages on the edges of the valley floodplain and foot of scarp slopes contrasting with the unsettled open downland.
•	Groups of estate cottages in uniform style are a notable feature.
•	The Character Area includes Salisbury with its fine riverside and waterside setting.
•	Military housing is present at Tidworth, Larkhill, Durrington and Amesbury .


Description:
•	Large estates and their landscaped parklands, developed in the 16th and 17th Century, flank the edge of the area and are highly significant features in the landscape including the landscape parks at Wardour, Longleat, Marston Bigot and Stourhead.  In addition, there are remnants of the former royal hunting forests of Selwood and Gillingham.
•	Small nucleated villages and hamlets are located in sheltered valleys and on the low limestone hillocks within the clay vale.  
•	Towns include Gillingham, Shaftesbury, Wincanton, Frome and Sturminster Newton.


Description:
•	Across the downs isolated farmsteads are linked by ancient lanes.
•	Linear villages are found in the sheltered valleys and ancient settlements cluster at the foot of the scarp along the springline.  
•	Blandford Forum and Dorchester are the only towns in this area.


Description:
•	Inland are many villages, hamlets and farms linked by a dense network of lanes.  Small villages on the plateau are centred around quarries.  
•	Swanage, on the east coast, is a substantial resort town with development spreading out to caravan sites and holiday cottages. Substantial military ranges along the coast.


Description:
•	Settlements are mainly located on the lower valley slopes or close to streams.  Farmsteads or hamlets lie on valley sides, commonly close together linked by narrow lanes.  Portland is quite densely settled, with substantial stone villages dominating the open landscape.


Description:
•	Although the area is well settled, there are few villages or towns of any size.  Most settlements are located in the valleys, close to watercourses with farmsteads on spring lines.  Winding minor lanes, link the settlements to higher ground.  
•	Larger settlements include the market towns of Sherborne and Yeovil – the latter having grown to a significant size, largely due to its industrial sector.


Description:
•	Villages are concentrated at the foot of the plateau slopes.  Elsewhere, settlement is scattered.  Major transport routes such as the M5 and A38 cut through the area.


Description:
•	A strong planned element is also evident in towns and villages, with buildings running along single streets e.g. Langport and surrounded by strip fields.
•	Settlements on the edge of the Levels include Weston super Mare and Bridgwater and the M5 is a significant feature.


Description:
•	Whilst small towns and villages like Somerton and Street lie in sheltered sites, other settlements like Meare, Wedmore and Wookey lie on island rising out of the wetlands or at the wetland edge with characteristic tracks (droves) linking these settlements with the traditional summer grazing provided by the Levels and Moors.


Description:
•	Settlement is sparse, consisting of isolated farms, hamlets or small villages located along the spring line or tucked into the narrow combes and valleys.


Description:
•	Flat, low-lying landscape created when ice blocked the mouth of the estuary.  The landscape is bordered by high flood banks.


Description:
•	A flat coastal plain, rising gradually towards the west where there is a more undulating landscape at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds.


Description:
•	This rolling upland landscape is dominated by a west-facing chalk escarpment, extensively moulded by glacial and periglacial action.
•	The escarpment takes a simple form in the north, where the plateau top has light chalky soils and the scarp face is clothed with scrub woodland and pasture.
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.


Description:
•	Large scale, flat, open landscape with extensive vistas to level horizons.


Description:
•	The vales have a gently undulating landform, with shallow ridges dropping down gently to broad river valleys.


Description:
•	The area forms a sharply defined high plateau that is underlain by Millstone Grit, giving rise to rounded hill summits and rocky outcrops and prominent linear edges.
•	There are strongly contrasting landscapes in deeply-incised cloughs around the margins of plateaux.


Description:
•	The area is elevated Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected by steeply cut dales and gorges with rock outcrops, screes, and cave systems.


Description:
•	This area is a high upland ridge dissected by stream valleys and flanked by undulating slopes.


Description:
•	The area is underlain by coal measures which are buried under a patchy layer of glacial drift deposits.  This is an elevated landscape, rising to 170 metres at Billinge Hill and falling abruptly to the Lancashire Plain, Merseyside and the Mersey Valley.
•	Hills and valleys run from north west to south east, creating a landscape of gently corrugated hills


Description:
•	This area is an extensive, gently rolling pastoral plain that is interrupted by sandstone ridges.


Description:
•	This area forms a prominent, steep-sided sandstone ridge rising from the Cheshire Plain.


Description:
•	Flat topped hills, mostly of limestone, with steep slopes form a band across the western half of the area giving way to gentler foothills and the Shropshire Plain to the east.
•	The steep slopes are dissected by narrow, often wooded valleys.


Description:
•	This area is a transition from lowland to upland with strongly dissected hills and small plateaux, rising up to the Pennines and cut by major river valleys.


Description:
•	Steep, rounded 'whaleback' hills and south-west to north-east ridges, scarps and intervening valleys dominate the landscape.
•	Distinctive and dramatic landmarks, such as the Long Mynd, Wenlock Edge, the Wrekin and Clee peaks are prominent.


Description:
•	The area includes the high dissected sandstone plateau of Cannock chase, the northern part of the Black Country plateau and lower fringing landscape of softer Permo-Triassic sandstones and mudstones.


Description:
•	The poorly drained till plateau has a gently undulating or rolling landform, dissected by narrow streams which flow to the River Dove in the centre of the character area and to the Trent/Blythe rivers to the south and south east.


Description:
•	The Lowlands are very gently rolling clay ridges and shallow valleys which become virtually flat around the Rivers Mease and Sence; the land to the north west, which drains directly into the River Trent, generally has a more undulating landform.


Description:
•	There is a low escarpment with outlying hills to the west, which becomes steeper and more irregular to the north where it forms a prominent escarpment above the Trent valley and the Vale of Belvoir.


Description:
•	The land rises progressively from the edge of the Fens in the east, to the fringes of the Leicestershire Wolds in the west. The landform also becomes more undulating to the west so that the rolling topography becomes a series of low hills between 400-600m.


Description:
•	A large scale landscape of rolling upland terrain and plateau offering long views.
•	For the most part very open with a seemingly ‘high’ and remote character.


Description:
•	A coastal landscape of great variety and texture – including intertidal mudflats, sand dunes, shingle banks, saltmarsh, reedbeds, tidal creeks and harbours. This is therefore an unusual part of Norfolk in not being given over entirely to agriculture.
•	Separated from inland areas of different landscape character by the north face of Cromer Ridge and the coast road (A149) which act as a dividing line.
•	There is almost no transition zone between character areas e.g. between this extremely low-lying marine landscape and the higher arable land of North West Norfolk (76).


Description:
•	Bounded to the north by Coastal Cliffs, that face out onto the North Sea, and to the north-west by the Cromer Ridge with its steep northern slope and more gentle southern face.
•	Surrounding the Cromer Ridge are outlying spurs and hills.  Elsewhere the landform is variable with some flat areas, minor undulations, a more rolling landform (where the river valleys occur e.g. Wensum and Yare).


Description:
•	Flat and low-lying, this landscape has limited topographic variation.  It slopes gently from west to east – becoming flatter as it merges with the Broads.


Description:
•	The Broads are a series of river valleys that have been excavated for peat and subsequently flooded.


Description:
•	A predominantly flat, low-lying landscape where extensive open spaces are dominated by the sky.
•	Contrast and variety within the Estuary is provided by Sheppey, a long low island rising from a stretch of very flat marsh along the Swale estuary in Kent with low, steep, clay cliffs facing towards Essex across the Thames estuary.


Description:
•	The area includes a low lying coast comprising shingle beaches (including the 14km spit known as Orford Ness) and eroding clifflines.


Description:
•	Unique combination of climate, rocks and soils has produced a gently undulating, dry plateau with long slopes leading to alluvial flats with shallow, meandering river valleys.


Description:
•	Gently undulating topography and plateau areas are divided by broad shallow valleys.


Description:
•	The plateau has a gently undulating surface and dips gradually from approximately 150m in the west to 80m to the east.  It is physically distinct from the adjacent low lying vales.


Description:
•	The principal landform of the area is a broad, low undulating ridge underlain by Jurassic limestones which falls away from a steep northern scarp overlooking the River Welland.


Description:
•	An area of broad rolling ridges dissected by radiating river valleys with a varied profile; the majority are steep-sided, but some (eg Queniborough Brook) are deep and relatively wide.  The land rises to central plateau of high ground at Billesdon, with steep scarp slopes on the northern aspect.


Description:
•	Much of the area has a rolling, gently hilly landform with distinctive isolated ironstone hills, although there are also some extensive clay lowlands where glacial till has masked the landform on the fringes of the undulating hills.


Description:
•	Much of the landscape is gently undulating with localised low hills and plateaux.


Description:
•	There is a rolling landform of low hills and valleys, with narrow meandering flood plains and occasional steeper scarps.


Description:
•	Rounded upland hills with steep slopes divided by narrow valleys which widen to the east.


Description:
•	To the west, the Black Mountains are a high, steep-sided tableland of Old Red Sandstone.
•	The lower landscape to the east has been cut by rivers, giving a north-west to south-east orientated pattern of ridges and valleys.


Description:
•	This is an undulating landscape with localised steep-sided hills and wide flood plains.


Description:
•	This is an undulating plateau of Old Red Sandstone, dissected by many radiating, small, narrow valleys.
•	The plateau has an abrupt western edge down to the River Lugg, and northern and eastern edges to the River Teme.


Description:
•	This is an undulating landscape dissected by the River Teme, and with many small, steeply incised tributary valleys.


Description:
•	This is a narrow, north-south ridge of high, rounded hills of igneous rocks, which rise abruptly from the Severn Vale and form a prominent landmark from long distances.


Description:
•	This is an undulating landscape with some prominent rounded hills, lower rolling ground and narrow meandering flood plains.


Description:
•	A diverse range of flat and gently undulating landscapes, united by the Avon and Severn river valleys.


Description:
•	The dominant pattern of the Cotswolds landscape is of a steep scarp and long, rolling dip slope cut into a series of plateaux.
•	Within this landscape is a great variety of landform, and a number of distinct landscapes can be seen, from the western scarp face through to the more gently rolling plateaux of the high wolds and valleys to the east.


Description:
•	Moderately elevated irregular limestone ridge giving way to a series of isolated steep-side tabular hills in the east, rising above the surrounding clay vales.


Description:
•	Large-scale open downs form a classic chalk landscape with strong escarpment backed by an elevated plateau of rolling or undulating topography extending as the dipslope.
•	Distinctive valleys incise the chalk and the Vale of Pewsey on Greensand provides a further contrast.


Description:
•	Low lying, shallow vales contrast sharply with high open downland ridges.


Description:
•	Dramatic and distinctive chalk downland with a continuous and steep scarp giving extensive views across Kent and Surrey towards the South Downs and a broad, gentle dipslope.


Description:
•	A long, narrow belt of Greensand typified by scarp/dipslope topography.  Includes outcrops of Upper Greensand, Gault clay and Lower Greensand with the Greensand forming escarpments separated by a clay vale.
•	The combination of landform and topography creates an intimate, secretive character.


Description:
•	A distinctive remote flat, marshland landscape with an absence of trees and dominant skies.


Description:
•	The Levels are a large-scale, open and windswept landscape with underlying loamy soils of high agricultural quality.
•	Views north are framed by the South Downs – a dramatic and distinctive backdrop.
•	Local landscape diversity is added by ‘eyes’ or islands of higher ground.


Description:
•	Landform is dominated by flat to gently sloping plateaux incised by broad river valleys.


Description:
•	The Hampshire Downs are a strongly rolling chalk downland dissected by sheltered valleys and combes.
•	Many of the higher parts are capped by a shallow deposit of clay with flints, often forming a flat or gently domed plateau.


Description:
•	Open and exposed plateaux and gently rolling hills are incised by wide U shaped valleys.


Description:
•	An extensive, open rolling chalk plateau.


Description:
•	Undulating, heavy fertile vales formed of Upper Jurassic clay are fringed by Upper Greensand hills and scarps and low limestone hills.


Description:
•	A rolling, chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and more gentle dipslopes with spectacular views over the surrounding lowlands.
•	Complex combes and steep-sided, sheltered valleys with woodlands, hedged fields, flood meadows and villages in flint and thatch.


Description:
•	This is a low undulating exposed and open broad-scale landscape of poor sandy soils with views north across  Poole Harbour.
•	The heathland is surrounded by a transitional landscape of rolling hills and broad, river valleys commonly bordered by river terrace deposits forming extensive terrace flats.


Description:
•	South Purbeck has an exceptionally diverse landscape despite its small size, strongly influenced by the underlying chalk, limestone, shale and clay geology.


Description:
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel.


Description:
•	The Weymouth Lowlands are united by an underlying broad ridge and valley pattern. 
•	The Isle of Portland, which lies to the south, is a dramatic, wedge-shaped peninsula extending out sharply into the English Channel. 
•	It is linked to the mainland by Chesil Beach; a huge sweeping shingle ridge separated at its eastern end from the mainland by an elongated brackish tidal lagoon (The Fleet).


Description:
•	The classic bowl-shaped clay vale of Marshwood is surrounded by steep ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Towards the coast, the greensand has been eroded to form clusters of hills, each with a distinctive summit.


Description:
•	This is a diverse landscape of wide valley bottoms, hills, ridge tops and combes united by scarps of Jurassic limestone and sandstone ranging from 50 to 150m AOD.


Description:
•	The Mendip Hills are a chain of prominent limestone hills extending inland from the coast and rising up sharply from the surrounding lowlands.
•	Dramatic gorges, cliffs and escarpment slopes surround the plateau.  Further west, land breaks into individual hills.


Description:
•	The area ranges from peat moors, clay levels, inland ‘burtles’ or gravel beds to the mudflats, storm gravel beaches and dune belt fringing the edge of Bridgwater Bay.


Description:
•	The Mid Somerset Hills are a series of distinctive low hills, ridges and islands dividing the Somerset Moors and Levels.


Description:
•	The Quantock Hills are a discrete landform with a prominent and rounded profile.
•	 The northern end is a high plateau of Devonian sandstone cut by deep combes while in the south the landscape is more undulating, made up of Devonian slates with limestone.


Description:
•	Exmoor is a diverse upland landscape, rising abruptly out of the surrounding lowlands.
•	A high and spectacular steeply sloping wooded coastline forms the northern edge of the area, fringing the Bristol Channel.


Description:
•	The dramatic open, heathy windswept scarp slopes and plateaus up to 300m AD in the north fall southwards to sheltered lush valleys and ridges.


Description:
•	Steep-sided valleys with wide floodplains cut through the hilly landscape, the hills gradually decreasing in height toward the coast.


Description:
•	Spectacular cliffs and broad, rolling ridges up to around 200m AOD offer wide views across a remote landscape.
•	Ridges are separated by an intricate pattern of incised valleys forming the catchments of the rivers Taw, Mole, Torridge and the upper reaches of the Tavy.


Description:
•	The area has important and distinctive landscape features, notably its peri-glacial landforms, blanket bog, archaeology and traditional land management system.
•	The open, windswept moors, with wide views and stunted trees, contrast with sheltered, wooded, terraced landscapes in the valleys and fringes.


Description:
•	Landform is a much-dissected plateau where steep valleys separate intricate but smooth rounded hills.


Description:
•	Bodmin Moor is an irregular granite plateau with poor surface drainage, cut by rivers and surrounded by a softer more settled landscape.  Rising from the plateau are high rocky tors and clitter slopes such as Brown Willy at 420 AD.


Description:
•	This is a unique landscape of china clay extraction, where a lunar landscape of flat-topped and older conical waste heaps and flooded pits dominate, surrounded by remnants of once extensive and exposed, windswept, heather moorland.


Description:
•	The area is dominated by bleak uplands with exposed granite outcrops offering long views over the surrounding open landscape.
•	Undulating landform dissected by small streams radiates from the highest points of granite.


Description:
•	The area is dominated by a gently undulating exposed heathland plateau (downs) cut by narrow river valleys.
•	Off the plateau is a more sheltered, gently rolling landscape with small valleys and derelict coastal quarries.


Description:
•	Low, lying granite islands which are dominated by the sea.


Description:
•	A small, isolated island with distinctive flat-topped granite landform, steeply sloping sides and vertical cliffs.  The south-eastern peninsular is comprised of Devonian slates.
•	It forms a prominent landmark when viewed from the mainland.  Views from the open plateau over the sea are extensive, giving a strong sense of isolation.


Description:
•	Settlements include the spreading conurbation of Tyneside, the planned structures of new towns, and more dispersed large towns and villages further south.
•	The area is dominated by widespread urban and industrial development and a dense network of major road and rail links.


Description:
•	The area is significantly influenced by the urban and suburban development that is focused around Manchester.  The river valleys include a number of uses associated with the urban area including water treatment works and waste disposal sites, together with recreation provision.


Description:
•	The settlements of the Potteries form a large urban conurbation, although settlements have retained their individual character.


Description:
•	Existing and disused sand quarries around Leighton Buzzard.


Description:
•	There is a strong urban influence in the area, which includes the large urban areas of Birmingham and Coventry and many smaller urban areas.


Description:
•	Towards London in the east, the natural character of the area is overtaken by urban influences; a dense network of roads including the M25 corridor, Heathrow Airport, railway lines, golf courses, pylon lines, reservoirs and extensive mineral workings.


Description:
•	Bristol and its commercial, industrial and residential areas, major roads (M4 and M5), airfields and reservoirs occupy a substantial area around Bristol.


Description:
•	Much of the area is sparsely populated but the growing conurbation of Poole-Bournemouth, which takes up the full southern coastline of the area, is a major influence, with surrounding areas under severe development pressure.


Description:
•	Tree and woodland cover is generally limited to clumps near farmhouses and settlements, some river valley woodlands, and occasional shelterbelts and blocks of coniferous trees.
•	Some local areas are more wooded, for example around Craster.


Description:
•	There is a transition from heather and grass moor on the higher ground, through scrub and woodland, to improved farmland and parkland on the lower slopes.
•	Extensive plantations of coniferous woodland occur in some areas.
•	Broadleaved woodland is associated with rivers and scarp slopes.
•	The parkland settings of the large country mansions that fringe the lower fellside slopes, eg Chillingham, Cragside and Alnwick Castle, have distinctive ‘landscaped’ features and much semi-natural broadleaved woodland cover.


Description:
•	River Tweed has a mix of deciduous woodland and estate landscapes.
•	There is a rectilinear pattern of small coniferous woodland blocks and shelterbelts.


Description:
•	Coniferous woodland plantations occur on some upper valley slopes where they tend to interrupt the smooth lines of an otherwise open, rounded landscape.
•	Steep-sided valleys with fast-flowing burns radiate outwards and have relict semi-natural broadleaved woodland (oak, birch, alder and hazel) and gorse scrub.


Description:
•	The treeless moorlands contrast with the vast areas of coniferous forest that dominate large parts of the area.
•	The extensive conifer plantations mainly consist of a patchwork of felled areas and different age-classes of non-native conifers.
•	There are few broadleaved trees, largely restricted to small woodland blocks, hedgerows and remnant semi-natural woodland in the more sheltered valleys.


Description:
•	Trees and woodland are limited, with some broadleaved trees in river valleys.


Description:
•	Very few trees throughout the area, with the exception of small areas of semi-natural ancient woodland along the lowland river valleys and small woodlands and copses within fields.  Winds off the Irish Sea have an effect on both the growth rate and form of hedgerows and mature trees.


Description:
•	There are relatively few trees on the exposed higher land.  Large individual trees surround lakes.  On the more sheltered sites there are extensive areas of ancient, semi-natural broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodlands.


Description:
•	Coniferous plantations and significant broadleaved and ancient woodlands are characteristic features.  Estate and farm woodlands, hedgerows, shelterbelts, hedgerow trees and small copses cover parts of the area.  There are also some hanging woodlands along the River Eden Corridor.


Description:
•	Tree cover is sparse with woodlands being restricted to river gorges, gills, streamsides and larger coniferous plantations on the moorland ridges.


Description:
•	Broadleaved woodland and conifer plantations occur on the side slopes and in the intimate wooded valley of the North Tyne.


Description:
•	The valleys of the rivers Font, Wansbeck and Coquet are well-wooded.
•	In addition, there are mixed and ornamental woodlands and parklands within the country estates.
•	Small coniferous blocks and belts of trees occur on the more open farmland to the south.


Description:
•	There are prominent blocks of mixed and coniferous woodland, many of which are still maturing, mainly on reclaimed colliery sites.
•	Broadleaved woods occur on steeper valley sides and within estate parkland.
•	The coast is open, largely treeless and windswept.
•	Restoration has created large tracts of simple, relatively featureless agricultural land with strips of plantation.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse but the valley sides and bluffs are well wooded (sometimes with ancient oak woods).
•	Parkland and wooded estates surrounding castles and country houses lie along the river corridors.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is low, but ancient ash woods are found in steep-sided limestone denes towards the coast and on the escarpment, and occasional broadleaved woodlands occur within parkland and country estates.


Description:
•	Coniferous plantations are found on the higher valley sides and ridges.
•	Ancient oak woods are found in narrow steep-sided denes and along the banks of rivers and streams.
•	Occasional parklands and wooded estates surround small country houses.


Description:
•	There is limited woodland, with sheltering clumps around farmsteads, small copses of semi-natural broadleaved trees, coniferous and mixed woodlands.  The fields have scattered individual ash trees.


Description:
•	The area has very limited tree cover although there are some blocks of coniferous woodland on the lower slopes near Sedbergh.  Trees are prominent around villages and farmsteads and along water courses.


Description:
•	The area includes substantial woodland and large mature trees.  Small broadleaved and coniferous copses are found on the rugged fells and coniferous and broadleaved woodland on the small valley slopes and ridges.  At higher levels, tree cover is much more limited.


Description:
•	Some scrub and broadleaved woodland is found in the inland areas, with some areas of ancient and semi-natural woodland.   There are relatively few trees on the coast.


Description:
•	The Yorkshire Dales have limited tree cover.  Woodland tends to be limited to woods planted around villages and farmsteads to provide shelter, and sparse ancient and semi-natural woodlands on steeper slopes along gills and dalesides.


Description:
•	The area is comparatively well-wooded in contrast to the open landscapes to the west.  Woodland is found along valley slopes, in copses and plantations in the lower agricultural landscape and along hedgerows. Many of the larger coniferous and mixed woodlands are found on estates.  Some lower lying, arable areas in the north east of the area have lower levels of tree cover.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, with exceptions such as the steep banks of the middle Tees and Leven, semi-natural woodland on heathy soils north of Billingham, and parkland and managed estates.
•	Orchards historically were important in the area south of the river Tees


Description:
•	Tree cover is generally sparse, comprising small woodlands (many associated with hunting) and a number of parklands.  The eastern part of the area is more wooded


Description:
•	Whilst the higher moors are mainly treeless, broadleaf woodlands are found in the sheltered dales and lower areas to the south.  Extensive areas of coniferous plantations are located on the lower areas of moorland.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is limited in the lower lying eastern part of the Vale, but is more extensive in western areas and around the fringes with copses and more field boundary trees.


Description:
•	Woodland is limited in extent, particularly on the chalk.  Most woodland is confined to steeper slopes, including escarpments and on the hills formed from Jurassic rocks.  Woodland is also associated with historic parklands.  Most woodland is broadleaf.


Description:
•	Scattered small woods with more extensive conifer plantations are found on sandy soils, together creating the impression of more wooded farmland in some areas.


Description:
•	Varied patterns of woodland create a contrasting landscape, the principal contrast being between the sheltered valleys with their extensive areas of broadleaved woodlands and parkland landscapes, and the much more open plateau areas characterised by woodland blocks and large scale plantations.  Alder woodlands remain a feature of damper valley bottoms.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is significant - mainly due to the presence of a number of large country houses and their managed estates - with extensive areas of estate woodlands, plantations and game coverts.  There are also a number of semi-natural, sometimes ancient woodlands on the ridge, sometimes on hill tops or steeper slopes and also along small valleys.


Description:
•	Trees are scarce in this low landscape, generally confined to low, often wind sculpted trees and bushes along field boundaries.


Description:
•	There are extensive views across the plain, within which small to medium blocks of mixed woodland (wind-sculpted near coast) provide punctuation and vertical accents.


Description:
•	Semi-natural woodland, much of which is ancient, occurs on the main valley bottoms, side valleys and ridges, and is dominated by oak, ash and alder.


Description:
•	Steeply sloping, sculptural escarpments and exposed moorland tops contrast with the surrounding lush green valleys of the Lune, Ribble, Hodder and Wyre, to which they are linked by the wooded cloughs.
•	Extensive coniferous plantations occur to the south-east and east of the area.
•	Small copses shelter the area’s isolated farmhouses.


Description:
•	Small, often ancient, woodlands of oak, alder and sycamore extend along narrow, steep-sided cloughs on the valley sides, for example at Priestley Clough and Spurn Clough and in the Darwen valley.


Description:
•	Woodland is concentrated in a number of steepside valleys (cloughs) and on the slopes of the larger valleys.  Elsewhere, woodland is limited, particularly on the more open and elevated parts of the area.


Description:
•	Treecover is comparatively sparse overall, though framework of hedgerow trees and small woods, together with more extensive woodlands on some of the steeper valley slopes, creates the impression of a well wooded landscape.


Description:
•	Treecover is variable but generally low.  There has been woodland planting associated with the South Yorkshire Community Forest.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is restricted in extent except in the areas of sandy soils to the north and south where remnant birch and oak woods and extensive conifer plantations occur.


Description:
•	There is limited woodland cover varying in extent and distribution.  Most is of recent origin, with a limited occurance of ancient woodland.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is relatively sparse but there are a few blocks of medium sized, regularly shaped deciduous woodland, which are particularly prominent in the flat, open and uniform farmed landscape.


Description:
•	Woodland and hedge cover is sparse, but increases westwards towards the foot of the Wolds, particularly close to settlements. Wooded open farmland occurs at Claythorpe and Brocklesby on the fringes of the Wolds.


Description:
•	On the plateau top, deep glacial meltwater channels form dramatic, steep sided dry valleys within the chalk, often lined with beech hanger woodlands.
•	Hedgerows accentuate the rolling landform and tops are marked by prominent clumps of trees, often mature beech.
•	In the south-east the chalk is masked in boulder clay on the edge of the Middle Marsh that lies to the east – here there are ancient oak and ash woodlands.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is variable; there is little on the central and northern clays, but there are extensive conifer plantations on the coversands and large blocks of ancient lime woodland between Wragby and Bardney.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is sparse.  There are occasional avenues to roads.  Elsewhere isolated trees have marked significance.  
•	Shelterbelts including poplar and willow occur as do leylandii hedges around farmsteads.
•	There are numerous orchards around the Wisbech area.


Description:
•	There are generally few woodlands, but tree cover becomes more frequent towards the west of the area between Nottingham and Southwell, where there are many small linear ancient oak/ash woodlands, and on the broad ridge immediately to the west of Lincoln.


Description:
•	The former forests and wastes retain extensive woodland cover, particularly secondary oak-birch broadleaved woodland and conifers.
•	The area’s strong heathland character is often evident at roadsides and along woodland edges, where there are patches of bracken, gorse and broom.


Description:
•	Broadleaved woodlands are scattered throughout the area, and large blocks are associated with the steep valley slopes.


Description:
•	Many enclosed valleys contain broadleaved semi-natural woodland and some are dominated by large forestry plantations.


Description:
•	There are narrow, shelter belts and small blocks of broadleaved trees on high ground and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands along dale sides.


Description:
•	Woodland is largely confined to enclosed valleys, wooded streamlines and occasional conifer plantations.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is sparse overall, though there are concentrated pockets of woodland within the narrow, steep sided stream valleys.  Areas of scrub are also found on steeper slopes.


Description:
•	Many of the river valleys have large areas of woodland along their slopes, providing a buffer with neighbouring areas.


Description:
•	Across most of the area, woodland cover is very limited.  The principal exception is the area to the northwest of Wigan where there is a higher incidence of trees and woodland, creating a more enclosed and small scale landscape.


Description:
•	Woodland is restricted to small isolated copses with only salt tolerant species surviving and a large coniferous plantation at Formby.


Description:
•	Most woodland in the area is mixed, including a high proportion of pines, particularly in coastal area.  Most woodland is associated with the sandstone ridges or country parks, which are characteristic to the area.


Description:
•	This is a relatively unwooded landscape with some trees along field boundaries, watercourses and ditches and, particularly in the east, isolated woodland blocks.


Description:
•	There are small copses and clumps of trees around meres and ponds.
•	Occasional small broadleaved or mixed woodlands cloak the slopes of the sandstone ridges and some wet areas with heavy soils.


Description:
•	There are frequent mixed woodlands along the ridge slopes and on the lower ground towards Northwich.


Description:
•	There are scattered patches of broadleaved woodland and coniferous plantations throughout the area, particularly on the steeper slopes and linear woodlands along valley sides.


Description:
•	Woodland is concentrated in the Churnet Valley, where there are large commercial coniferous woodlands and ancient semi-natural woodlands. Elsewhere there are occasional woodlands and scattered trees along field boundaries and watercourses.


Description:
•	Woodlands are largely confined to the slopes, particularly on Wenlock Edge, with occasional localised coniferous plantations.


Description:
•	Many ancient and plantation estate woodlands in the centre of the area and dense woodlands cloak the slopes above the River Severn and its tributaries.
•	Extensive, interlocking blocks of mixed woodland characterise the Wyre Forest area.


Description:
•	There are extensive coniferous woodland plantations in Cannock chase. In the surrounding landscapes there is a mixture of ancient, plantation and secondary woodlands.


Description:
•	Woodlands are few on the South Derbyshire Claylands and occur only locally at parklands, but the former Needwood Forest has extensive mixed woodland and there are heathy woodlands on the scarp slopes above the River Dove and on the fringes of Cannock Chase in the far west of the character area.  
•	New broadleaf woodland planting associated with the National Forest tree planting programme is significantly increasing the area of broadleaf and mixed woodland in the Needwood Forest area.


Description:
•	There is very limited woodland cover, although in places the full growth of riparian trees and shrubs give an impression of woodland cover.
•	There are few hedgerow trees and those on the terraces are typically stag-headed and in poor condition; hedgerow ash and willow trees occur sporadically in pastoral areas.
•	Riparian vegetation is generally more consistent and prominent, with pollarded willows, ash, poplar and alder marking the locations of streams, dykes and rivers, as well as areas of open water arising from worked-out, flooded gravel pits.


Description:
•	Extensive estate mixed woodlands and new woodland planting associated with the National Forest. Away from the estates, woodlands generally occur as small game coverts and tree belts; many are prominently sited on ridgetops.


Description:
•	Planting associated with the National Forest is beginning to transform the character of the landscape from one of open farmland and prominent mineral workings to farmland with significant blocks of woodland, numerous copses and a network of hedgerows with groups of hedgerow trees.
•	Scrub and secondary woodland are commonplace on derelict land and along rail and road embankments.
•	Prominent small ribbons of woodland line many of the small stream valleys.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally limited, although planting associated with the National Forest has localised impact and there are many extensive wooded parklands, including Gopsall Park, Market Bosworth, Thorpe Constantine and Shenton.


Description:
•	The majority of the woods are secondary woodlands, but there are also conifer woods and mixed plantations, together with a few ancient woodlands and numerous hedgerow oak trees.
•	Charnwood formerly contained several large parks. Some of these, such as Bradgate Park, still survive, containing heathland and huge ancient pollarded oaks.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, except on the wooded scarps and hills along the northern edge of the Wolds and in the Wreake Valley, which is particularly well treed. Elsewhere, small spinneys, hedgerow and streamside trees predominate, particularly in the valleys.


Description:
•	The area is 6.6% wooded with a variety of ancient and commercial woodlands mingling with parklands.  There is a concentration of numerous medium-sized semi-natural and ancient oak/ash woodlands on the higher land between the East and West Glen Rivers.


Description:
•	Significant areas of woodland and plantation on the area of Greensand in the west.  
•	There are a number of Parkland landscapes with high amounts of tree cover.
•	Scots pine rows are striking field boundary features.
•	Tall, well-trimmed hawthorn hedges occur throughout and often contain mature hedgerow trees, predominantly oak and beech.  Hedges are often flanked by wide verges.


Description:
•	The Holkham estate is significant for the shelterbelts of pine trees that protect the park and give vertical definition to the edge of the enormous sandy beach beyond.


Description:
•	Relatively well-wooded for East Anglia with a variety of woodland types: mixed woodland or pasture woodlands (oak and beech) on heavier soils and conifers on the lighter sands.  Mixed woodland occurs on the valley slopes and poplar plantations are a feature of the valley floor. Woods are variable in size but extensive.


Description:
•	Blocks of woodland and copses lend an intricate, enclosed character on the Broads margin contrasting with a scarcity of woodland elsewhere.


Description:
•	Broadleaved woodland is present as copses and plantations on higher land in the upper reaches of the valleys.
•	Alder carr woodland and willow pollards are typical of the wetter areas, such as the undrained peat fen.


Description:
•	Trees begin where the marsh ceases and the ground starts to rise on land overlying the London Clay Lowlands. 
•	Tree cover is limited to farmsteads, dwellings and villages on the higher ground.


Description:
•	The estuaries and rivers are separated by rolling areas of the Sandlings, comprising a mosaic of heathland, woodland and farmland.
•	The Sandlings have some substantial areas of woodland including the coniferous Rendlesham, Tunstall and Dunwich Forests.
•	Other tree cover comprises a combination of woodland along the river valley and estuary slopes together with farm woodlands and field boundary trees. The area suffered significant tree loss as a result of Dutch Elm disease.


Description:
•	Trees are a notable element of the landscape due largely to treed lanes and hedgerow trees (predominantly oaks).
•	There are some areas of Ancient Woodland but overall there is a relative lack of woodland especially on the plateau.


Description:
•	Vast commercial conifer plantations which form forest landscape – unique to lowland England.


Description:
•	There are few large woods (20 acres plus) - ancient deciduous woods occur on the plateau.
•	Copses (or shaws), connected by hedgerows, give a wooded appearance.  
•	Hedgerow trees are typically elm (with hornbeam and field maple) in Essex or oak and ash in Suffolk.
•	Willow pollards are typical features of the valley floors.


Description:
•	There is limited woodland cover across the Character Area comprising beech belts along roads and ash dominated copses and hilltop clumps. 
•	Pine belts begin to take over from the beech towards the Brecklands in the east.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is variable. Clusters of ancient deciduous woodland are located on higher plateaux to the north-west of the Character Area between Salcey and Grafham Water. 
•	Smaller plantations and secondary woodland are features within river valleys.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is generally sparse, except for intermittent small woodlands along the Welland and Nene valleys and small valley-side woods, spinneys and copses on the ridges and more undulating land.


Description:
•	Mixed land use on north-west facing scarp slope, including a high proportion of large woodland blocks and plantations (both deciduous and coniferous) – forming wooded horizons and a strong sense of enclosure. 
•	Medium-sized arable and wooded landscape on dip-slope to the south-west.
•	Considerable areas of pasture intersperse arable and wooded land cover.


Description:
•	The distinctive character of the ridge stems from its history as the site of a series of Royal Forests from the 13th century.  The remnants of these woodlands at Salcey Forest (Yardley Chase) and Whittlewood remain important landscape features.
•	11% of the character area is wooded and the extensive blocks of oak/ash woodland are supplemented by tracts of more recent conifer plantations.


Description:
•	The highest points are capped by heavy boulder clays which are unsuitable for cultivation and it is here that the extensive ancient woodlands lie, emphasising the relief and providing a strong sense of enclosure.  Linear woodlands mark the scarp slopes to the north.
•	Apart from the woodlands, the main tree cover comes from the frequent large historic parks such as Rockingham, Deene, Drayton and Boughton.
•	In some areas deciduous woodlands have been converted to coniferous woodlands and in others wholly new conifer plantations have been established. Much recent planting has been on the reclaimed ironstone workings and larger estates such as Boughton.


Description:
•	The area’s well treed character is derived from hedgerows, hedgerow trees, copses, spinneys and small ridgetop woodlands, rather than any great extent of large woodlands.
•	The cluster of oak/ash woodlands on the undulating land around the Eye Brook and River Chater (eg Owston Woods and Launde Big Wood) are generally ancient and survive from the Leighfield Forest.  They are of significant nature conservation interest in an area with relatively limited woodland cover.


Description:
•	Small broadleaf woodlands, copses and shelterbelts, combined with hedgerow trees create an impression of a well-treed landscape, although overall woodland cover is relatively limited (2%).  Woodlands are concentrated along streams and steeper slopes, with many prominent hilltop copses.


Description:
•	There is a general lack of woodland cover across the area, although there is a well-wooded character in Dunsmore.


Description:
•	Mature hedgerow oaks are a defining characteristic of the area, together with ancient woodlands and plantation woodlands that often date from the time of enclosure.


Description:
•	Large, recent conifer plantations occur alongside or interlocking with remnant, ancient, semi-natural woodland on central hills.


Description:
•	Woodland is predominantly found on the slopes of the eastern and northern hills, including the ancient deer park at Moccas, and is mostly broadleaved, but with some blocks of mixed and coniferous plantations.


Description:
•	The steep slopes of the central hills are dominated by woodlands, but there are scattered copses and plantations throughout the area.


Description:
•	There are small scattered woodlands and plantations throughout, as well as riparian trees and woodlands.


Description:
•	There are some substantial broadleaved woodlands, particularly along steep slopes and narrow valleys, and localised blocks of coniferous plantations.
•	There is also scattered tree cover along watercourses and hedgerows.


Description:
•	The lower slopes, particularly the steeper ones, are densely wooded often with patches of ancient woodland and occasional plantations.


Description:
•	Woodland is largely confined to the steeper slopes adjacent to the flood plain and to hillsides.
•	Trees are often found in groups around farmsteads including small areas of parkland style planting.
•	There are also scattered trees along hedgerows and water courses.


Description:
•	Extensive woodland covers large areas of the Character Area ranging from commercially managed coniferous plantations to broadleaved woodlands, many of which are ancient or semi natural, and designated SSSIs.  
•	In addition there are a significant number of traditional orchards to the north and east.


Description:
•	Tree cover is limited and the landscape is strongly affected by the presence or absence of hedgerows trees and the survival of older orchards many of which have been replaced by cultivated bush forms surrounded by poplar shelterbelts.
•	Ash and oak dominate ancient woodlands and the remains of parks on higher ground.  Little tree cover is evident alongside the rivers.


Description:
•	The beech woodlands on the scarp slopes are an important landscape feature.  Other areas of woodland are concentrated on the upper slopes of the valleys and on the flat plateaux tops.  
•	Parkland estates are also a highly characteristic feature with significant blocks of woodland.


Description:
•	Woodlands generally scarce, occasional coniferous shelterbelts around settlements on higher gravel terraces.
•	Variable field boundaries with network of thick hedgerows with oak and ash trees on drier gravel terraces, ditches on lower wetland areas, plus lines of willow pollards.


Description:
•	Extensive woodland cover, particularly in the west, including blocks of ancient woodland (mainly oak, ash, birch) and coniferous plantation (mainly larch) along the ridge.


Description:
•	Extensive areas of woodland, dominated by beech on the plateau, and ‘hanging’ woodlands in the valleys, make the Chilterns one of the most wooded lowland landscapes in England.


Description:
•	Woodland cover is extensive across the Hertfordshire Plateau and the Essex Wooded Hills and Ridges. Smaller intimate tree-lined valleys provide a strong contrast through un-wooded areas.


Description:
•	Open, often treeless landscape with occasional scattered small woodlands - extensive areas of woodland limited to the distinct sub-area area around Blean.


Description:
•	A moderately wooded landscape interspersed by oak/ash woods and shaws.
•	Field trees occur in straight lines, marking old hedgerow lines, typically oak, ash and field maple.


Description:
•	Woodland is generally confined to a matrix of small farm woods although woodlands characterise the north-western area, the wooded character extending up to the southern edge of the Chiltern Hills.


Description:
•	Absence of woodland on the open chalk downs apart from characteristic beech clumps.  Woodland blocks are concentrated on areas of clay with flint on the lower parts of the dipslope creating a more enclosed landscape.
•	Savernake Forest with its remnant Royal Hunting Forest, ancient trees and historic parkland is a distinctive area.


Description:
•	Woodland is concentrated in a few areas; notably mixed woodland between Chittoe and Sudley, on former commonland, on steeper slopes and adjacent to streams and river banks.


Description:
•	The most extensive areas of woodland lies between Congresbury and the Avon Gorge and on the Failand Ridge.  Elsewhere woodlands are smaller and fragmented mainly confined to steeper land.
•	Parkland is a characteristic feature of  the south and west where the woodlands and mature and exotic trees bring a distinctive local character.


Description:
•	A wooded chalk landscape - Clay-with-flint soils on the upper parts of the dip slope and ridge tops support oak/ash woodland and scrub with beech/ash/maple common on valley sides.  Sweet chestnut coppice is a feature of the dipslope in Kent.  Scarp often wooded or dominated by scrub.
•	In Surrey, extensive areas of yew with box woodland are a distinctive feature of the scarp.


Description:
•	Extensive belts of ancient mixed woodland of hazel, oak and birch, chestnut coppice plus more recent coniferous plantation.  Local variations in woodland cover reflect the diverse geology.
•	Field boundaries formed by hedges with character and species reflecting the soils.  On the clay hedges are dense, species rich with occasional standard oaks.  On more acidic soils they generally consist of hawthorn\blackthorn, also with occasional oak trees and trimmed low.


Description:
•	An intricate mix of woodlands (much of it ancient) – including extensive broadleaved oak over hazel coppice, shaws, plus small field copses and tree groups, and lines of riparian trees along watercourses.


Description:
•	Extensive broadleaved woodland cover with high forest, small woods, shaws, plus steep valleys with ‘ghyll woodland’.


Description:
•	Open, windswept character with trees limited to clumps on pockets on higher ground around farmsteads and small hamlets such as Romney and Newchurch.


Description:
•	The landscape is largely devoid of significant tree cover; woodland is restricted to areas of higher ground associated with settlements.  Isolated, windswept trees mark the lines of dykes or roads.


Description:
•	Woodland is concentrated on steep scarp slopes, but there are also extensive plantations on the broad dip slopes of the western downs in Hampshire and West Sussex where clay-with-flints often overlies the chalk; scattered copses are prominent skyline features on the open eastern downs.
•	Tree cover is either broadleaved woodland, with beech, ash and sycamore, or is mixed with conifers; there are also some large plantations of Corsican pine and western red cedar and isolated remnants of yew forest.


Description:
•	Along the exposed open coastal plain and shoreline tree cover is limited to isolated wind-sculpted woodlands and shelterbelts.  A strong network of ancient and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands and coniferous plantations is present on the upper coastal plain.


Description:
•	Woodland cover varies; small copses, relict wood pastures and large plantations characterise the north of the Island, whilst ancient hangar woodlands and further plantations are found in the south.  Ancient woodland is also found along the coast.


Description:
•	This is a landscape dominated by mixed , well-managed farmland, ancient woodland and a few historic estates.


Description:
•	Trees are a significant feature in the form of wooded gardens, belts of woodland along roadsides and substantial areas of woodland (mixed wood with beech and birch) and forestry (coniferous plantations).
•	Pockets of ancient semi-natural woods and wood-pasture.
•	The area has a heathy character due to the dominance of oak/birch/bracken/pine.


Description:
•Numerous wooded valleys are characteristic features, with a significant proportion of ancient semi-natural woodland.  Wood-pastures and plantations are also found within the landscape.  Parklands and estates feature widely.


Description:
•	The acidic plateau supports large coniferous plantations on former heath and scattered self-sown birch and pine trees.
•	The brown forest soils in the centre of the area support one of the largest tracts of semi-natural woodland in southern England – these ancient and ornamental woodlands are typically composed of oak, beech and sweet chestnut.
•	Ancient oaks and wood pasture are features of the forest landscape.


Description:
•	Scattered copses and shelterbelts on the high downs with woodlands confined mainly to valleys and steep slopes. Extensive ridge top ancient oak woodlands at Grovely Wood and Great Ridge.


Description:
•	On the scarp slopes of the Greensand are ancient woodlands and coniferous plantations, whilst alongside streams and rivers, willows and alders are common.  Scattered broadleaved woodlands are evident throughout the area.
•	Hedgerow trees are widespread; predominately mature oaks


Description:
•	Woodlands, shelterbelts of beech, ash and sycamore, deer parks, clumps and copses containing ancient hazel coppice.
•	Hill top copses (mainly beech) are a feature.
•	Few trees on the dipslope, but woodland increases towards the lowlands.


Description:
•	Blocks of conifers and successional oak-birch woodland break up the heathland  and form locally prominent landmarks while around the heathland edge secondary woodland, dominated by birch, forms an intricate mosaic with open pasture.
•	Occasional stunted pine stand out on the open heathland.


Description:
•	Woodland cover varies across the area, from the strong belts of ancient woodland along the northern edge of the chalk ridge, large copses and small woodlands in the central Corfe Valley, to the largely treeless limestone plateau to the south.


Description:
•	The majority of the area is treeless, although there are some valley woodlands and plantations in the west.


# Tbl_Options

Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on both sides


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on one side


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB1 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB2 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on arable land


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on grassland


Option_Name:
Establishment of hedgerow trees by tagging NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on cultivated land NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on grassland NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Maintenance of weatherproof traditional farm buildings


Option_Name:
Take out of cultivation archaeological features currently on cultivated land

SubTheme:
Archaeological features taken out of cultivation


Option_Name:
Reduced-depth, non-inversion cultivation on archaeological features (minimum till)


Option_Name:
Management of scrub on archaeological features

SubTheme:
Management of archaeological sites under grassland


Option_Name:
Management of archaeological features on grassland


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on intensive grassland next to a watercourse NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Supplement to add wildflowers to buffer strips and field corners


SubTheme:
Wider buffer strips in arable (4/6m-12m)


Option_Name:
2 m buffer strips on intensive grassland


Option_Name:
4 m buffer strips on intensive grassland


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on intensive grassland


Option_Name:
Buffering in-field ponds in improved permanent grassland


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on cultivated land next to a watercourse NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Uncropped cultivated margins for rare plants


Option_Name:
Uncropped cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds on arable land NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Reduced herbicide cereal crops followed by overwintered stubble NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Extended overwintered stubble NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Supplementary feeding in winter for farmland birds

SubTheme:
Bird Seed Mixes / Overwintering stubbles

Notes:
This option will have no landscape effect and can be applied with EF2 and / or EF22 i.e it is nvever an option that is applied by itself. Yet to be approved by EU


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Wild bird seed mixture on set-aside land


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Pollen + nectar flower mixture on set-aside land


SubTheme:
Management of crops/soil erosion options


Option_Name:
Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas – has been replaced by EF2 Wild bird seed mixture


Option_Name:
ASD to Jan 2010 Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas NR


Option_Name:
Nectar flower mixture in grassland areas – has been replaced by EF4 Nectar flower mixture


Option_Name:
Cereals for whole-crop silage followed by overwintered stubble


Option_Name:
Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles


Option_Name:
Management of high erosion risk cultivated land


Option_Name:
Enhanced management of maize crops to reduce soil erosion and run-off NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
Maintenance of watercourse fencing NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
Management of maize crops to reduce soil erosion


Option_Name:
In-field grass areas to prevent erosion and run-off NEW in 2010

SubTheme:
In-field grass options to prevent erosion


Option_Name:
12 m buffer strips for watercourses on cultivated land NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
Ryegrass seed-set as winter/spring food for birds

Notes:
No landscape effect. Yet to be approved by EU


SubTheme:
Natural resource protection / intensive grassland


Option_Name:
Permanent grassland with very low inputs


Option_Name:
Take field corners out of management in SDAs


Option_Name:
Permanent grassland with low inputs in SDAs


Option_Name:
Permanent grassland with very low inputs in SDAs


SubTheme:
Enclosed upland semi-natural/rough pasture management


Option_Name:
Crop protection management plan (pre-RDPE)


Option_Name:
Non payment option - permanent grassland for Article 13


Option_Name:
Difficult site supplement for bracken and scrub control


Option_Name:
Mechanical bracken control – area payment


Option_Name:
Mechanical bracken control – base payment


SubTheme:
Restoration / creation of ditches and dykes


Option_Name:
Hedgerow management on both sides of a hedge


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on both sides NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on one side NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow management on one side of a hedge


Option_Name:
Casting up supplement – hedge bank options


Option_Name:
Sheep Fencing -  newly restored boundary


Option_Name:
Post and wire fencing - newly restored boundary


Option_Name:
Grip blocking on difficult sites NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Historical and archaeological feature protection

SubTheme:
Protection of historical and archaeological features


Option_Name:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value (both sides)

SubTheme:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value


Option_Name:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value (one side)


Option_Name:
Management of ditches of very high environmental value NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Creation of woodland outside Severely Disadvantaged Areas


SubTheme:
C11. Woodland Livestock Exclusion Supplement


Option_Name:
Maintenance of wood pasture and parkland


Option_Name:
Restoration of wood pasture and parkland


Option_Name:
Maintenance of successional areas and scrub


Option_Name:
Restoration of successional areas and scrub


Option_Name:
Creation of successional areas and scrub


Option_Name:
Maintenance of high-value traditional orchards


Option_Name:
Maintenance of traditional orchards in production


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on cultivated land


Option_Name:
Ancient trees in intensively managed grass fields


Option_Name:
Creation of woodland in Severely Disadvantaged Areas


Option_Name:
Maintenance of traditional water meadows

SubTheme:
Traditional water meadow management or restoration


Option_Name:
Restoration of traditional water meadows


Option_Name:
Take archaeological features out of cultivation


Option_Name:
Low depth, non-inversion cultivation on archaeological features


Option_Name:
Crop establishment by direct drilling (non-rotational)


Option_Name:
Arable reversion by natural regeneration


Option_Name:
Maintaining high water levels to protect archaeology

SubTheme:
Management of archaeological sites in wetland


Option_Name:
Maintenance of designed/engineered water bodies


Option_Name:
Floristically enhanced grass buffer strips (non-rotational)


Option_Name:
Enhanced strips for target species on intensive grassland


Option_Name:
Hedgerow supplement – removal of old fence lines


Option_Name:
Uncropped, cultivated margins for rare plants


Option_Name:
Enhanced wild bird seed mix plots (rotational or non-rotational)


Option_Name:
Uncropped cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds - arable


Option_Name:
Uncropped cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds - arable NR


Option_Name:
Unharvested, fertiliser-free conservation headland NR


Option_Name:
Reduced herbicide cereal crops followed by overwintered stubble


Option_Name:
Reduced herbicide cereal crops following overwintered stubble NR


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Cultivated area for arable flora on setaside


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds (setaside)


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Reduced herbicide cereal crop preceding setaside


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Unharvested conservation headland with setaside


Option_Name:
Cultivated fallow plots or margins for arable plants (rotational or non-rotaional)


Option_Name:
Cultivated fallow plots or margins for arable plants NR


Notes:
This will have no landscape effect - just a giant bird feeder!  Suggest we do not add it to any category or sub-category as it could go anywhere


Notes:
Not mentioned in the most up to date Handbook so a bit of a mystery


Option_Name:
ASD to Dec 2008 Pollen & nectar flower mixture on set-aside land


Option_Name:
ASD to Jan 2010 Wild bird seed mixture NR


Option_Name:
ASD to Jan 2010 Nectar flower mixture in grassland areas


Option_Name:
Brassica fodder crops followed by overwintered stubble


Option_Name:
Fodder crop management to retain or recreate an arable mosaic


Option_Name:
Fodder crop management to retain or re-create an arable mosaic


Option_Name:
Low-input spring cereal to retain or recreate an arable mosaic


Option_Name:
Low input spring cereal to retain or re-create an arable mosaic NR


Option_Name:
Reintroduction of conservation grazing to St Mary's


Option_Name:
Reintroduction of conservation grazing other than St Mary's


Option_Name:
Cropping restrictions on high erosion risk fields


Option_Name:
Arable reversion to unfertilised grassland to prevent erosion or run-off

SubTheme:
Grassland creation to prevent erosion and encourage water infiltration and a reduction in nutrient leaching


Option_Name:
Arable reversion to grassland with low fertiliser input to prevent erosion or run-off


Option_Name:
In-field grass areas to prevent erosion or run-off


Option_Name:
Preventing erosion or run-off from intensively managed, improved grassland


Option_Name:
Seasonal livestock removal on grassland with no input restriction


Option_Name:
12 m buffer strips for watercourses on cultivated land


Option_Name:
Maintenance of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl

SubTheme:
Wet grassland management or restoration for  breeding waders  or wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Restoration of wet grassland for breeding waders


Option_Name:
Restoration of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Creation of wet grassland for breeding waders

SubTheme:
Wet grassland creation for breeding waders  or wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Creation of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Maintenance of grassland for target features

SubTheme:
Semi improved/rough grassland management or restoration


Option_Name:
Restoration of grassland for target features


Option_Name:
Creation of grassland for target features


Option_Name:
Maintenance of species-rich, semi-natural grassland

SubTheme:
Species-rich grassland management or restoration


Option_Name:
Restoration of species-rich, semi-natural grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of species-rich, semi-natural grassland


Option_Name:
Maintenance of wet grassland for breeding waders


Option_Name:
Supplement for management of heather, gorse and grass by burning, cutting or swiping

SubTheme:
L12. Supplement for management of heather, gorse and grass by burning, cutting or swiping


SubTheme:
L15. Seasonal livestock exclusion supplement


SubTheme:
Upland semi-natural/rough pasture management or restoration


Option_Name:
Upgrading Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Actaccess for cyclists/horses


Option_Name:
Upgrading Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act access for people with reduced mobility


SubTheme:
Lowland heathland management & restoration


Option_Name:
Restoration of forestry areas to lowland heathland


Option_Name:
Creation of lowland heathland from arable or improved grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of lowland heathland on worked mineral sites


Option_Name:
Supplement for extensive grazing on salt marsh

SubTheme:
P10. Supplement for extensive grazing on saltmarsh


Option_Name:
Salt marsh livestock exclusion supplement

SubTheme:
P11. Saltmarsh livestock exclusion supplement


Option_Name:
Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable land


Option_Name:
Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat by non-intervention


Option_Name:
Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value (less than 100 m2)


SubTheme:
Lowland raised bog management or restoration


Option_Name:
Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value (more than 100 m2)


Option_Name:
Hedgerow restoration including laying, coppicing and gapping up


Option_Name:
Native breeds at risk grazing supplement

SubTheme:
R2. Native breeds at risk grazing supplement


Option_Name:
Hedgerow restoration includes laying, coppicing and gapping up


Option_Name:
Supplement for control of invasive plant species

SubTheme:
R4. Supplement for control of invasive plant species


Option_Name:
Hedgerow supplement – substantial pre-work


Option_Name:
Hedgerow supplement – top binding and staking


Option_Name:
Identification of orchard fruit tree varieties NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Major preparatory work for heathland recreation


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management(incorporating OB3/EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB1/EB1 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB2/EB2 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on rotational land


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on organic grassland


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on rotational land NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on organic grassland NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Take out of cultivation archaeological features currently on rotational land


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on organic grassland next to watercourse NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Buffering in-field ponds in organic grassland


Option_Name:
Buffering in-field ponds in rotational land


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on rotational land next to a


Option_Name:
Uncropped cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Uncropped, cultivated margins for rare plants on arable land


Option_Name:
Uncropped cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds - rotational


Option_Name:
ASD to Jan 2010 Wild bird seed mixture in grassland areas


Option_Name:
Nectar flower mixtures in grassland areas has been replaced by OF/EF4 Nectar flower mixture


Option_Name:
Otter holt – pipe and chamber construction


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on rotational land


Option_Name:
Take archaeological features out of cultivation (Org)


Option_Name:
Uncropped, cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds


Option_Name:
Uncropped, cultivated areas for ground-nesting birds NR


Option_Name:
ASD to Jan 2010 Wild bird seed mix in grassland areas (organic)


Option_Name:
ASD to Jan 2010 Wild bird seed mix in grassland areas (organic) NR


Option_Name:
Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles (org)


Option_Name:
In-field grass areas to prevent erosion and run-off


Option_Name:
Soil management plan (organic) (pre-RDPE)


Option_Name:
Nutrient management plan (organic) (pre-RDPE)


Option_Name:
Manure management plan (organic) (pre-RDPE)


Option_Name:
12 m buffer strips for watercourses on rotational land NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
Professional help with implementation plan


Option_Name:
Potential rotational option location (non payment)


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF10


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF8


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF9


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EG1


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EG5


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EJ2


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF10


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF12


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF13


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF14


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF15


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF16


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF17


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF18


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF19


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF20


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF8


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF9


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG1


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG5


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG7


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HJ2


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OG1


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OG5


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHF8


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHG1


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHG5


SubTheme:
Items to enable re-wetting/creation of water features


Option_Name:
Creation of temporary ponds – over 100 m2


Option_Name:
Creation of temporary ponds – first 100 m2


Option_Name:
Standard parkland tree/hedgerow tree and planting


Option_Name:
Helping prepare Teachers’ Information Pack


Option_Name:
Orchard tree guard (sheep proof) NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Parkland tree guard – post and wire (wood)


Option_Name:
surgery, minor – to include minor pollarding


Option_Name:
Tree surgery, major – to include major pollarding


Option_Name:
Tree and shrub – whips and transplants plus planting


Option_Name:
Stone wall protection and maintenance on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on both sides on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on one side on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on both sides on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on one side on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Maintenance of weatherproof traditional farm buildings in remote locations


Option_Name:
Maintaining visibility of archaeological features on moorland

SubTheme:
Maintaining archaeological visibility on moorland


Option_Name:
Maintenance of remote weatherproof traditional farm buildings


Option_Name:
Winter livestock removal next to streams, rivers and lakes


Option_Name:
Cattle grazing on upland grassland and moorland


Option_Name:
Management of enclosed rough grazing for birds


Option_Name:
Management of upland grassland for birds


Option_Name:
Post and wire fencing along watercourses


Option_Name:
Stone wall protection and maintenance on/above the moorland line


Option_Name:
Earth bank management (both sides) on/above the moorland line


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management (both sides) on/above ML


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management (one side) on/above ML


Option_Name:
Moorland commons and shared grazing requirements


Option_Name:
Upland grassland and arable requirements


Option_Name:
Stone wall supplement – stone from quarry


Option_Name:
Stone wall supplement – stone from holding


# Tbl_options_objectives

Option_Name:
Supplement to add wildflowers to buffer strips and field corners


Option_Name:
Management of enclosed rough grazing for birds

SubTheme:
Enclosed upland semi-natural/rough pasture management


Option_Name:
Restoration of grassland for target features

SubTheme:
Semi improved/rough grassland management or restoration


Option_Name:
Maintenance of grassland for target features


Option_Name:
Management of upland grassland for birds

SubTheme:
Upland semi-natural/rough pasture management or restoration


Option_Name:
Stone wall protection and maintenance on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Stone wall protection and maintenance on/above the moorland line


Option_Name:
Maintenance of traditional orchards in production


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on grassland


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on cultivated land


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on grassland NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Ancient trees in intensively managed grass fields


Option_Name:
Creation of woodland in Severely Disadvantaged Areas


Option_Name:
Maintenance of weatherproof traditional farm buildings


Option_Name:
Maintenance of traditional water meadows

SubTheme:
Traditional water meadow management or restoration


Option_Name:
Restoration of traditional water meadows


Option_Name:
Take archaeological features out of cultivation

SubTheme:
Archaeological features taken out of cultivation


Option_Name:
Low depth, non-inversion cultivation on archaeological features


Option_Name:
Management of scrub on archaeological features

SubTheme:
Management of archaeological sites under grassland


Option_Name:
Management of archaeological features on grassland


Option_Name:
Crop establishment by direct drilling (non-rotational)


Option_Name:
Arable reversion by natural regeneration


Option_Name:
Floristically enhanced grass buffer strips (non-rotational)


SubTheme:
Wider buffer strips in arable (4/6m-12m)


Option_Name:
Hedgerow supplement – removal of old fence lines


Option_Name:
Unharvested, fertiliser-free conservation headland NR


Option_Name:
Reduced herbicide cereal crops followed by overwintered stubble


Option_Name:
Reduced herbicide cereal crops following overwintered stubble NR


Option_Name:
Cereals for whole-crop silage followed by overwintered stubble


Option_Name:
Brassica fodder crops followed by overwintered stubble


Option_Name:
12 m buffer strips for watercourses on cultivated land


Option_Name:
Permanent grassland with very low inputs


Option_Name:
Permanent grassland with low inputs in SDAs


Option_Name:
Permanent grassland with very low inputs in SDAs


Option_Name:
Creation of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dunes on grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on arable land


Option_Name:
Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat on grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of inter-tidal and saline habitat by non-intervention


Option_Name:
Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value (less than 100 m2)


SubTheme:
Lowland raised bog management or restoration


Option_Name:
Maintenance of ponds of high wildlife value (more than 100 m2)


Option_Name:
Hedgerow restoration including laying, coppicing and gapping up


Option_Name:
Hedgerow restoration includes laying, coppicing and gapping up


Option_Name:
Hedgerow supplement – substantial pre-work


Option_Name:
Hedgerow supplement – top binding and staking


Option_Name:
Hedgerow management on both sides of a hedge


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management(incorporating OB3/EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on both sides NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on one side NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow management on one side of a hedge


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on both sides


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on one side


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB1/EB1 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating OB2/EB2 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on rotational land


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on organic grassland


Option_Name:
Establishment of hedgerow trees by tagging NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on rotational land NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on organic grassland NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Take out of cultivation archaeological features currently on rotational land


Option_Name:
Reduced-depth, non-inversion cultivation on archaeological features (minimum till)


SubTheme:
Restoration / creation of ditches and dykes


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB3 Enhanced hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB1 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Combined hedge and ditch management (incorporating EB2 Hedgerow management)


Option_Name:
Protection of in-field trees on arable land


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on cultivated land NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Take out of cultivation archaeological features currently on cultivated land


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on cultivated land next to a watercourse NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Reduced herbicide cereal crops followed by overwintered stubble NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Extended overwintered stubble NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles


Option_Name:
Maintenance of watercourse fencing NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
12 m buffer strips for watercourses on cultivated land NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
Casting up supplement – hedge bank options


Option_Name:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value (both sides)

SubTheme:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value


Option_Name:
Management of hedgerows of very high environmental value (one side)


Option_Name:
Management of ditches of very high environmental value NEW in 2010


Option_Name:
Creation of woodland outside Severely Disadvantaged Areas


Option_Name:
Maintenance of wood pasture and parkland


Option_Name:
Restoration of wood pasture and parkland


Option_Name:
Maintenance of successional areas and scrub


Option_Name:
Restoration of successional areas and scrub


Option_Name:
Creation of successional areas and scrub


Option_Name:
Maintenance of high-value traditional orchards


Option_Name:
6 m buffer strips on rotational land next to a


Option_Name:
Hedgerow tree buffer strips on rotational land


Option_Name:
Take archaeological features out of cultivation (Org)


Option_Name:
Brassica fodder crops followed by over-wintered stubbles (org)


Option_Name:
12 m buffer strips for watercourses on rotational land NEW in 2009


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF10


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EF8


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of EG5


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF10


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF14


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF15


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HF8


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of HG5


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OG5


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHF6


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHF8


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHG4


Option_Name:
No longer used Non payment version of OHG5


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on both sides on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Earth bank management on one side on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on both sides on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management on one side on or above the Moorland Line


Option_Name:
Maintenance of weatherproof traditional farm buildings in remote locations


Option_Name:
Maintaining visibility of archaeological features on moorland

SubTheme:
Maintaining archaeological visibility on moorland


Option_Name:
Maintenance of remote weatherproof traditional farm buildings


Option_Name:
Cattle grazing on upland grassland and moorland


SubTheme:
Species-rich grassland management or restoration


Option_Name:
Post and wire fencing along watercourses


Option_Name:
Earth bank management (both sides) on/above the moorland line


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management (both sides) on/above ML


Option_Name:
Stone-faced hedgebank management (one side) on/above ML


Option_Name:
Stone wall supplement – stone from quarry


Option_Name:
Stone wall supplement – stone from holding


Option_Name:
Creation of grassland for target features


SubTheme:
Enclosed upland semi-natural / rough pasture management


Option_Name:
Maintenance of species-rich, semi-natural grassland


Option_Name:
Restoration of species-rich, semi-natural grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of species-rich, semi-natural grassland


SubTheme:
Lowland heathland management & restoration


Option_Name:
Restoration of forestry areas to lowland heathland


Option_Name:
Creation of lowland heathland from arable or improved grassland


Option_Name:
Creation of lowland heathland on worked mineral sites


Option_Name:
Arable reversion to grassland with low fertiliser input to prevent erosion or run-off

SubTheme:
Grassland creation to prevent erosion and encourage water infiltration and a reduction in nutrient leaching


Option_Name:
Maintenance of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl

SubTheme:
Wet grassland management or restoration for  breeding waders  or wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Restoration of wet grassland for breeding waders


Option_Name:
Restoration of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Creation of wet grassland for breeding waders

SubTheme:
Wet grassland creation for breeding waders  or wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Creation of wet grassland for wintering waders and wildfowl


Option_Name:
Maintenance of wet grassland for breeding waders


Option_Name:
Arable reversion to unfertilised grassland to prevent erosion or run-off


# Tbl_Overview_Assessment

Benefiting:
woodland management and protection; management of hedgerows; retention of a mixed, pastoral character; wet grasslands; retention and restoration of historic farm buildings; archaeology on arable and grass; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; management of lowland species-rich grasslands and hay meadows; and conservation and management of salt marsh and sand dunes.

Limiting:
woodland and hedgerow creation and regeneration (identified as objectives for this landscape); management of stone walls (a distinctive landscape feature); reinforcement of field patterns in arable areas; retention and management of rough pasture; and management/restoration of lowland heathland (no uptake).

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive effect overall.  This NCA includes most of the Northumberland Coast AONB.  ELS as the main driver in relation to hedgerows, pastoral character, and archaeology on grassland, while HLS is more influential in relation to wet grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and semi-natural and coastal habitats.  Both ELS and HLS contribute positively in relation to woodland and historic buildings.  Improved uptake of options relating to woodland creation and management of stone walls would be of particular landscape benefit.


Benefiting:
woodland management, protection and regeneration; management and restoration of stone walls; retention of mixed/pastoral character, rough pasture and historic farm buildings; archaeology on arable, grass and moorland; maintenance and restoration of lowland raised bog and moorland; and traditional cattle grazing.

Limiting:
management and restoration of stone walls (a key boundary element); mixed stocking; restoration of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; and retention and management of historic parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE impact on this landscape, which lies partly within Northumberland National Park.  ELS is the main influence on field boundaries, agricultural grasslands, historic buildings and archaeology on grass, while HLS primarily affects archaeology on arable.  Both ELS and HLS contribute to management of semi-natural woodlands and moorland.  There would be further significant landscape benefits if the uptake of ES options for stone walls  and parkland could be improved.


Benefiting:
semi-natural woodlands; management of hedgerows, ditches and agricultural grasslands; retention and restoration of historic farm buildings; archaeology on arable and grass; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; and moorland management and traditional grazing.

Limiting:
protection and renewal of in-field and hedgerow trees; creation of new hedgerow lengths; management and restoration of stone walls; reinforcement of arable field patterns; mixed stocking; diversity of winter arable landscape; and retention and management of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive impact overall on this landscape on the edge of Northumberland National Park.  ELS is the main driver in relation to field boundaries, low input grassland, archaeology on grass, and moorland cattle grazing; while HLS is more influential in relation to wet and rough grasslands, maintenance of historic farm buildings, archaeology on arable, and upland heath.  Improved uptake of options for in-field and hedgerow trees, stone walls, arable land and parkland would yield landscape benefits.


Benefiting:
woodland management and protection; hedgerow management and restoration; low input and rough grassland; retention and restoration of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass and moorland; and maintenance and restoration of moorland and traditional cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
management and restoration of stone walls; management of upland species-rich grassland and hay meadows; and rewetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is making a strongly positive contribution to this landscape, which lies mainly within Northumberland National Park.  ELS is the main driver in relation to woodland protection, low input grassland, archaeology on grassland and moorland, and moorland cattle grazing; while HLS is most influential in terms of moorland restoration.  The contribution of ES to landscape objectives is not as great as might be expected, with uptake of measures relating to characteristic stone walls and blanket bog in particular offering scope for improvement.


Benefiting:
woodland management; low input, wet and rough grassland; retention of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grassland and moorland; management of hay meadows; maintenance and restoration of moorland; and traditional cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland and tree protection and regeneration; management and restoration of field boundaries including characteristic stone walls; restoration of historic farm buildings; and re-wetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact on this NCA, which lies partly within Northumberland National Park.  ELS is the main driver in relation to low input and wet grasslands, historic farm building maintenance, archaeology, and cattle grazing on moorland, while HLS has more influence on woodland management, rough grasslands and hay meadows.  Both ELS and HLS contribute to maintenance and restoration of moorland.  Greater uptake of measures for tree and woodland protection, stone walls, and re-wetting of blanket bog would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
woodland and tree protection and management; management and restoration of hedgerows and banks; retention of historic farm buildings; archaeology on arable and grass; management and retention of water features and ponds; and management of fen, marsh and swamp, salt marsh and sand dunes.

Limiting:
management of bankside trees; hedgerow creation; management of characteristic ditches/ dykes and stone walls; management of agricultural grasslands for landscape objectives; historic buildings restoration; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; and management of lowland heath.  There may be a negative landscape impact from fencing of watercourses in this NCA.

Comments:
ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE overall on the landscape of this NCA, which includes the Solway Coast AONB.  ELS is most influential in relation to woodland protection, in-field trees, hedges and banks, maintenance of traditional farm buildings, and archaeology on grass; while HLS contributes most to woodland management and restoration, and management of water features, lowland raised bog and coastal habitats.  Overall ES is not significantly benefiting field boundaries or agricultural land use, with potential for improved uptake in these areas.


Benefiting:
woodland management; management and restoration of field boundaries generally; low input grassland; retention of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; management and restoration of species-rich grassland, lowland heath and fen, reed and bog; and conservation and management of salt marsh and sand dunes.

Limiting:
hedgerow creation; protection of woodland and in-field/ hedgerow trees; retention and management of wet and rough pastures; restoration of historic farm buildings; and retention and management of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive effect on the landscape overall.  ELS is contributing in relation to field boundaries, low input grassland and historic building restoration.  However, HLS is generally more influential and is an important driver of change in terms of woodland management, archaeology on grass, water features, semi-natural habitats and coastal features.  Improved uptake of options for protection of woodland and hedgerow trees; wet and rough grasslands; and parklands could yield further benefits.


Benefiting:
woodland management and regeneration; protection of in-field trees; hedgerow, ditch and bank management and restoration; retention of low input and rough grassland; historic farm buildings retention and restoration; archaeology on grassland and moorland; management of parkland/ wood pasture;  and management of species-rich grassland, hay meadows and moorland.

Limiting:
woodland protection; protection and renewal of hedgerow trees; management and restoration of stone walls; archaeology on arable land; and rewetting of blanket bog.  In addition, the relatively high uptake of deer fencing potentially has a negative landscape effect.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive effect on this landscape which lies at the heart of the Lake District National Park.  ELS is influential in respect of in-field trees, hedgerows, ditches and banks, low input grassland, historic farm building maintenance, archaeology on grassland, and moorland grazing, while HLS is the main driver in terms of woodland management and restoration, rough grazing, parkland/wood pasture, most semi-natural habitats and moorland restoration.  There is scope for improved uptake of options for hedgerow trees, stone walls, and rewetting of blanket bog in particular.


Benefiting:
woodland management, protection and regeneration; protection of in-field trees; management of hedgerows, ditches and stone walls; low- input grassland; retention of historic farm buildings; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of species-rich grassland and heathland.

Limiting:
management of bankside trees; renewal of mature hedgerow trees; creation of new hedgerow lengths; retention of rough grassland; and restoration of historic farm buildings.

Comments:
ES is making a STRONGLY POSITIVE contribution to this landscape, which falls partly within the North Pennines AONB.  ELS is the main influence on woodland protection, in-field trees, hedges, ditches and stone walls, low input grass, historic farm building retention, and archaeology on grass.  HLS is the key driver for woodland management and succession and for management of parkland, species-rich grassland and lowland heath.  There could be further benefits from improved uptake of measures for renewal of hedges and hedgerow trees, retention of rough grassland, and farm building restoration.


Benefiting:
woodland management, protection and regeneration; protection of in-field trees; management and restoration of field boundaries; retention of low input, wet and rough grassland; retention and restoration of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grassland and moorland; management of parkland and a range of semi-natural habitats; and cattle grazing on moorland.  There is good uptake against almost every objective.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive impact on this landscape, which lies mainly within the North Pennines AONB.  Targeting appears to be extremely effective.  ELS is contributing most relation to woodland protection, in-field trees, field boundaries, low input and wet grassland, historic buildings maintenance, archaeology on grassland, and cattle grazing on moorland, while HLS has greater influence on woodland management and regeneration, rough grassland, historic buildings restoration, parkland and semi-natural habitats.  Possible areas for improvement are protection and renewal of hedgerow trees and rewetting of blanket bog.


Benefiting:
woodland protection; management of hedgerows, ditches and stone walls; retention and management of low input, rough and wet grasslands; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass;  and cattle grazing on moorland commons.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field and hedgerow trees; creation of new hedgerow lengths; historic farm building restoration; archaeology on arable; and management of parklands, species-rich grasslands, hay meadows and moorland.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect on this NCA, which lies partly within Northumberland National Park.  Field boundaries and agricultural grasslands in particular are benefiting but benefits to other landscape elements are more limited.  ELS is the main driver in relation to woodland protection, hedgerows, ditches, stone walls, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grass and cattle grazing on moorland; while HLS principally contributes in terms of rough grassland retention and management.  Increased uptake of measures for woodland management, in-field and hedgerow trees, archaeology on arable, and management of parklands would be of particular benefit in this landscape.


Benefiting:
hedgerow and ditch management; retention of mixed/pastoral character; archaeology on grassland; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; restoration of lowland heathland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
most other landscape elements, including woodland and trees, stone walls, overwintering stubbles, mixed stocking, historic buildings, archaeology on arable, parkland, and water features.

Comments:
ES is making a positive contribution to the landscape, albeit at a relatively low level.  ELS is the main driver of change, influencing hedgerow and ditch management, low input grassland, archaeology on grassland and moorland grazing in particular.  HLS is making a modest contribution to retention of parkland and lowland heath in the landscape.  Priorities for increased uptake are woodland management and protection, in-field and hedgerow trees, stone walls, and - perhaps especially - parkland.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows; archaeology on grass removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of small areas of wet grassland, species-rich grassland, wetland habitat and sand dunes.

Limiting:
woodland management and retention and management of low input grassland.  Most other relevant landscape objectives have little or no uptake.

Comments:
ES is having a modest positive impact on this urban fringe landscape, which has also been heavily affected by coal mining.  ELS is contributing to management of hedgerows and archaeology on grass, while HLS has influenced management of woodlands and wet grasslands, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management of small areas of remnant semi-natural habitat and sand dunes.  However uptake levels are generally low.  Improved uptake of options for creation, renewal or restoration of landscape features such as semi-natural woodlands, hedgerow trees, hedgerows, parkland and water features would be of particular benefit in this relatively degraded landscape.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management and restoration; archaeology on grass; and restoration of remnant grassland and lowland heath.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral effect on this urban/urban fringe landscape, which has also been affected by coal mining.  ELS is contributing to management of hedgerows, low input grassland and archaeology on grass, while HLS has influenced management of woodlands, species-rich grasslands and lowland heath, albeit at a low level.  Uptake levels are generally low, presumably reflecting the urban context at least in part.  Improved uptake of options for hedgerow trees, stone walls, archaeology on arable and parkland would be of most benefit.


Benefiting:
some limited semi-natural woodland regeneration; management and restoration of hedgerows; and retention and management of archaeology on arable and grass.

Limiting:
most other relevant ES options, although there is some limited uptake of measures for low input and rough grassland,  species-rich grassland and field ponds.  There is little or no uptake at all of several key options, including management of woodland and stone walls, creation of new hedgerow lengths, and management of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral impact on the landscape of this NCA which includes urban and urban fringe land.  ELS is having some effect in terms of hedgerow management, low input grassland, and archaeology on grass; and HLS in terms of woodland regeneration, rough grassland, archaeology on arable, and species-rich grassland, but uptake generally is low.  Improved uptake and better targeting, especially in relation to  woodlands, stone walls, new hedgerows and parkland, would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
management and restoration of hedgerows, ditches and stone walls; low input grassland; retention of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; and moorland cattle grazing.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; hedgerow trees; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; management of water features; and management of upland hay meadows and lowland heathland.  There is no uptake at all for parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect on this landscape, which includes a small part of the North Pennines AONB.  ELS is the key influence, contributing to management of hedgerows, ditches and stone walls, low input grassland, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grass and moorland cattle grazing.  HLS is having a much more limited impact, mainly affecting semi-natural habitats.  Improved uptake, especially of options for woodland, hedgerow trees and parkland, would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
most of the relevant ES objectives, including woodland management, protection, creation and regeneration; management of in-field trees, hedgerows; stone walls, low input, wet and rough grassland; historic farm buildings maintenance; archaeology on grass; management of species-rich grasslands, hay meadows and moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
historic farm building restoration; archaeology on moorland; and retention and management of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive effect on the landscape in this NCA, which is proposed for inclusion in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, although surprisingly, the uptake of options for the area's exceptional built and historic landscape features is less strong than for other landscape themes (possibly due to the effect of other schemes outside ES).  ELS is the key driver in relation to protection of woodland and in-field trees; management of stone walls; low input and wet grasslands; historic farm buildings maintenance; management of moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.  HLS is the main influence on woodland management and creation; rough grassland; and species-rich grassland and hay meadows.  Greater uptake of options for historic farm building restoration and parkland would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
management of woodlands, stone walls, low input grassland, rough pasture, historic buildings, and archaeology on grass; management and/or restoration of small areas of wood pasture, species-rich grassland and upland hay meadows; and maintenance and restoration of moorland.

Limiting:
woodland protection and creation; in-field/hedgerow tree protection; maintenance of historic farm buildings and cattle grazing on moorland.  ES is having no impact on restoration of historic farm buildings; archaeology on moorland; and blanket bog rewetting, which are relevant objectives for this NCA.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this relatively small NCA which is proposed for inclusion in the Yorkshire Dales National Park.  ELS is contributing to retention and management of stone walls, low input grassland, historic farm buildings maintenance, archaeology on grass, and moorland management; while HLS influences woodland management, rough pasture, wood pasture, species-rich grassland and upland hay meadows, and moorland restoration.  Greater uptake of measures for woodland protection, cattle grazing on moorland, and blanket bog rewetting, would be particularly helpful to the landscape.


Benefiting:
semi-natural woodland regeneration, protection of in-field trees,conservation of traditional orchards, maintenance and restoration of hedgerows and the highly characteristic stone walls, management of low input and wet pastures, retention of historic farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and parklands, conservation management  of wetland habitats and  salt marsh, and support for traditional cattle grazing.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, hedgerow planting, managemet of rough pasture, restoration of historic farm buildings,  retention of archaeology on moorland, and management of species-rich grassland, hay meadow and moorland including the re-wetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect on the landscape of this NCA, 51% of which falls within the Lake District National Park. Overall ES is having a positive effect on all landscape themes and a strongly positive effect on field boundaries and the historic environment.  ELS is the main driver in relation to in-field trees, hedgerows, stone walls, pastures, historic buildings, archaeology on grassland, and moorland.  HLS is influential in relation to parkland and wood pasture, rough and wet pasture, species-rich grassland, wetlands and salt marsh.  The limited impact of ES overall on woodlands would benefit from increased uptake, as would the re-wetting of blanket bog and the maintenance and restoration of moorland.


Benefiting:
scrub management, conservation of traditional orchards and parkland, hedgerows, ditches and dykes and the highly characteristic limestone walls, retention of historic farm buildings and archaeology on grass, and conservation of  wetlands and salt marsh.

Limiting:
broadleaved woodland management and protection, management of low input, wet and rough pasture, use of traditional mixed stock grazing, and conservation of upland and lowland species-rich grasslands and hay meadows.

Comments:
in this NCA which falls partly within the Lake Ditrict National Park and two AONBs (together covering some 37% of the NCA) ES is having a POSITIVE effect on  the landscape and a strongly positive effect on field boundaries, the historic environment and coastal salt marshes, and is helping conserve the highly distinctive lowland raised bogs. ELS is the main driver in relation to hedgerows, ditches and walls,  low input pastures and mixed stocking, retention of historic farm buildings, and archaeology on grassland.  HLS is more influential in relation to scrub management, orchards and parklands, wet and rough pasture, and conservation of species-rich grasslands, wetland, and coastal salt marsh habitats.  Increased uptake of measures for ditches and wet grasslands would be particularly helpful along with greater uptake to cover the range of different species-rich grasslands.


Benefiting:
woodland management and regeneration; protection of in-field trees; management of stone walls and hedgerows; low input, wet and rough grasslands; mixed stocking; retention and restoration of historic buildings; archaeology on grass; management of parkland, upland species-rich grassland, hay meadows and moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland protection; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; and rewetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive effect across all themes in this National Park landscape.  ELS is making the strongest contribution in respect of in-field trees, stone walls and hedgerows; low input and wet grassland; mixed stocking; historic buildings maintenance; archaeology on grassland and moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.  HLS is the main driver for woodland management and regeneration; and management of parkland and species-rich grassland.  Both ELS and HLS contribute significantly to management of rough grazing, hay meadows and moorland.  Potential improvements might include increased uptake of measure for woodland protection, removal of archaeological features from cultivation, and rewetting of blanket bog.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field  trees; management of hedgerows, ditches, stone walls and wet grassland; historic farm building retention; archaeology on grass; management of ponds; species-rich grassland and hay meadows; management of moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; winter arable landscape; low input and rough grassland; historic farm building restoration; removal of archaeology from cultivation; management of parkland; and management of fen, marsh and swamp.  The uptake of options for woodland and parkland management is especially low.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape, which lies partly within the Nidderdale AONB.  ELS is the principal influence on in-field trees, hedgerows, ditches, stone walls, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grassland, and cattle grazing on moorland; while HLS mainly affects wet grassland, water features and semi-natural habitats.  Improved uptake of options for agricultural grasslands and for woodland and parkland management would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
retention and management of traditional orchards, hedgerows, ditches, wet grasslands and historic farm buildings; and archaeology on arable and grass.

Limiting:
most other relevant objectives for this landscape.  There are some low level benefits in terms of management of in-field trees, ditches and stone walls; reinforcement of field patterns in arable areas; low input grassland; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; and management of parkland, fen and reedbed; but there is no uptake at all of coastal options.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral impact overall on this landscape which includes extensive urban and urban fringe land, although there are some localised positive effects.  ELS is contributing in terms of management of hedges, ditches and historic farm buildings and archaeology on grass; while HLS has supported management of orchards, wet grassland and archaeology on grassland.  However there is considerable scope for improved uptake and targeting of many options, notably those for woodlands, in-field trees, ditches, stone walls, overwintering stubbles, parklands and coastal features.


Benefiting:
hedgerow and ditch management; retention of historic farm buildings; and archaeology on grass.

Limiting:
management of stone walls; low input and wet grassland; the arable landscape; archaeology on arable; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; management of parkland; and fen habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral impact on this landscape.  ELS benefiting management and retention of hedgerows, ditches, historic farm buildings and archaeology on grass, and also having some limited effect on protect on of woodland, in-field trees and low input grassland.  HLS is having little influence apart from some low-level benefit to wet grassland and fen habitats.  Greater uptake of relevant ES options across the board would be helpful, with woodland management, hedgerow tree, arable and parkland options offering the greatest potential landscape benefits.


Benefiting:
woodland management and regeneration; protection of in-field trees; management of hedgerows, ditches and stone walls; low input grassland; historic farm building maintenance and restoration; archaeology on grass and moorland; management of species-rich grassland and moorland; and moorland cattle grazing.

Limiting:
woodland protection; retention and management of rough pasture; archaeology on arable; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; management of parkland, fen and reedbed.  It is having no impact at all on rewetting of blanket bog or management of sand dunes.

Comments:
ES is having a strongly positive effect on the landscape of this NCA, which is mainly within North York Moors National Park, although the effects are not strongly positive on all themes.  ELS is the main driver in respect of in-field trees, hedgerows, ditches and stone walls, low input grassland, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grassland and moorland; and moorland cattle grazing; while HLS primarily influences management of woodland, species-rich grassland, and moorland.  Improved uptake of options for archaeology on arable, parkland, fen, and sand dunes would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows and ditches; low input grassland; historic farm building maintenance; and archaeology (all relevant aspects).

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland and in-field trees; hedgerow planting; management of ditches and stone walls; the arable landscape; retention and management of wet grasslands and traditional mixed stock grazing; historic farm building restoration; and management of parklands and wetlands, both of which are distinctive landscape features.  There is no uptake of coastal options.

Comments:
ES is having a low level positive effect on the landscape overall.  ELS is contributing to management of hedgerows and ditches, low input grassland and maintenance of farm buildings; and HLS is having a low-level influence on wet grasslands.  Both schemes contribute to the strongly positive effect on archaeology.  However uptake of other options, especially those for woodlands, the arable landscape, parklands and wetlands, shows room for improvement.


Benefiting:
management and creation of hedgerows; low input grassland; historic farm building maintenance and restoration; archaeology on grass; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; retention and management of water features, species-rich grassland and lowland heath.

Limiting:
woodland and trees generally; stone walls; reinforcement of field patterns on arable; overwintering stubbles; management of rough grassland, archaeology on arable, and parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact on this landscape overall.  ELS is the main driver in relation to hedgerows, low input grassland, historic farm buildings, and archaeology on grass, while HLS contributes in terms of management of rough grassland, removal of archaeological features from cultivation, and management of water features, species-rich grassland and lowland heath.  Improved uptake of options for woodland and trees, arable land, and parkland would be most beneficial.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management; wet grassland management; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; management of historic parkland, water features, species-rich grassland, lowland heath and fen.

Limiting:
woodland and in-field trees; management of traditional orchards; creation of new hedgerows; ditches; reinforcement of field patterns on arable; low input grassland; and archaeology on arable.  ES is having almost no impact on stone walls, diversity of the winter arable landscape, or mixed stocking.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact overall with ELS as the main driver in relation to hedgerows, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grassland and removal of archaeological features from cultivation.  HLS is influential in relation to wet grassland, parkland, water features and semi-natural habitats, making an important contribution in this landscape.  Greater uptake, particularly of options for woodland and trees, overwintering stubble and mixed stocking would strengthen landscape benefits.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management; low input grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings and archaeology generally.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; management of stone walls; and retention and management of wet, rough grassland and species-rich grassland.  It is having almost no effect in terms of creation of new hedgerow lengths; diversification of the winter arable landscape; or management of parkland and fen.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on the landscape of this small NCA which lies mainly within the Howardian Hills AONB, although uptake of relevant options, especially HLS options, often appears poor.  ELS is influential in relation to hedgerow management, low input grassland, historic farm buildings and archaeology but HLS is generally having a very limited impact.  Improved targeting and uptake of measures for woodland management, new hedgerow lengths, overwintering stubbles, retention of wet, rough and species-rich grasslands and management of parkland would benefit this landscape.


Benefiting:
protection of infield trees, management of hedgerows and ditches, management of wet grasslands and water features, conservation of archaeology on grassland,  and management of species-rich grassland and lowland hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodland protection and management, management of stone walls, agricultural land use generally,  conservation of historic farm buildings and archaeology on arable, and conservation of parklands and wetlands.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE impact on this landscape overall, although showing a neutral effect on agricultural land use and traditional farm buildings.  ELS is most influential in relation to in-field trees, hedgerows, ditches and archaeology on grassland, while HLS is benefiting ponds, species-rich grasslands and hay meadows.  Greater uptake of options for woodlands, stone walls, archaeology on arable, and parkland would be especially beneficial to this landscape.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, rough pasture, wetland habitats and saltmarsh.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees and protection and establishment of hedgerow trees, conservation management of ditches and walls, management of low input and wet pastures and support for traditional stock grazing, retention and restoration of historic farm buildings, and conservation of  species-rich grasslands.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL effect overall on this small NCA which includes substantial urban areas.  For many themes there is very limited ES uptake and its effect on the landscape is relatively small. In the case of the historic environment the area of stock is sufficiently small for this theme to be identified as N/A.  Here ELS is contributing to the protection of infield trees, management of hedgerows, ditches and walls and management of low input grasslands and mixed stocking, while HLS is assisting  management of wet and rough grasslands,  and conservation of species-rich grasssland, wetlands and salt marsh. In this NCA greater uptake of options for ditches and wet grasslands, as well as stone walls and species-rich grasslands would be beneficial for the landscape.


Benefiting:
hedge management, retention of historic farm buildings, retention and management of archaeology under arable and grassland, and management of salt marsh.

Limiting:
protection and management of woodland, protection of field trees, planting of new hedgerow lengths to replace lost sections, management of ditches and use of wide buffer strips in arable to reinforce field pattern, management of low input and wet grasslands and characteristic wetland habitats including remnant lowland raised bogs - that defined the landscape before the advent of land drainage, restoration of historic farm buildings, conservation of parkland, small ponds, and species-rich grasslands, and management of sand dunes.  The high levels of fencing along water courses may also be masking these importantlandscape features.

Comments:
in this flat coastal NCA with a history of land drainage from once extensive meres and moses, ES is having a NEUTRAL landscape effect overall, only identified as having a positive landscape effect on the themes for traditional farm buildings and coastal habitats.  Here ELS uptake focuses on protection of field trees, management of boundary features and use of wide buffer strips,  management of low input pasture, and maintenance of historic farm buildings.  HLS brings the conservation  of small woodlands and wet grasslands and conservation of semi-natural habitats - primarily salt marsh. The NCA would benefit from significantly higher levels of uptake that strengthen field boundaries (conservation management of ditches and the use of wide buffer strips in arable) and the restoration of lowland raised bog habitat and characteristic small ponds.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees; management of hedgerows, ditches and stone walls; management of wet and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; management of species-rich grassland, hay meadow and moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; low input grassland; mixed stocking; restoration of historic farm buildings; and rewetting of blanket bog.  There is almost no uptake of options for parkland, a key landscape resource in this area.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape, around half of which falls within the Forest of Bowland AONB.  ELS is making a strong contribution in terms of in-field trees, hedgerows, ditches, stone walls, wet grassland, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grass, and cattle grazing on moorland; while HLS principally affects rough and semi-natural grassland and moorland.  Improved uptake of options for woodland management and protection and for parkland would bring additional benefits.


Benefiting:
most of the relevant landscape objectives, including those relating to woodland, hedgerows, stone walls, agricultural grasslands, retention of historic farm buildings, archaeology, species-rich grassland and hay meadow, and moorland.

Limiting:
mixed stocking and rewetting of blanket bog.  It is having no impact on restoration of historic farm buildings.

Comments:
ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect overall on this landscape, which lies within the Forest of Bowland AONB.  ELS is the main driver in relation to woodland protection, stone walls and hedgerows, low input and wet grassland, historic farm buildings, archaeology, haymaking and cattle grazing on moorland; while HLS contributes positively to woodland restoration and regeneration, rough grazing and semi-natural habitats.  Both targeting and uptake are good, with some scope for increased uptake of options for blanket bog and farm buildings restoration.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees; management of stone walls, wet grassland and historic farm buildings; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; hedgerows; low input grassland; archaeology; and semi-natural habitats; and no impact at all on parkland although this is a notable landscape element.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral effect overall on this NCA.  Uptake of many options is low, perhaps due in part to the NCA's urban fringe location.  ELS is having a positive effect on in-field trees, stone walls, wet grassland, historic farm buildings and cattle grazing on moorland, but HLS is having limited impacts.  Better targeting and uptake of other relevant options - perhaps especially those for woodlands and parklands, which are important structural landscape elements - would be helpful.


Benefiting:
woodland regeneration; management of stone walls (the key boundary type in this landscape); low input and rough grassland; archaeology on grass and moorland; management of hay meadow and moorland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, in-field trees and hedgerows; maintenance and restoration of historic farm buildings and parkland; management of wet grassland, species-rich grassland and fen; and rewetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on the management of this landscape, which includes extensive areas of upland as well as significant urban development.  ELS is influencing the landscape in terms of stone walls (with capital works for restoration), low input grassland, archaeology on grass and moorland, and cattle grazing on moorland.  HLS is also making an important contribution, particularly to rough grazing, hay meadows and moorland restoration.  Somewhat unusually, ES has had little effect on historic farm buildings.  There appears to be scope for improved uptake and targeting of options for woodland, historic farm buildings, and rewetting of blanket bog (a key landscape element) in particular.


Benefiting:
management of stone walls; rewetting of blanket bog; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees; hedgerow management; low input and rough grassland; archaeology on grass; and management of species-rich grassland.  For most other  relevant objectives and options, including woodland, historic farm buildings, parkland, archaeology on moorland, and moorland maintenance and restoration, ES is having almost no impact.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral effect overall in this NCA, which includes large areas of urban and urban fringe land.  Uptake of many options is very low although there are a few exceptions to this, notably stone walls and cattle grazing on moorland (ELS) and moorland rewetting (HLS).  There would be particular landscape benefits from greater uptake of options for protection and management of woodlands, hedgerows and moorland, which are important but vulnerable structural landscape elements.


Benefiting:
renewal of hedgerow trees, management of ditches, creation of new hedgerow lengths, retention and management of water features, lowland species-rich grassland and hay meadows (probably mainly in valleys), fen and reedbed and moorland.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees, management of hedgerows and walls, retention of historic farm buildings, archaeology and parkland.  It is having almost no impact on the management of woodlands or agricultural land use elements.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL effect overall in this area where the agricultural landscape is heavily influenced by industrial and urban land uses and past mining activity.  Emphasis needs to be on conservation of surviving agricultural landscape features and restoration/creation of new ones.  At present ES is generally having limited impact on this landscape due to very low uptake of most options.  The exceptions are ELS  hedgerow tree establishment, hedgerow planting and  ditch management; and the HLS options for semi-natural habitats, which show good uptake of appropriate options.  Greater attention to conservation and renewal of landscape structure (woodland and tree cover, field boundaries and historic farm buildings especially) would be helpful.


Benefiting:
some limited semi-natural woodland regeneration, management of hedgerows, conservation management of wet pastures, retention of historic farm buildings, removal of archaeological features from cultivation, and management of water features, species-rich grassland and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, in-field and hedgerow trees, which are important features in some areas, highly characteristic ditches and dykes, retention of permanent pastures, archaeology on grass, parklands, wetland habitats and coastal salt marsh.

Comments:
In this intensively farmed drained landscape, ES uptake is not always very high although ES is having a POSITIVE effect overall.  ELS is influencing hedgerows, agricultural grasslands, historic farm buildings and also fallow plots (which may have a negative landscape impact if visible on a slope); while HLS is contributing in a modest way to woodland regeneration and management of archaeology, conservation management of wet and rough grasslands, water features and some semi-natural habitats.  Greater uptake of measures for in-field and hedgerow trees, ditches and dykes, semi-natural grasslands and wetlands would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
hedgerow and ditch management; low input grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; and management of water features.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; management of ditches; reinforcement of field patterns in arable areas; management of wet grassland; removal of archaeological features from cultivation; and management of parkland and fen.  However it is having little or no impact on creation of new hedgerow lengths, diversity of the winter arable landscape, and management of salt marsh, all of which would be appropriate in this landscape.

Comments:
Overall ES is having some positive effect on this landscape.  It is delivering a wide range of benefits, but many of these are at a low level.  ELS is most influential in terms of hedgerow and ditch management, low input grassland, historic farm buildings and archaeology on grass; while HLS is the principal driver in relation to water features.  There would be benefit from improved uptake, perhaps especially of options for woodland and trees, new hedgerow lengths, and overwintering stubbles.


Benefiting:
woodland regeneration; management of rough grassland; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management and restoration of salt marsh and sand dunes.

Limiting:
management of woodlands, hedgerows, ditches and low input and wet grassland; historic farm buildings maintenance; archaeology on arable and grass; and species-rich grassland and fen.  It is having little or no impact on arable landscape features; historic farm building restoration; and new coastal habitat creation.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL impact overall on the landscape of this small and relatively heavily developed and intensively farmed coastal NCA.  ELS is influential in relation to historic farm buildings but HLS is a more important driver of change, significantly affecting woodland regeneration, rough (and to a lesser extent wet) grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management and restoration of salt marsh and sand dune.  Greater uptake of options for the arable landscape is perhaps the main area for improvement, although greater uptake of many other options would also be beneficial.


Benefiting:
management of hedges, ditches and characteristic wet grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of water features, species-rich grassland, salt marsh and sand dunes.

Limiting:
management of woodland and trees; creation of new hedgerows; low input grassland; historic farm building restoration; archaeology on arable and grass; and management and restoration of reed bed.  It is having almost no impact on woodland or hedgerow creation; or on the arable landscape (buffer strips and overwintering stubbles), even though this is primarily an arable landscape.

Comments:
Overall ES is having a positive effect on this landscape.  Both ELS and HLS have an important influence, with ELS mainly affecting hedgerows, ditches, historic farm buildings and removal of archaeology from cultivation while HLS influences wet and semi-natural grasslands, water features, sand dunes and salt marsh.  Improved uptake especially of options for woodland, hedgerow creation and the arable landscape would yield additional landscape benefits.


Benefiting:
woodland management; management and restoration of hedgerows and ditches; low input and rough grassland; retention and restoration of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of parkland and species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
management of bankside trees; reinforcement of field patterns in the arable landscape; overwintering stubbles; and archaeology on arable and grass.  It is having little or no impact on hedgerow creation; stone walls (characteristic of the northern scarp face); and management of remnant wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact overall on the landscape of this area, much of which is in the Lincolnshire Wolds AONB.  The main structural landscape elements (including woodlands, hedgerows and parklands) are being retained and managed but there is less sign that ES is significantly affecting the arable landscape.  ELS is contributing to hedgerow and ditch management, low input grassland and historic farm buildings; but HLS is probably more influential, facilitating retention and management of woodland, rough and semi-natural grassland, and parkland, as well as encouraging removal of archaeology from cultivation.  Greater uptake of options for hedgerow creation, stone walls and the arable landscape would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
semi-natural woodland regeneration; hedgerow and ditch management; low input, rough and wet grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
management of woodland and in-field trees; renewal of hedgerow trees; management of riverside trees; management of ditches and dykes; reinforcement of field patterns in arable; overwintering stubbles; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of remnant fen and wetland habitats.  It is having little or no impact on new hedgerow planting.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this mainly arable landscape, contributing to the retention and restoration of grasslands in particular.  While ELS is influences hedgerow and ditch management, low input grassland and historic farm buildings, HLS is the key driver in relation to woodland succession; management of wet, rough and semi-natural grassland; removal of archaeology from cultivation.  Greater uptake of options for management of woodland and trees,  for new hedgerow planting, and for archaeology on arable and grass would be especially helpful here.


Benefiting:
hedgerow and ditch management; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of parkland, species-rich grassland and lowland heath.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; renewal of hedgerow trees; management of ditches; reinforcement of field patterns in arable; retention of rough pasture; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of fen.  However it is having little or no impact on creation of new hedgerows; restoration of distinctive (but localised) stone walls; and overwintering stubbles.

Comments:
ES is having a relatively limited but positive impact on the landscape of this NCA, with ELS contributing mainly in terms of hedgerow and ditch management and historic farm buildings, while HLS is helping to take archaeology out of cultivation and benefiting parkland, species-rich grassland and lowland heath.  There is scope for improved targeting and uptake of a wide range of options, with protection of in-field trees, creation of new hedgerows, buffer strips, overwintering stubbles, and management and restoration of fen perhaps offering greatest benefit in this open, mainly arable landscape.  Greater uptake of options for archaeology on arable and grass is also desirable as there is an important archaeological resource.


Benefiting:
management of the small but significant resource of woodland and trees; management of ditches and dykes; reinforcement of field patterns using buffer strips; management of wet and rough grassland; retention of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of water features and salt marsh.

Limiting:
hedgerow tree renewal; management of distinctive bankside trees; traditional orchards; management of hedgerows; low input grassland; archaeology on arable and grass; management of species-rich grassland and fen.  It is having little or no impact on management of the NCA's distinctive banks, overwintering stubbles, and creation of new coastal habitats, all of which could benefit this landscape.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact on most landscape themes despite this NCA's intensive arable character.  While ELS is affecting in-field tree retention, buffer strips, management of ditches, and retention of historic farm buildings, HLS is appears to be more influential, contributing to woodland management and succession, management of wet and rough grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management of water features and salt marsh.  Greater uptake of options for bankside trees, traditional orchards, earth banks, overwintering stubbles and new coastal habitats could bring further benefits.


Benefiting:
hedgerow, ditch and low input grassland management; historic farm building maintenance; removal of archaeology from cultivation; management of parkland and species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland and trees generally; field boundaries other than hedges; buffer strips and overwintering stubbles, which would be appropriate in this mainly arable landscape; and archaeology on arable and grass; and no impact on restoration of historic farm buildings.

Comments:
ES is having some positive impact on this landscape, with ELS being the key influence on hedgerows, ditches, low input grassland, historic farm buildings, and HLS the main driver in relation to removal of archaeology from cultivation and management of parkland and species-rich grassland.  Additional landscape benefits could be achieved by targeting greater uptake of options for woodland and trees, new hedgerow lengths, ditches and stone walls, together with relevant arable options.


Benefiting:
management and restoration of hedgerows and ditches, use of wide buffer strips in arable to reinforce field pattern, conservation management of rough pastures, maintenance of historic farm buildings, and removal of archaeological  features from cultivation.  Conservation of species-rich grassland and lowland heathland also achieves the threshold but this is from a very low base and areas of uptake are very small relative to the area of the NCA.

Limiting:
woodland management, protection of field trees, renewal of hedgerow trees and management of bankside trees, management of traditional orchards and parkland, planting of new hedgerows, management of ditches,  retention of overwintering stubbles and areas of pasture, conservation of wet grasslands, restoration of historic farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland, and conservation of reed beds and hay meadows.

Comments:
In this primarily intensive arable landscape of large fields, ES is having a POSITIVE effect overall and a strongly positive effect on the conservation of field boundaries.  Here ELS uptake focuses on  management of boundary features and  use of wide buffer strips in arable helping to strengthen field pattern,  the retention of winter stubbles and permanent pasture, and also contributes to the conservation of archaeologiy and  maintenance of historic farm buildings.  HLS brings the management of woodland, traditional orchards and wet and rough pastures, conservation of archaeological features, and management and restoration of semi-natural habitats - primarily the management and restoration of species-rich grassland and lowland heathland. The NCA would benefit from greater uptake of options for the management of field and bankside trees, the retention of overwintering stubbles, the protection of the archaeological resource on arable, and the conservation management of  species-rich grassland.


Benefiting:
woodland and hedgerow management; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of lowland heath.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees; overwintering stubbles; low input, wet and rough grassland; historic farm building maintenance; and management of parkland and water features.  However it is having almost no influence on bankside trees; creation of new hedgerows; and archaeology on arable and grass, all of which would be relevant to this landscape.

Comments:
ES is having some positive effect overall in this NCA.  ELS is contributing in terms of hedgerow management and HLS is most influential in terms of woodland management, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and restoration of lowland heath.  There is considerable scope for improved uptake of other options.  Better targeting and uptake of wet grassland options (focused on the narrow floodplains) and parkland options (throughout) may offer the greatest potential landscape benefits.


Benefiting:
management of stone walls, parkland, species-rich grassland and hay meadows; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
management of hedgerows; retention and management of low input, rough and wet grasslands; and maintenance of historic farm buildings.  In addition, there is very low uptake of options for woodland and trees, and moorland management and restoration and rewetting of blanket bog, suggesting little or no targeting of these measures.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral effect overall on the landscape of this NCA on the edge of the Peak District National Park.  A small number of options appear very well targeted, with good uptake, but uptake of the majority of relevant options is poor.  ELS is influencing management of stone walls and cattle grazing on moorland; while HLS is benefiting parkland (including restoration and creation) and species-rich grassland and hay meadow.  Improved uptake of relevant options for woodland, trees and moorland should be a priority.


Benefiting:
management of stone walls; low input and rough grassland; archaeology on moorland; management of parkland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; in-field trees; management of hedgerows, wet grasslands and historic farm buildings; archaeology on grassland and management of species-rich grassland, hay meadows and moorland.  It is having no effect on removal of archaeological features from cultivation or rewetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral impact on this mainly moorland landscape, which includes a large part of the Peak District National Park, with uptake of many of the relevant ES options being quite limited.  ELS is benefiting in-field trees (to a limited extent), stone wall restoration, low input grassland and archaeology on moorland; while the main effects of HLS are to help maintain rough grassland and parkland.  Greater uptake of relevant options across the board would be beneficial, with particular scope for improvement in relation to moorland management and restoration and rewetting of blanket bog.


Benefiting:
management of woodland as well as stone walls, low input and rough grassland, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grass, small ponds, species-rich grasslands and hay meadows; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
protection of woodland and in-field trees (the latter showing relatively high uptake); management of hedgerows; and restoration of historic farm buildings.  It is having no effect in terms of archaeology on arable land or removal of archaeology from cultivation.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape which falls mainly within the Peak District National Park.  ELS is the key driver of change in relation to in-field trees, stone walls, low input grassland, historic farm buildings, archaeology on grass and cattle grazing on moorland; with HLS principally affecting woodlands (management and restoration), rough grassland, archaeology on grass, ponds and species-rich grasslands.  There remains scope for improved uptake and targeting, perhaps especially in relation to woodland protection, restoration of stone walls and historic farm buildings, and archaeology.


Benefiting:
management of woodland and successional areas, management of stone walls, conservation management of rough grassland,  maintenance of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland,  conservation and restoration of species-rich grassland, management of upland hay meadows and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
protection of woodland from grazing animals, management of hedgerows,  management of low input and wet (rush) permanent pasture, restoration of traditional farm buildings, management of archaeology on moorland, conservation of parkland, and conservation of moorland and rewetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect overall on this landscape which lies mainly within the Peak District National Park - having a positive landscape effect on all landscape themes. UELS uptake is associated with the management of upland hay meadows and  conservation management of moorland,  ELS uptake is made up of  options for the management of boundary features,  management of the agricultural landscape (of which the management of permanent pasture  with low inputs makes up the vast majority of ELS uptake), and the conservation of the historic environment (200 ha); it also covers the grazing of moorland.    HLS uptake is focused on woodland management, management of wet and rough pastures and management of archaeology, and the conservation of semi-natural habitats (primarily upland moorland).   Overall ES is helping maintain the structure of the landscape and some of its key elements but the NCA would benefit from greater uptake of options for the protection of woodlands, the restoration of parkland and  traditional farm buildings, the re-wetting of blanket bog and the management and restoration of wetland habitats.


Benefiting:
management of species-rich grassland; and cattle grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland protection; management of hedgerows, stone walls, low input and rough grassland; historic farm buildings maintenance; and management of hay meadows.  However it is having little or no impact on woodland management, historic farm buildings restoration, or on management of parkland and moorland.

Comments:
ES is having a very limited, neutral effect on the landscape of this mainly urban fringe NCA, with very low uptake of most relevant options.  ELS has some influence in terms of cattle grazing on moorland, while HLS supports the management of species-rich grassland, but otherwise ES influence on the landscape is slight.  Greater uptake especially of measures for woodland, hedgerow, stone wall and parkland management would be beneficial to the landscape.


Limiting:
management of hedgerows, in-field trees, low input grassland and historic farm buildings, but at a very low level.

Comments:
This largely urban and urban fringe NCA has little land in agricultural use and the levels of uptake of relevant ES options are mainly low or negligible.  Only hedgerow management and low input grassland (both mainly ELS) show any significant uptake.  There is potential for improved uptake across the board, with particular scope to reinforce landscape structure through woodland and hedgerow management and planting, as well as parkland management and restoration.


Benefiting:
woodland regeneration; retention and management of small ponds; and management and restoration of fen, lowland raised bog and reedbed.

Limiting:
management of hedgerows and low input grassland; retention of historic farm buildings; and restoration of species-rich grassland.  There is little or no uptake of other relevant ES options.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral impact overall on this mainly urban and urban fringe landscape.  ELS is providing limited landscape benefits but HLS is contributing more significantly, in terms of semi-natural woodland regeneration; management of small ponds; and restoration of wetlands.  Greater uptake of options for hedgerow management and creation; and for retention and management of parkland would be beneficial in landscape terms.


Benefiting:
semi-natural woodland regeneration; management of wet grasslands; restoration of lowland heath; and management of sand dunes.

Limiting:
management of hedgerows, low input grassland and species-rich grassland, but no impact at all on many other relevant landscape objectives.

Comments:
ES is having a slight positive impact on this coastal landscape, much of which is urban or urban fringe land, although the areas of land affected are small.  ELS is having relatively little influence but HLS is benefiting semi-natural woodlands, wet grasslands, heathland restoration, and sand dunes.  Greater uptake of a wider range of relevant options would be beneficial.


Limiting:
hedgerow management, overwintering stubbles, low input grassland and historic farm buildings maintenance but at a very low level.

Comments:
This largely urban and urban fringe NCA has little land in agricultural use and many of the relevant ES options show no uptake at all, so ES impact is neutral overall.  What limited uptake there is all ELS;.  There appears to be no HLS targeting or uptake at all although stock figures suggest that there could be benefits, perhaps especially in respect of woodland and parkland management and restoration.  Greater uptake of ELS options for woodland and hedgerow management would also benefit the structure of this fragmented farmland landscape.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, restoration of lowland heath, and management of salt marsh.

Limiting:
woodland management; creation of new hedgerow lengths; protection of in-field trees; retention and management of low input and wet grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; and management of parkland and water features.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on the landscape of this NCA, much of which is urban and urban fringe land.  ELS is influencing hedgerow management and HLS lowland heath and salt marsh.  However many relevant options, including those for woodland management, historic farm buildings, and management of the area's characteristic parkland, water features and sand dunes, are little used and would benefit from better targeting and uptake.


Benefiting:
semi-natural woodland regeneration; hedgerow and ditch management; maintenance of historic farm buildings; and management of parkland, characteristic mossland habitats and salt marsh.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; renewal of hedgerow trees; management of ditches; reinforcement of field patterns by buffer strips; overwintering stubbles; and low input grassland.  It is having no impact at all in terms of new hedgerow lengths, historic farm buildings restoration, and archaeology on arable.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape, which includes considerable urban and urban fringe land.  ELS is contributing in terms of management of hedgerows, ditches and historic farm buildings, while HLS is influential in terms of semi-natural woodland regeneration, parkland management, restoration of wetland (mainly lowland raised bog), and management of salt marsh.  Greater uptake of other relevant options, particularly those for woodland and arable land, would bring additional landscape benefit.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees (protecting one of the largest tree populations of any NCA), conservation of traditional orchards, management of hedgerows and ditches, management of wet  grasslands, retention and restoration of historic farm buildings,  conservation of scheduled monuments, retention and management of water features, ponds, species-rich grassland and wetland habitats (primarily fen).

Limiting:
woodlands, hedgerow tree renewal, low input and rough pastures,  archaeology on arable and grassland, parkland, and lowland heath.  Fencing along water courses may be having a negative landscape impact  locally.  Notable that there is only 8 ha of uptake for lowland raised bog, one of the most characteristic habitats of this NCA although now much diminished in area.

Comments:
Many of the traditional, often ancient, features within this landscape appear to be benefiting from ES in this intensively farmed landscape, creating a POSITIVE landscape effect overall.  ELS is contributing in terms of protection of in-field trees and management of hedgerows, ditches and historic farm buildings, but may also  be giving rise to negative impacts from fencing along watercourses.  HLS is the main driver in relation to orchards, historic building restoration, removal of archaeology from cultivation, the conservation management of wet, rough and species-rich grasslands as well as wetlands.  A greater focus on hedgerow tree renewal, parkland and restoration of wetland habitats  (especially lowland raised bog) would further benefit the landscape.


Benefiting:
the protection of field trees and management of hedgerows and wet grasslands, and the maintenance of traditional farm buildings.

Limiting:
the management and creation of woodland,  planting of new hedgerow lengths,   management of low input and rough pasture,  restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland, management of small ponds which are characteristic of this NCA, and conservation of species-rich grassland, lowland heathland and  fen, marsh and swamp vegetation on lower ground.

Comments:
On this distinctive sandstone ridge, ES is having a positive effect on the landscape overall, helping maintain the landscape structure by conserving hedgerows and protecting field trees, although its  effects on agricultural land use,  the historic environment and semi-natural habitats is very limited in terms of landscape benefits.  The small area of ES uptake reflects the small overall area of this NCA.  Here HLS uptake is focused on woodland management, the management of rough and wet grasslands and the limited protection offered to archaeology and conservation of semi-natural habitats.  ELS uptake is made up of  options for the management of boundary features and trees and the management of low input grassland.  The NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the  conservation and restoration of lowland heathland  and the conservation of archaeology.


Benefiting:
woodland management, semi-natural woodland regeneration; hedgerow and rough grassland management; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grassland; restoration of parkland; and management of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland and in-field tree protection; creation of new hedgerow lengths; low input grassland; and removal of archaeology from cultivation.  It is having no impact on historic farm building restoration.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this rural landscape bordering the Welsh hills.  ELS is the main contributor to management of hedgerows and archaeology on grass; while HLS is the key driver of woodland management and regeneration, management of rough grassland, restoration of parkland, and maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland.  Greater uptake of options for protection of woodland and in-field trees, creation of new hedgerow lengths and low input grassland, would benefit this landscape, where these elements have experienced some decline.


Benefiting:
woodland regeneration; protection of in-field trees; management of hedgerows; and management and restoration of species-rich grassland, hay meadows, fen and lowland heath.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; establishment of new hedgerows and hedgerow trees; management of stone walls; low input, wet and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; and management of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape, which includes considerable urban and urban fringe land, especially benefiting its semi-natural habitats.  ELS primarily influences protection of in-field trees and management of hedgerows, while HLS is fostering semi-natural woodland regeneration and management and restoration of species-rich grassland, hay meadows, fen and lowland heath.  ES is currently providing limited benefit in terms of grassland management, historic farm buildings, or historic environment. Increased uptake of relevant options under these themes would be helpful.  Wet grassland appears to be a key priority.


Benefiting:
management of woodland and maintenance of scrub as successional areas, protection of field trees and coppicing of bankside trees,  management of traditional orchards and hedgerows,  conservation management of low input,  wet  and rough pasture, maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on  arable and grassland and of  parkland,  conservation management of large and small water features, maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland and  hay cutting, and conservation of moorland.

Limiting:
woodland protection and creation, conservation of stone walls, management of archaeology on moorland,  management and restoration of lowland heathland (although this may be covered by the moorland uptake), and management of fen and reedbeds.

Comments:
This NCA has a very high level of ES uptake which benefit many aspects of the landscape, generating a strongly positive effect overall.   HLS uptake is focused on management of woodlands and traditional orchards, wet and rough grasslands, conservation of archaeology and parklands , and the management and restoration of semi-natural habitats (primarily upland moorland). ELS uptake is made up of  options for the management of boundary features and trees,  management of low input pastures (which makes up the vast majority of the ELS uptake),  and conservation of archaeology.  UELS uptake is focused on moorland management and upland  haymaking. In this NCA (compared to other NCAs) there are noticeably very high levels of uptake for woodland management, conservation of field trees (5,563 field trees), coppicing of bankside trees, and the management of hedgerows, helping conserve important landscape elements.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees; management of bankside trees, traditional orchards, hedgerows, rough grassland and historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; retention of water features; and management/ restoration/ creation of species-rich grassland and hay meadow, lowland heathland and fen.

Limiting:
woodland management; creation of new hedgerow lengths; management of stone walls; buffer strips; low input and wet grassland; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of parkland.  There is no uptake at all of options for protection of hedgerow trees or restoration of historic farm buildings.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact on this landscape, although the benefits in terms of agricultural land use and historic environment are relatively limited, possibly due to intensive farming use.  ELS is a significant influence in terms of in-field trees, hedgerows, and historic buildings.  However HLS seems to be a more important driver of change, targeting and benefiting traditional orchards, rough grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, water features and a range of semi-natural habitats.  Capital works are also contributing significantly to management of characteristic bankside trees.  There remains scope for further landscape benefit, especially from increased uptake of relevant arable and grassland options, including those for archaeology.


Benefiting:
the management of scrub and hedgerows,  conservation of wet pastures and species-rich grassland and their management by hay cutting, and the significant restoration of lowland heathland and fen.

Limiting:
the management and creation of woodland, protection of field trees and coppicing of bankside trees, planting of new hedgerow lengths,  management of ditches on the valley floors and low input pastures, maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  and conservation of  archaeology on arable and grassland.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape, which includes extensive urban and urban fringe land.  ES has made a strong contribution to the conservation of the open heathlands of Cannock Chase but surrounding farmed landscapes generally have low levels of uptake.  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management, management of wet grasslands,  the limited protection offered to archaeology, conservation of  parklands, and particularly the management and restoration of semi-natural habitats (primarily the restoration of lowland heathland).  ELS uptake is making  a strong contribution to the management of hedgerows and is helping the retention of permanent grassland.  The NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the management  and creation of small woodlands off the Chase, and the  conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees; management and extension of traditional orchards; management of hedges and ditches; retention of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; management and restoration of parkland; creation of wood pasture; and management of water features, species-rich grassland and hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodland management; renewal of hedgerow trees; management of bankside trees; low input, wet and rough grassland; and archaeology on arable and grass.  There is negligible or no uptake of a wider range of relevant options for protection of hedgerow trees; management of stone walls; overwintering stubbles; historic farm building restoration; and management of lowland heath and wetland.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact overall on this mainly rural landscape, although there is considerable scope to achieve further landscape benefit both through increased uptake and better targeting of relevant options.  ELS is influential in maintaining in-field trees, hedges, ditches and historic farm buildings, while HLS is helping to restore (or create) several characteristic landscape features, namely orchards, parkland, water features, wood pasture and species-rich grassland and hay meadow.  However ES currently has limited effect on woodlands, agricultural land use or conservation of the area's significant archaeological resource and uptake of relevant options in these areas could be improved.


Benefiting:
management of water features (wet gravel pits) only.

Limiting:
management of woodland, in-field and bankside trees, hedgerows; buffer strips;  low input and wet grasslands; archaeology on arable and grass; and species-rich grassland and wetland.  It is having negligible or no impact on other relevant indicators.

Comments:
ES impact is assessed as neutral overall, possibly due to a combination of the relatively urban context and intensively farmed character of this landscape.  Uptake is low across the board and there is considerable scope for improved uptake and targeting.  Increased uptake of options for the area's highly distinctive riparian trees and wet meadows would probably yield the greatest immediate benefit.  Greater uptake of options for hedgerows, arable land and archaeology would also be helpful.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, rough and wet grassland, archaeology on grass, parkland (a key element in this landscape) and semi-natural grassland.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; low input grassland; and historic farm building maintenance.  It is having little or no influence on some key landscape elements including in-field trees, hedgerow trees, arable land and historic farm buildings.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this relatively small and rural NCA although a limited range of landscape elements is being affected.  ELS is benefiting hedgerow management; but HLS is probably more influential, benefiting rough and wet grasslands, archaeology on grass, parkland and wood pasture, and species-rich grassland.  Greater uptake of options for in-field trees, hedgerow trees, arable land and historic farm buildings would bring further landscape benefits.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management; archaeology on grass; and management of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees;  and low input grassland.  It is having little or no impact on other relevant options.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral effect overall on this small NCA which includes considerable urban and urban fringe land.  ELS is providing benefits in terms of management of hedgerows and archaeology on grass, and HLS is maintaining and restoring small areas of species rich grassland but otherwise uptake is low and benefits few.  Greater uptake of options for management of woodland, in-field trees and parkland is likely to be beneficial.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grassland; and removal of archaeology from cultivation.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees; buffer strips on arable land; low input and wet grassland; historic farm building restoration; archaeology on arable; and management of parkland and species rich grassland.  There is little or no uptake of other relevant ES options including options for management of woodland and trees.

Comments:
ES is having a positive landscape impact overall on this mainly rural landscape, albeit at a fairly low level.  ELS is helping to maintain hedgerows, historic farm buildings and archaeology on grass, while HLS contributes mainly to the removal of archaeology from cultivation.  Landscape priorities appear to include greater uptake of relevant options for woodland and trees, arable land, and parkland.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows and stone walls; archaeology on grass; and management of small but characteristic areas of species-rich grassland and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees; low input and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; and management of parkland; and little or no impact on woodland management or wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a neutral effect overall on this small and partly urban NCA.  ELS is contributing to the management of both hedgerows and distinctive stone walls, and is also benefiting archaeology on grassland; while HLS is helping to maintain species-rich grassland and lowland heathland.  However other key landscape features, notably the area's woodlands and its important ancient trees and parklands, would benefit from increased uptake and improved targeting of relevant options.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management; management of wet grassland; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of parkland and species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection; protection of in-field trees; coppicing of bankside trees; buffer strips on arable; low input and rough grassland; management of historic farm buildings; archaeology on arable and grass; and remnant wetland habitats.  A relatively high uptake of fallow plots may be having some negative impact on this landscape.

Comments:
ES is having a modest positive effect overall on the landscape of this NCA.  ELS is providing benefits in terms of hedgerow management; both ELS and HLS are contributing to the removal of archaeology from cultivation; and HLS is helping to manage and restore wet grassland, parkland and species-rich grassland.  However uptake in many other areas - especially woodland - falls below threshold.  Increased uptake of relevant options for woodland and archaeology would be most beneficial.


Benefiting:
management of bankside trees, hedgerows and ditches; low input, wet and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; archaeology on grass; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of parkland and species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; creation of new hedgerow lengths; buffer strips; archaeology on arable; and management of lowland hay meadow.  It is having little or no impact in terms of woodland creation; hedgerow tree protection and renewal; restoration of distinctive dry stone walls; overwintering stubbles; or restoration of historic farm buildings.  There may be some negative impact from high fallow plots, which are potentially disruptive to landscape patterns, especially in rolling landscapes such as this, where the plots may be widely visible.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this limestone landscape, with clear benefits to most landscape themes except woodland and trees.  ELS is helping to maintain hedgerows, ditches, low input grassland, historic farm buildings and archaeology on grassland.  HLS is contributing to the removal of archaeology from cultivation and the management and restoration of parkland and wet pasture as well as semi-natural and species-rich grasslands.  Capital works to bankside trees are also beneficial.  Better targeting and uptake of options for woodlands and in-field and hedgerow trees as well as dry stone walls are landscape priorities.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management and creation; ditch management; reinforcement of field patterns by buffer strips; management of wet and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management and/or restoration of parkland, species-rich grassland and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
management of woodland and trees generally; overwintering stubbles; low input grassland; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of wetland.  There is no uptake at all of options for hedgerow trees or historic farm buildings restoration.

Comments:
ES is having a positive impact overall on this intensively farmed landscape which falls partly within the Norfolk Coast AONB.  Many measures, especially those for field boundaries, are well-targeted and show good uptake, but some other options, especially those for woodland and trees, arable land and improved grassland, are much less strongly represented.  ELS  is the main driver in respect of field boundaries and maintenance of historic farm buildings, while HLS affects wet and rough grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management of parkland and water features.  Greater uptake of options for woodland and field trees and for management of the area's significant archaeological resource would appear to be priorities.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, we and rough pasture, and conservation water features and reedbed.

Limiting:
woodland management, retention of historic farm buildings, salt marsh and sand dunes, and little or no impact on ditches and dykes and restoration of historic farm buildings.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this small, linear, mainly coastal NCA that is largely within the Norfolk Coast AONB.  However there is very limited stock of many landscape elements and results are therefore hard to interpret.  ELS makes a positive contribution to the retention and management of hedgerows; while HLS contributes to the management and creation of rough coastal grassland and the conservation management of wet grasslands, management of water features and locally to conservation of reedbed.  Improved uptake of options for salt marsh and sand dunes would be particularly beneficial as these are key landscape elements.


Benefiting:
woodland management and restoration; hedgerow management; creation of new hedgerow lengths; management of ditches; management of rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of parkland, water features, species-rich grassland, hay meadows and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
protection of in-field trees; reinforcement of field patterns by buffer strips; overwintering stubbles; retention and management of low input and wet grasslands; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of wetlands.  It is having no impact on protection and renewal of hedgerow trees or on restoration of historic farm buildings; and fallow plots may be giving rise to some negative landscape impact locally.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this landscape which lies partly within the Norfolk Coast AONB.  It is bringing strong benefits to field boundaries and semi-natural habitats but having more limited influence on agricultural lands use.  ELS is benefiting hedgerows, ditches and historic farm buildings, while HLS is supporting woodland management and restoration, rough grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management of parkland, water features, species-rich grassland and hay meadows and lowland heath.  Greater targeting and uptake of measures for field and hedgerow trees, low input and wet grassland, archaeology, and wetland management would bring further benefits.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows and ditches; retention and management of low input, wet and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of species rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland management; protection of in-field trees; renewal of hedgerow trees; creation of new hedgerow lengths; management of banks; overwintering stubbles; and management of wetlands.  ES is having no effect at all on archaeology on arable; management of parkland; management of sand dunes; or creation of new coastal habitats although all of these are important and relevant objectives for this landscape.

Comments:
ES is having a slight positive effect overall on this small and disparate NCA on the edge of the Norfolk Broads (including a small part of the Norfolk Coast AONB), although any positive effects on woodland and trees, the historic environment or the coast are extremely limited.  ELS is contributing to the retention and management of hedgerows, ditches, low input grassland and historic farm buildings.  HLS is influential mainly in respect of wet, rough and semi-natural grassland.  Improved uptake of options for woodland and trees and for management of the area's distinctive earth banks, archaeology on arable, and characteristic coastal features would be most helpful here.


Benefiting:
management of scrub and riparian trees, hedgerows and ditches and dykes and large water features, managenent of wet and rough grasslands, removal of archaeological features from cultivation, and  management of parkland.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, overwintering stubbles and low input grasslands, traditional farm buildings, archaeology on arable and grassland, and conservation of species-rich grasslands and fen, swamp and reed beds, as well as management of sand dunes for which there is no uptake.

Comments:
ES is having a relatively POSITIVE impact on this landscape which lies at the heart of the Broads National Park, although it is surprising that coastal, wetland and grassland semi-natural habitats do not achieve the uptake thresholds.  ELS is primarily benefiting field boundaries, while HLS is assisting with woodland and scrub management, conservation management of wet and rough grasslands, removal of archaeology from cultivation, management of parkland and water features, and conservation of semi-natural habitats.  The landscape would particuarly benefit from improved uptake of  overwintering stubbles, measures aimed at retaining a mixed/pastoral character, and especially the conservation of lowland meadows and  fen and reedbeds.


Benefiting:
woodland management, management of hedgerows,  conservation of wet pasture (the extensive coastal grazing marshes)and rough pasture,  conservation of archaeology on grassland, the  remaining areas of parkland, and the conservation and restoration of water features, both large and small.

Limiting:
management of remnant traditional orchards,  conservation management of the highly characteristic ditches and dykes, use of wide buffer strips to help define field pattern in areas under arable cultivation, low input grasslands and over-wintering stubbles,  maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, and conservation of semi-natural meadows, wetland habitats (especially reed beds), and coastal salt marsh.

Comments:
ES is having some positive landscape effects overall.  Any ES uptake in this area where farming sits close to areas of major urban expansion will be a good thing. ELS is assisting the management of boundary features and low input grassland and arable options while  HLS is  assisting in the management of the extensive areas of wet and rough grassland and management of semi-natural habitats.including salt marsh.  Uptake overall is low especially in some of the options that would most benefit the key characteristics of this landscape including conservation management of  the highly characteristic ditches and dykes and associated reed beds and the conservation management of salt marsh.


Benefiting:
management of scrub and traditional orchards, management of hedgerows and the planting of new hedgerow lengths to replace those lost in the past, management of ditches and dykes and wet grasslands, conservation of Scheduled Monuments and parkland and  of semi-natural species-rich grassland, lowland heathland and reed beds and fen.

Limiting:
woodland management, protection of field trees and coppicing of bankside trees, management of low input pasture,  the maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation  of archaeology on arable and grassland,  and the conservation management of salt marsh and sand dunes.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall in this NCA, around half of which lies within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths AONB.  In this NCA ES is strongly focused on the conservation of boundary features and semi-natural habitats.  ELS is supporting boundary features, tree protection and low input grasslands while HLS supports  semi-natural habitats, especially the restoration of lowland heathland.  HLS also covers the  conservation management of wet grasslands and traditional orchards, and the management of archaeology and parklands.   The NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the  conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland and  the conservation management of coastal habitats, fen and reedbed.


Benefiting:
semi-natural woodland regeneration; traditional orchards; management and creation of hedgerows; management of ditches and dykes; reinforcement of field patterns by buffer strips; retention and management of wet and rough grasslands; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; management of parkland and water features; and management of small but characteristic species-rich grassland, lowland heathland and fen habitats.

Limiting:
management of woodland and in-field, hedgerow and bankside trees; low input grassland; historic farm building restoration; and archaeology on arable and grass.  It is having little or no impact on protection of hedgerow trees, management of banks, or overwintering stubbles, although all of these objectives are relevant to this landscape.  It may also be having some negative impact as a result of the relatively high uptake of fallow plots.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this rural, intensively farmed landscape, with particular benefits to field boundaries and remnant semi-natural habitats but more limited benefits to woodland and trees.  ELS is helping to reinforce field boundaries and patterns and to maintain historic farm buildings; while HLS is influential in retention and management of traditional orchards, management of wet and rough grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management of parkland, water features and semi-natural habitats.  Further benefits could be achieved, especially by improved targeting and uptake of options for woodland management, in-field and hedgerow trees, and archaeology on arable and grass.


Benefiting:
management of traditional orchards; hedgerow management; creation of new hedgerow lengths; management of ditches; reinforcement of field patterns by buffer strips; management of wet and rough grassland; maintenance of historic farm buildings; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of parkland, water features, species-rich grassland, hay meadows and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
management of woodland, in-field trees and bankside trees; low input grasslands; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of wetlands.  It is having little or no impact on protection and renewal of hedgerow trees,  overwintering stubbles, or restoration of historic farm buildings; and fallow plots may be giving rise to some negative landscape impact locally.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect overall on this mainly rural, intensively farmed landscape.  It is bringing strong benefits to field boundaries but having more limited influence on woodland and tree cover.  ELS is benefiting field boundaries and historic farm buildings, while HLS is supporting restoration and creation of traditional orchards, rough and wet grassland, removal of archaeology from cultivation, and management of parkland, water features, species-rich grassland and lowland heath.  Greater targeting and uptake of measures for trees and woodland,  overwintering stubbles, low input grassland, archaeology, and wetland management would bring further benefits.


Benefiting:
woodland regeneration; management of hedgerows, ditches, dykes and wet grassland; historic farm building restoration; removal of archaeology from cultivation; and management of water features, species-rich grassland and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
woodland management; in-field tree protection; reinforcement of field patterns using buffer strips; overwintering stubbles; low input and rough grassland; archaeology on arable and grass; and management of parkland and wetland.  It is having little or no impact on new hedgerow planting and a possible negative impact from relatively high uptake of fallow plots.

Comments:
ES is having a modest positive effect overall on the distinctive Breckland landscape, although  uptake is modest generally and therefore the scale of any benefits is limited.  ELS is contributing at a low level to management of hedgerows and ditches and maintenance of historic farm buildings.  HLS is facilitating regeneration of semi-natural woodlands, management of wet grassland (and hence conservation of floodplain grazing marsh, albeit at a low level), removal of archaeological features from cultivation, and management of water features and relatively small areas of semi-natural grassland and lowland heath.  Uptake could be improved across the board, and better targeting of measures for woodland management (especially the distinctive pine shelter belts), overwintering stubbles, archaeology on grass,  and management of parkland and wetland is likely to be most beneficial.


Benefiting:
the management of scrub, protection of in-field trees (2,518), conservation of traditional orchards, management of hedgerows and the planting of new hedgerow lengths, use of buffer strips to help define field pattern, management of ditches in the river valleys, conservation of rough pasture, restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, management of parkland, retention and management of large water features, and management and restoration of species-rich semi-natural grasslands.

Limiting:
the management of woodland and coppicing of bankside trees, retention of over-wintering stubbles, management of permanent pasture and wet grasslands, encouragement of mixed stocking (beneficial for the management of floodplain grazing marsh), maintenance of traditional farm buildings, and conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland.

Comments:
In this NCA an emphasis on the management of boundary features and trees and targeting of other options means that the influence of ES is felt across the whole area, having a POSITIVE landscape effect.  ELS uptake focuses on management of boundary features and trees, the agricultural landscape, and conservation of the historic environment.  HLS uptake  focuses on woodland management including management of traditional orchards, management and restoration of wet and rough pasture, the management of archaeology and parklands, and management and restoration of semi-natural habitats (primarily lowland species-rich meadows).

There is sufficient uptake of one option type that  has the potential to adversely affect the landscape if  in the wrong location -  the uptake of fallow plots which, while very beneficial for certain bird species, may detract from the landscape where they can be viewed on a slope.  There is also high uptake for wide buffer strips in arable, these will be beneficial in large-scale field patterns and where hedgerow lengths have been lost but care is needed to ensure that they do not detract from the small-scale medieval field pattern.

The  NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the  management of small woodlands and shaws, the conservation of archaeology under arable and grassland and  the conservation management of wet grasslands and potentially fen.


Benefiting:
traditional orchards, hedgerows, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk.

Limiting:
woodlands, in-field, hedgerow and bankside trees,  hedgerow renewal, ditches, use of wide buffer strips to help define field boundaries, over-wintering stubbles, permanent pastures (low input) and wet and rough grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and under cultivation, and conservation of parkland, species-rich grasslands, hay meadows and wetland habitats (fen and reed beds). Fallow plots may be having an adverse effect on the landscape if visible on slopes.

Comments:
In this rolling, open area of intensive arable production ES is having a NEUTRAL effect on the landscape - there are many missed opportunities.  HLS is assisting the management of woodland,  bankside trees and traditional orchards, the conservation of wet and rough grasslands, archaeology on grasslands and the small areas of parkland management and conservation of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is supporting the protection of trees, management of boundary features, wide buffer strips, low input grasslands and over-wintering stubbles, and conservation of archaeology on arable.  There are many aspects that would benefit from significantly higher levels of uptake including strengthening the field structure through restoration of deteriorating  boundary lengths and use of wide buffer strips, the conservation of permanent pasture and especially wet grasslands and the conservation of parkland, calcareous grasslands and wetland habitats.


Benefiting:
protection of infield trees and conservation of traditional orchards, management and renewal of hedgerows and wet ditches and the use of wide buffer strips to help define field pattern, conservation management of rough grassland, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at Risk, management of mineral workings for nature conservation and the conservation of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodlands and the protection and renewal of hedgerow trees, over-wintering stubbles, permanent low input pasture and wet grasslands, maintenance and restoration of  traditional  farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and under cultivation, and conservation of parkland and wetland habitats. Arable plots may be having an adverse effect on the landscape if visible on sloping  ground.

Comments:
In this large-scale arable landscape ES is having a POSITVE effect on the landscape especially helping retain and accentuate boundary features (hedgerows and ditches) and maintaining the population of infield trees. HLS is helping woodlands and remaining areas of wet and rough grasslands, conservation of archaeology under cultivation and semi-natural habitats, including those of old mineral workings (sand and gravel and clay) .  Conversely ELS is assisting the management of trees, hedges and ditches and wide buffer strips that help define field pattern, over-wintering stubbles and permanent pasture (low input), and with HLS is helping conserve archaeology on grassland.  This NCA would particularly benefit from hedgerow tree regeneration and further restoration of hedgerows, greater focus on the conservation of remaining wet grasslands and wetland habitats, and the conservation of archaeology as well as retention of the remaining areas of permanent pasture.


Benefiting:
the management of hedgerows and permanent grassland, the conservation of archaeological sites on grassland, the conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and the conservation of species-rich grasslands and their management through hay cutting.

Limiting:
the management and protection of woodland, the protection of field trees and the coppicing of bankside trees, the restoration and renewal of hedgerows, use of wide buffer strips in arable to help strengthen field pattern, the retention of winter stubbles to bring diversity to the winter landscape,  maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology under cultivation and of parkland, and the management and restoration of fen and floodplain grazing marsh and of lowland heathland.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on most landscape themes of these low lying clay vales largely under arable.  ELS uptake is made up of  options for the management of boundary features and trees,  the management of the agricultural landscape, and the conservation of the historic environment (547 ha).  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management,  conservation of wet grasslands,  conservation of archaeology and parklands (together covering 1104 ha of uptake), and the management and restoration of semi-natural habitats (primarily lowland species-rich meadows and their management as hay meadows).  The  NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for woodland management and parkland, regeneration of hedgerow trees, and particularly the conservation management of fen, of which 13,969 ha are identified as BAP Priority Habitat, and the 3007 ha of BAP floodplain grazing marsh.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, permanent pasture (low inputs) and rough grassland, over-wintering stubbles, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and conservation of species-rich grassland and heathland.

Limiting:
woodlands, hedgerow and infield trees including the regeneration of hedgerow trees, planting of new hedgerow lengths, over-wintering stubbles, wet grasslands and wetland habitats,  maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland, and conservation of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape of this NCA helping retain hedgerows and pastoral farming within this predominantly arable landscape.  HLS is assisting the management of woodlands, wet and rough grasslands, archaeology under cultivation, and the management of semi-natural habitats.  Conversely ELS is supporting the protection of infield trees, hedgerows, over-wintering stubbles, permanent pasture (low inputs), and the conservation of archaeology on grassland.  The NCA would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for the restoration of hedgerows and particularly the protection of trees and the rejuvenation of hedgerow trees.  As in NCA 91 the very low uptake for parkland / wood pasture is surprising given their importance in this NCA - it is possible that this is covered by a combination of special projects, capital items, and the application of a combination of relevant ES options to these areas.


Benefiting:
hedgerow management, permanent pasture (low inputs) and wet and rough grassland, retention of traditional farm buildings, protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk, restoration of species- rich grassland and management as traditional hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodlands, hedgerow and field trees and the rejuvenation of hedgerow trees, hedgerow renewal / planting of new lengths, restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and arable, conservation of parkland, and conservation of wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this landscape with its mosaic of woodland, pasture and arable derived from Medieval hunting forests, especially  helping conserve the strong hedgerow pattern.  HLS is supporting the management of woodlands, wet and rough grasslands, parklands, the conservation of archaeology on arable and the management of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is assisting the conservation of hedgerows, hedgerow and field trees, pasture (low inputs), the retention of traditional agricultural buildings, and the conservation of archaeology on grassland.  In this NCA it is noticeable that field and especially hedgerow trees have low levels of uptake. Many hedgerow trees have been lost to Dutch elm disease and encouragement of a new generation of hedgerow trees would be especially beneficial as would the conservation of remaining ancient pollards.  It is possible that pollards are covered by Capital items, as may be the conservation of parklands and wood pasture, which have surprisingly low levels of uptake relative to their importance in this NCA.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees, management of hedgerows, retention of pastoral character, removal of archaeological features from cultivation, and management of species-rich grasslands and hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodlands, riparian trees and grasslands, buffer strips (reinforcement of field patterns in arable), historic buildings, archaeology on arable and grass, and parkland.  ES seems to be having little or no impact on renewal of hedgerow trees and stone walls, or on the diversity of the arable landscape.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape in this intensively farmed landscape.  The landscape is benefiting from ES in some important ways but not in others.  ELS is contributing to in-field tree protection, hedgerow management and pastoral character, while HLS is the main influence on removal of archaeology from cultivation and on species-rich grassland and hay meadows.  Greater uptake of options for woodland, hedgerow tree renewal, the arable landscape (buffer strips and overwintering stubbles) and parkland would be especially helpful.


Benefiting:
woodlands, parklands, hedgerows, permanent and rough grasslands, archaeology on grassland and protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and species-rich grasslands and hay meadows.

Limiting:
protection of woodland and in-field and hedgerow trees and the restoration of hedgerows and regeneration of hedgerow trees, use of wide buffer strips to help define field boundaries, over-wintering stubbles and the conservation of wet grasslands, the retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, and the conservation of archaeology on arable.

Comments:
In this landscape of broad rolling ridges and secluded valleys with a quiet rural character ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape helping manage its small woodlands and having a strongly positive effect on the management of hedgerows (well retained from a history of hunting) and the conservation of the characteristic ridge and furrow under grassland.  HLS is helping the management of woodland and parkland,  the conservation of wet and rough grasslands, the removal of archaeology from cultivation, and the conservation of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is primarily assisting the protection of trees,  management of hedgerows and provision of buffer strips, low inputs for permanent pasture, over-wintering stubbles, and with HLS is supporting the conservation of archaeology on grassland.  This landscape would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for the restoration of hedgerows and especially the regeneration and protection of hedgerow and field trees that form a major component of the area's wooded character, the removal of remaining ridge and furrow from cultivation and the conservation of characteristic field ponds.


Benefiting:
the management of hedgerows and wet grassland, the conservation of archaeology on grassland and Scheduled Monuments at risk, and conservation of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland management, protection of woodland and in-field trees, coppicing of bankside trees, a and protection, hedgerow planting, use of wide buffer strips to help define field pattern, over-wintering stubbles, retention of permanent pastures (low inputs), maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology under cultivation and parkland, and conservation of wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on most landscape themes in these low lying clay vales largely under arable. ELS is supporting the protection of trees, management of hedgerows, buffer strips, over-wintering stubbles, low input pastures, and the majority of archaeology on grassland and arable. HLS is supporting woodland management, bankside trees, wet grasslands, and the conservation of parkland and semi-natural habitats. The  NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for woodland and parkland management, regeneration of hedgerow trees, use of wide buffer strips and  the conservation of fen.


Benefiting:
management and restoration of hedgerows, retention of pastoral character and wet grasslands, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and management of species-rich grassland and hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodlands, in-field trees, hedgerow trees, creation of hedgerows, arable field patterns, diversity of the arable landscape, farm buildings, archaeology on arable and grass, and parkland.

Comments:
This mixed farming landscape is benefiting from ES to some extent (identified as a POSITIVE effect).  ELS is contributing to hedgerow management and pastoral character; while HLS is the main influence on the management and restoration of wet grasslands, removal of archaeology from cultivation and on species-rich grassland and hay meadows.  Greater uptake of options for woodland, in-field and hedgerow trees, archaeology on grassland and parkland would be beneficial.


Benefiting:
woodland and orchards, hedgerows, wet and rough grassland, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and conservation of species-rich grassland and wetland habitats.

Limiting:
woodland and tree protection, regeneration of hedgerow trees and coppicing of bankside trees, hedgerow restoration / planting, low input grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and arable, and conservation of parkland and traditional hay meadows.

Comments:
In this intensive mixed agricultural landscape that retains a heathy character with extensive woodland within the influence of the West Midlands conurbation, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape.  It is particularly helping retain the woodland and  hedgerow structure.  In this NCA HLS is supporting woodlands, orchards and bankside trees, wet and rough grasslands, archaeology on arable (removing from cultivation) and semi-natural habitats; while ELS is supporting hedgerows and trees, low input grasslands and the management of archaeology on grassland.  This landscape would benefit from significantly greater uptake for the restoration of hedgerows and regeneration of hedgerow trees, as well as significantly greater  support for removing characteristic ridge and furrow from cultivation.


Benefiting:
the maintenance of scrub, protection of infield trees, management of traditional orchards and wet grassland, hedgerow management, management of large water features (likely to be associated with the major parklands of the NCA), management and restoration of species-rich grasslands, restoration of lowland heathland, and the management and restoration of fens.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, coppicing of bankside trees, planting of new hedgerow lengths to replace important lengths that have been removed, management of permanent pasture with low inputs, conservation of  rough grasslands, maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeological sites under arable and grassland, management of parkland (a very strong feature of this landscape), and management of small field ponds that are also characteristic.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect on this small-scale well-treed landscape but may not be addressing one of its key characteristics - parkland. ELS uptake is made up of  options for management of boundary features and trees (with Arden having a very large number of field trees (2,384) under option), management of the agricultural landscape, and conservation of the historic environment (347 ha).  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management  including the management of traditional orchards (where again there is a high level of uptake compared to other NCAs),  management of archaeology and parklands, and management and restoration of wet and rough pastures and semi-natural habitats (primarily lowland species-rich meadows and their management as hay meadows).  The  NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the  conservation of archaeology under agriculture, conservation management of small woodlands; and the conservation management of parkland.


Benefiting:
management of scrub and bankside trees, traditional orchards, hedgerows, maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, wet and rough pasture,  archaeology on arable and grassland, rewetting of small areas of blanket bog, and introduction of mixed grazing on moorland.

Limiting:
woodland, protection of field trees, planting of new hedgerow lengths, management of permanent pasture (low inputs), archaeology on moorland, parkland, species-rich grasslands, hay meadows, lowland heathland, and upland moorland and  fen.

Comments:
In this border area of upland hills and narrow valleys with transition from valley bottom intensive mixed farming to upland moorland, ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect on the landscape overall and a strongly positive effect on the landscape themes for field boundaries, traditional farm buildings, the historic environment, and semi-natural habitats.   ELS uptake is helping conserve boundary features and trees, management of the agricultural landscape.  It is also helping conserve archaeological sites, while15% of all uptake is for mixed grazing on moorland.  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management, a range of agricultural options including management and restoration of wet and rough grassland, management of archaeological sites (77% of total archaeological options), and management and restoration of semi-natural habitats. This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the management of semi-natural habitats (other than moorland) and parkland.


Benefiting:
bankside trees and orchards, hedgerows, retention of permanent pasture through low inputs, retention of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland, and the conservation of species-rich grasslands, upland hay meadows and moorland.

Limiting:
woodlands and in-field and hedgerow trees, hedgerow restoration/ planting, rough grassland and mixed stocking of pastures, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology under arable cultivation, conservation of parkland and re-wetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
In this border landscape with a transition from the wide fertile Golden Valley in the east to a steep-sided moorland ridge in the west, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, bringing benefit to most landscape themes and especially moorland habitats. It is also helping conserve traditional farm buildings.  HLS is primarily assisting woodlands, orchards, parklands and bankside trees, rough grasslands, and semi-natural upland habitats.  ELS is supporting  hedgerows and field and hedgerow trees, low input pasture, retention of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and upland moorland rough grazing. UELS is supporting characteristic upland hay meadows and cattle grazing on upland moorland / grassland.  This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for woodland management a protection, the renewal of hedgerows and hedgerow trees and the re-wetting of the large areas of blanket bog.


Conservation.  ELS is assisting hedgerows and trees, low input grasslands and the retention of traditional farm buildings, while  ELS and HLS together are helping conserve the archaeological resource.   The main areas where ES could offer further support are in the management of woodlands, restoration of hedgerows and renewal of hedgerow trees (retaining the landscape structure) and potentially the further restoration of wet grassland along with conservation of permanent pasture in the river valleys.


Benefiting:
field trees and traditional orchards, coppicing of bankside trees, hedgerows, retention of permanent pasture, the retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of  archaeology on grassland and conservation of Scheduled Monuments, as well as the conservation of species-rich grasslands.

Limiting:
woodlands, parkland, hedgerow trees, restoration of hedgerows, wet and rough grasslands, conservation of archaeology on grassland, and conservation of hay meadows.

Comments:
ES is assessed as having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect on the landscape, unusually, bringing benefit to all landscape themes and notably having a strongly positive effect on traditional farm buildings.  Particularly beneficial is the support for traditional orchards (highly characteristic of the area)  and the significant restoration of the remnant areas of species-rich grassland. Options for pasture are also playing an important role in preserving permanent grassland on floodplains. HLS is primarily assisting woodlands, orchards, parklands and bankside trees, wet and rough grasslands, traditional farm building restoration, and semi-natural habitat conservation.  ELS is assisting hedgerows and trees, low input grasslands and the retention of traditional farm buildings, while  ELS and HLS together are helping conserve the archaeological resource.   The main areas where ES could offer further support are in the management of woodlands, restoration of hedgerows and renewal of hedgerow trees (retaining the landscape structure) and potentially the further restoration of wet grassland along with conservation of permanent pasture in the river valleys.


Benefiting:
woodland management and the protection of infield trees, coppicing of bankside trees and the conservation of traditional orchards, hedgerow management, low input and rough pastures, the retention of traditional farm buildings, conservation of  archaeology on grassland, and the conservation of species-rich grassland and hay meadows.

Limiting:
protection of woodland and hedgerow trees and the  renewal of hedgerow trees, restoration of hedgerows (new planting), wet grasslands, restoration of traditional farm buildings, and the conservation of parkland.

Comments:
ES is assessed as having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, unusually, bringing benefit to all landscape themes and especially benefitting the  conservation of woodlands, trees and traditional orchards (which have significant levels of uptake) and restoration of the small remaining areas of species-rich grassland. Options for permanent pasture are helping prevent reversion to arable. Here HLS is assisting woodland management, bankside trees and orchards, conservation management of rough grasslands and the conservation of species-rich grasslands.  ELS is focused on tree and hedgerow conservation,  low input pasture and mixed grazing, the retention of traditional buildings and, with HLS, is conserving archaeology on grassland.  The main areas where ES could offer further support is in the restoration of hedgerows and renewal of hedgerow trees (retaining the landscape structure) and potentially the restoration of small areas of wet grassland - these are identified in the landscape descriptions but are not identified as a BAP Priority Habitat in this NCA.  Greater attention to parklands would also be valuable.


Benefiting:
bankside trees and traditional orchards, hedgerow management, low input and rough pasture, conservation of archaeology on grass, and species -rich grasslands and hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodlands and in-field and hedgerow trees, planting of hedgerows, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings and parkland.

Comments:
ES is assessed as having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape bringing benefit to nearly all landscape themes and especially benefitting the  conservation of traditional orchards and restoration of the small remaining areas of semi-natural habitat.  Here HLS is assisting traditional orchards and the coppicing of waterside trees, rough grasslands,  restoration of traditional buildings, and the conservation of archaeology on grassland and semi-natural habitats.  ELS focuses on the protection of field trees and the management of hedgerows and low input grasslands.  The NCA would benefit from options that reinforce field pattern - the restoration of hedgerows and regeneration of hedgerow trees, as well as greater emphasis on parkland.


Benefiting:
bankside trees, traditional orchards, management of hedgerows, permanent grassland with low inputs, management of archaeology on grassland, maintenance and restoration of parkland, and maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
small woodlands, management of scrub as successional areas, protection of in-field trees and renewal of hedgerow trees, conservation of rough grassland, mixed grazing on permanent pasture, maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings, management of archaeology on arable, and conservation of lowland heathland.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape of this narrow ridge of rounded
hills, with hill forts, benefitting nearly all landscape themes. ELS uptake is assisting the management of boundary features and trees, management of the agricultural landscape, with small areas (28 ha) for the conservation of archaeology.  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management  including the management of traditional orchards, management of archaeology and parklands, and maintenance and restoration of semi-natural habitats (primarily lowland species-rich meadows).  The  NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake of options for  field trees, conservation of archaeology under cultivation, the conservation management of rough grassland and the maintenance and restoration of lowland heathland on the hill tops.


Benefiting:
scrub as successional areas, traditional orchards, hedgerow management, archaeology on grassland, protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and the conservation and restoration of species-rich grassland and its management by hay cutting.

Limiting:
the management and protection of woodland,  protection of trees and coppicing of bankside trees,  permanent pasture with low inputs,  wet and rough grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, archaeology under cultivation, parkland, and  management and restoration of fen and reedbeds in river valleys.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect overall on the landscape of this border area of rolling hills and lower reaches of the Wye, helping conserve the landscape structure.   ELS uptake is helping boundary features and trees, management of the agricultural landscape, while also assisting conservation of archaeological sites.  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management, wet and rough grasslands,  the management of archaeological sites (72% of total archaeological options), and the management and restoration of semi-natural habitats. This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the management of small woodlands and parkland, the renewal of hedgerow trees and greater emphasis on the restoration of semi-natural habitats.


Benefiting:
traditional orchards and parkland / wood pasture, species-rich grassland, heathland and salt marsh (on the banks of the Severn).

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, field trees,  hedgerows and stone walls, low input, wet and rough grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, archaeology on grassland and under cultivation,  and management of hay meadows.

Comments:
Overall ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this small-scale highly wooded landscape.  The pattern of ES uptake in this NCA may be strongly influenced by the management of much of the core of the area (the statutory Forest) by the Forestry Commission and the presence of many small holdings which may not be registered agricultural holdings.  Notable are the low levels of uptake, in this predominantly small-scale pastoral landscape, for boundary features,  permanent pasture and the historic environment.  Here HLS is playing the primary role in the management of orchards, parkland / wood pasture and semi-natural habitats, as well as the conservation management of wet and rough grassland.  ELS is primarily contributing to the management of trees, boundary features, low input grasslands and archaeology on grassland.  Here it would be particularly  valuable to have increased uptake of ES options for the management of hedgerows and field boundaries and better coverage of  archaeological heritage, including the rich industiral  heritage associated with past mining.


Benefiting:
field and bankside trees and traditional orchards, hedgerows, restoration of traditional farm buildings, archaeology on grassland and protection of Scheduled Monuments, large and small water bodies, species-rich grassland and hay meadows, wetland habitat, and estuarine salt marsh.

Limiting:
woodland and the protection and regeneration of hedgerow trees,  planting of new hedgerows,  wet ditches (rhines), low input, wet and rough pasture, retention of traditional farm buildings,    archaeology on arable, parklands, and the creation of new coastal habitats.  The NCA has high uptake of fallow plots in arable - these may have an adverse effect on the landscape if visible on a slope.

Comments:
Despite a long tradition of intensive agricultural management (the NCA includes the Vale of Evesham) ES is assessed as having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect on the landscape.  This especially reflects that ES is conserving those features identified as central to the character of the NCA not least field and waterside trees and traditional orchards.  Here HLS  is helping to manage woodlands, riverside trees and traditional orchards and parkland, as well as  characteristic wet and rough grasslands, large and small water features and semi-natural habitats, along with archaeology under cultivation and the restoration of traditional farm buildings.  ELS on the other hand, is helping maintain the hedgerow network and population of field trees as well as low input grasslands and archaeology on grassland.  This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for wet grasslands and wetland habitats that reinforce the riverine character of this NCA, as well as restoration of hedgerows, especially those affected by Dutch elm disease.


Benefiting:
management of scrub, protection of in-field trees and coppicing of bankside trees, conservation of traditional orchards, management and planting / restoration of  hedgerows, management of the  highly characteristic limestone walls and also ditches in river valleys, use of wide buffer strips to help define field boundaries, retention of permanent pasture (with low inputs), protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and conservation of species-rich grassland and hay cutting.

Limiting:
woodlands, overwintering stubbles, wet and rough grasslands, traditional water meadows,  maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  archaeology under cultivation and on grassland, parkland, and  wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE impact on this highly distinctive largely AONB landscape, however, there is a notable split in the landscape themes with those for woodlands and trees, boundaries and semi-natural habitats showing a strongly positive effect and those for agricultural land use and traditional buildings showing a neutral effect on the landscape.  ELS uptake focuses on boundary features and trees (which includes a very high level of uptake for field trees (7619 trees), winter stubbles, permanent pasture (low inputs), and conservation of archaeology, while  HLS uptake focuses on woodlands, wet and rough grasslands, conservation of archaeology (59% of total archaeological uptake); and semi-natural habitats. This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the conservation management of permanent and wet pastures, parkland and archaeological features under agricultural management.


Benefiting:
hedgerows (which have suffered significant reduction in length in the past), rough grasslands, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, small  ponds, and neutral species-rich  riverside grasslands.

Limiting:
woodlands, parklands and orchards as well as field, hedgerow and bankside trees (this is a significant missed opportunity with the loss of so many trees to Dutch Elm disease), hedgerow planting, ditches and wide  buffer strips that help define field pattern, over-wintering stubbles, permanent pasture (low inputs) and wet grasslands,  mixed stocking (that may benefit management of wet grasslands), traditional farm buildings, archaeology on arable and grassland, and conservation of hay meadows and wetland habitats. In addition,  the significant lengths of riverside fencing and arable plots, if in the wrong location, could detract from the landscape.

Comments:
In this large NCA which has been affected by gravel extraction and the effects of Dutch elm disease, significant opportunities have been missed to enhance the landscape, with ES having a NEUTRAL effect on the landscape overall. Here ELS is the main influence on the landscape, although HLS is responsible for the management and restoration of wet and rough pasture and  species-rich grassland, as well as woodlands.  The NCA would benefit from higher levels of uptake across all aspects and especially in the encouragement of hedgerow trees, restoration of hedgerows and the use of wide buffer strips in arable to strengthen field pattern.  Equally, levels of uptake need to be higher to ensure the retention of a mixed landscape with permanent pasture and wet grasslands and associated wetland habitats and parklands, as well as the conservation of  archaeology on grassland and arable.


Benefiting:
hedgerows and species-rich grassland, as well as very small areas of fen and heath.

Limiting:
woodlands, parklands, hedgerows and field and hedgerow trees and the use of wide buffer strips to help define field pattern.  It is also having more limited impact on improved and rough grasslands, traditional farm buildings and the conservation of archaeology on grassland and arable.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL effect overall on this rural agricultural NCA stretching between Oxford and Swindon.  Uptake of many options is low compared to the size of the NCA, with ES only identified as having a positive effect on the landscape with respect to hedgerows and semi-natural habitats. The influence of HLS is primarily related to woodlands and parklands, rough grasslands and the conservation of semi-natural habitats. ELS is primarily influencing the conservation of field trees and hedgerows, the provision of buffer strips and low input grasslands while ELS and HLS are equally contributing to the conservation of archaeology on agricultural land.  This NCA would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for the restoration and renewal of hedgerows (many are gappy) and hedgerow trees and the provision of wide grass buffer strips to help strengthen the field pattern, combined with greater uptake of parkland options and those for the conservation of archaeology.


Benefiting:
scrub management, hedgerows, wet and rough pasture,  restoration of traditional farm buildings, protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk,  and species-rich grassland, lowland heathland, and wetlands.

Limiting:
woodlands, infield, hedgerow and bankside trees, traditional orchards, planting of new hedgerow lengths, creation of wide buffer strips to strengthen field pattern, overwintering stubbles,  permanent pastures (with low inputs), wet grasslands, retention of traditional farm buildings,   archaeology on arable and grassland, parkland and wood pasture, and hay cutting.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITVE effect overall on this well wooded chalkland landscape (much of which falls within the Chilterns AONB) although uptake is generally below threshold for woodland and trees and the historic environment.  ELS uptake is assisting  the management of boundary features and trees, winter stubbles, low input permanent pastures, and conservation of archaeology.  HLS uptake is focused on woodlands, wet and rough pasture, conservation of archaeology (36% of total archaeological uptake); and the management and restoration of semi-natural habitats. This NCA would particularly benefit from support for field and hedgerow trees and orchards, restoration of important hedgerow lengths, use of wide buffer strips, greater protection of archaeology, and management of parklands (if not separately covered under special projects and ES capital items).


Benefiting:
the protection of in-field trees and  conservation of orchards, wet ditches and rough grassland, the retention of small ponds and the conservation of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodland and parkland management, protection and renewal of hedgerow trees and coppicing of bankside trees, management and renewal of hedges, winter stubbles, low input and wet grasslands and water meadows, protection and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland, and hay meadows, heathland, wetland habitats and the small areas of salt marsh on the coastal boundaries of this NCA.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL effect overall on this NCA.  Uptake of many options is low, perhaps due in part to the NCA's strong urban influences, although much of the NCA remains under agricultural management.  HLS is the primary influence on the management of woodland, bankside trees, orchards and parklands, the management of wet and rough grasslands,  the conservation of archaeology on arable, as well as the conservation of semi-natural habitats and ponds. The primary influence of ELS is on the management of trees and boundary features, over-wintering stubbles and low input grasslands, and archaeology on grassland.  This NCA would particularly benefit from bringing the diverse small farm woodlands under management and the strengthening of hedgerow boundaries and associated hedgerow trees, along with the management of parkland / wood pasture and reinforcement of the semi-natural wetland character of the river valleys.


Benefiting:
wet grassland,  archaeology on grassland and management of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and  species-rich grassland, wetland habitats and sand dunes.

Limiting:
woodlands, trees, traditional orchards (this is a very low level of uptake relative to the strong orcharding tradition of the area), management and restoration of hedgerows and wet ditches, over-wintering stubble, low input permanent pasture, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, archaeology on arable, parklands, meadows and the conservation of heathland and salt marsh.

Comments:
Overall this NCA has relatively low levels of ES uptake, with its strong development pressures and intensive horticultural / arable production but ES is assessed as having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape.  ELS is assisting protection of trees and  management of boundary features, over-wintering stubbles, low input pastures, and the protection of archaeology, while HLS is assisting  woodlands, wet grasslands and  semi-natural habitats including those along the coast.    This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake to support the management of small woodlands, the restoration management of hedgerows and wet drains, the restoration management of wetland habitats, heathland and salt marsh, and the restoration of traditional orchards and parkland, the former being an iconic feature of this landscape, as part of the former 'Garden of England'.


Benefiting:
the management of scrub, rough grassland, species-rich grassland and heathland.

Limiting:
small woodlands,  in-field, hedgerow and bankside trees, hedgerows and ditches, permanent pasture (low inputs),  wet grasslands, conservation of archaeology, parklands and small ponds, the retention of traditional farm buildings, and the conservation of fen.

Comments:
Overall uptake levels are low in this NCA with ES having a NEUTRAL  effect on the landscape, potentially reflecting its highly built-up character, although there are significant areas of common land.  Within this limited uptake HLS uptake is assisting the conservation of small woodlands,  rough grassland, parkland and semi-natural habitats.  ELS uptake is primarily influencing the management of trees, boundary features and low input grasslands.  As for the Thames Valley, in this urban edge NCA much of the land has now passed out of agricultural use making the landscape of the  areas of agriculture that remain all the more important.  This NCA would particularly benefit from greater  uptake of options  that encourage the restoration of gappy hedgerows and conservation and reinstatement of hedgerow trees including ancient pollards, the conservation of wet grasslands and small ponds and restoration of parkland and wood pasture, if not already covered by other special projects.


Benefiting:
management of successional areas, rough grassland, and species-rich grassland and heathland.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, orchards, field, hedgerow and bankside trees, parkland,  hedgerows and ditches, permanent pasture (low input) and wet grasslands, retention and restoration of historic farm buildings, protection of archaeology on agricultural land and  conservation of traditional hay meadows and wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL effect  with low levels of uptake in this urban edge landscape bisected by the M25 and with much past gravel extraction and waste tips.  Much of the land has now passed out of agricultural use making the landscape of the  areas of agriculture that remain all the more important.  Here ELS is primarily assisting field trees, boundary features, conservation of permanent pasture, and conservation of archaeology on farmland. HLS is the main influence on the management of woodland and coppicing of bankside trees, wet and rough grasslands, parkland and  semi-natural habitats.  This NCA would particularly benefit from greater  uptake of options  that encourage the management of small woodlands, restoration of hedgerows, reinstatement of hedgerow trees and restoration of traditional orchards (once a strong characteristic of this area),  wet grasslands and other wetland habitats, with hay cutting as appropriate,  and the restoration of parkland and wood pasture, if not already covered by other special projects.


Benefiting:
management of scrub, hedgerows and planting of new hedgerow lengths (important where remaining hedgerows have become very gappy), ditches,  wet pasture, restoration of historic farm buildings,  archaeology under cultivation and on grassland, and conservation of  chalk grassland and wetland habitats.

Limiting:
small woodlands, infield, hedgerow and bankside trees, wide buffer strips helping define arable boundaries, overwintering stubbles, permanent pasture with low inputs and rough pasture, retention of historic farm buildings, and  conservation  of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape across most landscape themes in this large-scale chalkland landscape, renowned for its race horse training  and dominated by arable production, largely falling within the North Wessex Downs AONB. ELS uptake is made up of four main groups of options: those for boundary features,  winter stubbles, low input permanent pasture, and conservation of archaeology.  HLS uptake is focused on woodland management, wet and rough pastures, conservation of archaeology (25% of total archaeological uptake),  and the management and restoration of semi-natural habitats. This NCA would particularly benefit from higher uptake for the conservation of riverside and hedgerow trees in river valleys and the use of wide buffer strips to help define arable field boundaries in this very large scale landscape, encouragement of low input grasslands on scarp slopes, as well as the management of parklands if not covered by other special projects.


Benefiting:
hedgerows and ditches (in river valleys), restoration of traditional farm buildings,  archaeology on grassland, protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and the restoration of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodlands, infield, hedgerow and bankside trees, planting of hedgerow lengths, stone walls,  low input and wet grasslands, retention of traditional farm buildings, archaeology under cultivation, and the conservation management of parkland and  wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a NEUTRAL effect on this strongly rural low lying varied landscape, with generally low levels of uptake throughout but especially evident for woodlands and trees, agricultural land uses and traditional farm buildings.  Here  ELS is the main influence on field trees, permanent pastures (low inputs), rush pastures, and the conservation of archaeology. By comparison, HLS is the main influence on small woodland and bankside trees, parkland and semi-natural habitats.    The landscape of this NCA would particularly benefit from restoration of prominent hedgerow lengths, regeneration of hedgerow trees, maintenance of field walls and conservation management of wet grasslands and parklands assuming that these are not already covered by Special Projects, as well as the protection of any remaining areas of ridge and furrow under arable cultivation.


Benefiting:
in-field trees and orchards, hedgerows,  conservation management of wet grassland and archaeology on grassland, and the conservation of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
small  woodlands, protection and renewal of hedgerow trees, stone walls which are locally characteristic on the limestone,  management of rough and low input pasture, retention of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on arable and of parkland / wood pasture, and the conservation of hay meadows and wetland habitats.

Comments:
In this highly varied area of ridges and valleys under the urban influence of Bristol, ES is having a POSITIVE effect  across all landscape themes other than that for traditional agricultural buildings.  ELS is assisting the conservation of tree and boundary features,  low input grasslands and the conservation of archaeology, while HLS is aiding the management of woodland and traditional orchards, wet and rough grassland, parkland, and the conservation management of semi-natural habitats.    The NCA would particularly benefit from increased uptake of options for small woodlands, stone walls, hedgerow tree re-establishment where characteristic of vale landscapes, and the conservation management of rough grassland and parkland  - the latter characteristic of the south and west where the woodlands and mature and exotic trees bring a distinctive local character.


Benefiting:
management of scrub, infield trees and traditional orchards, hedgerows and the planting of new hedgerows (a very high level  compared to many other NCAs), wet and rough pasture, protection of the archaeological resource under cultivation, and management and restoration of semi-natural species rich grasslands, heathland, fen and salt marsh.

Limiting:
small woodlands, bankside trees, the ditches of the valley floors, wide buffer strips in arable to help accentuate the field pattern of larger fields, over-wintering stubbles, permanent pasture (low inputs), retention and restoration of historic farm buildings, management of archaeological sites on  grassland and of parkland.

Comments:
On these chalk downs that trace the southern edge of London and commuter towns to west and east and make up parts of both the Surrey Hills and Kent Downs AONBs, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, with ES particularly benefitting field patterns and boundaries and the conservation of semi-natural habitats, especially characteristic chalk grassland. Here HLS is the primary scheme for the conservation of woodland and orchards, wet and rough grasslands,  for two-thirds of the uptake relating to archaeological conservation, parkland, and the conservation of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is the scheme primarily covering the protection of field trees, management of boundary features and the farmed landscape,  conservation of certain aspects of the archaeological resource. This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for  the management of small farm woods, the use of wide buffer strips to help define larger arable field boundaries, conservation of archaeology on grassland, and the management of  parklands, if not covered by other special projects.


Benefiting:
scrub,  in-field and bankside trees, orchards, wet ditches within river valleys combined with wet and rough grasslands - a highly valued feature of the river valleys,  restoration of traditional farm buildings,  parkland / wood pasture, and archaeology on arable, the conservation of water features and species-rich grassland,  and the large-scale restoration of lowland heathland.

Limiting:
the management and protection of small woodlands,  hedgerow trees, conservation of the highly characteristic hedgerow pattern, permanent pasture with low inputs, the management of archaeology on grassland and the conservation of Scheduled Monuments at Risk, the conservation management of fen and swamp vegetation in  the river valleys and on heathlands, hay cutting, and the management of coastal salt marshes (identified by Land Cover Map) and sand dunes.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape of this well wooded and heavily populated Greensand ridge with extensive areas of remaining heathlands that falls partly within the South Downs National Park and Surrey Hills and Kent Downs AONBs.  It is notable though that ES is not having a discernible effect on the conservation of the characteristic small-scale field pattern. Here HLS makes the major contribution to the management of woodlands, orchards and coppicing of bankside trees, wet and rough grasslands, parklands and large and small water features, and the management of semi-natural habitats including the very significant restoration of lowland heathland.  ELS makes the primary contribution to the protection of woodlands and trees, management of boundary features, permanent pasture with low inputs, and the conservation of archaeology.  This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the management of small woodlands, hedgerows and conservation and renewal of hedgerow trees, as well as the conservation of archaeology on grassland and of wetland habitats.


Benefiting:
protection of infield trees (many of which are ancient) and management of bankside trees,  hedgerows, wet and rough pasture,  conservation of archaeology under arable cultivation,  restoration of parkland/ wood pasture, retention and management of large water features, and  restoration of lowland heathland and fen.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, renewal of hedgerow trees, management of traditional orchards, permanent pasture  with low inputs, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeological sites on grassland, small ponds,  and conservation of species-rich grassland  and its management by hay cutting.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this low-lying, rural, well-wooded,  pastoral landscape.  It is  having an especially positive effect on conserving its pastoral character and its archaeology and parklands / wood pasture.  Here ELS is primarily responsible for the management / conservation of field trees and hedgerows, management of the agricultural landscape, and roughly 40% of the archaeological conservation.  The uptake of HLS on the other hand, primarily covers management of woodland, rough and wet pasture, 60% of archaeological conservation, and management and restoration of parkland and semi-natural habitats.  In this NCA higher levels of ES uptake would be particularly beneficial for management of the many small woodlands and remaining orchards, regeneration of hedgerow trees, conservation and restoration of remnant species-rich pastures and management by hay cutting, and conservation of the highly characteristic field ponds.  There would also be a case for even higher uptake of parkland / wood pasture options, recognising their importance in this landscape.


Benefiting:
infield trees and bankside trees, wet ditches in the river valley floodplains,  wet and rough grasslands (including semi-improved grasslands), conservation of archaeology on grassland, and conservation restoration of semi-natural habitats including species-rich grasslands, heathlands and the wetland habitats of the river floodplains.

Limiting:
small woodlands, protection and regeneration of hedgerows and hedgerow trees, traditional orchards, permanent pasture with low inputs, hay cutting and mixed stocking, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on arable, and conservation of characteristic parkland and wood pasture and small field ponds.

Comments:
In this distinctive Medieval landscape of small irregular fields, shaws and interlinking small woodlands falling within the High Weald AONB, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape.  This especially relates to the conservation and  restoration of species-rich grasslands and heathlands (including the large expanse of Ashdown Forest) although it is notable that ES is having a limited effect on conserving the highly characteristic dense hedgerow pattern. HLS is the primary influence on the management of woodlands and orchards and the coppicing of bankside trees, the management of wet and rough grasslands, and the conservation parklands / wood pasture, ponds, hay meadows and semi-natural habitats. Conversely ELS is the primary influence on the protection of woodland and trees, management of boundary features, low input pasture and archaeology on grassland.  The NCA would particularly benefit from increased uptake of options for the management of small woodlands, hedgerows, regeneration of hedgerow trees, hay meadows and parklands /wood pasture- in the latter case these may already be covered by separate Management Plans with uptake of a suite of options rather than the specific parkland options.


Benefiting:
woodland protection, conservation of traditional orchards, hedgerows, low input, wet and rough pastures, archaeology on grassland, water bodies and species-rich grassland, and the conservation management of salt marsh and sand dunes.

Limiting:
woodland management and the protection of in-field trees, conservation management of dykes and water filled ditches, use of wide buffer strips helping reinforce field pattern in this largely open arable landscape, winter stubbles, mixed stocking, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology under cultivation, and conservation of heathland and wetland habitats (reed beds and fen).

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this open drained coastal landscape largely under arable cropping.  In particular ES is helping retain remaining areas of permanent pasture and especially wet and rough pastures and  important coastal sand dunes.  HLS is primarily supporting the management of woodlands and orchards, wet and rough pastures, water features,  and the conservation of  terrestrial and coastal semi-natural habitats.  ELS is helping the protection of woodland and trees, management of boundary features, overwintering stubbles and low input pastures and support for mixed stocking.  The management of archaeology on grassland and the creation of wide buffer strips is shared between ELS and HLS, with ELS having roughly two-thirds of the uptake in both cases.  This NCA would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the conservation management of ditches and rhynes and reed bed and fens, as well as the use of wide buffer strips to help define field boundaries.


Benefiting:
low input permanent pasture, highly characteristic wet grasslands and mixed stocking,  and conservation of the very small areas of species-rich semi-natural grassland and the creation of reed bed.

Limiting:
woodland management, protection of trees, management of hedgerows and ditches, rough grassland, and the retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, potentially including 'looker's' huts.

Comments:
ES is assessed as having a NEUTRAL effect  on this open, drained, coastal pastoral landscape.  This partly reflects that some of the landscape themes are less relevant to this small NCA which, for example, has a very small archaeological resource.  Importantly ES is addressing the most important aspect of this landscape - conserving the areas of coastal grazing marsh.  Here ELS is primarily helping  field trees, and conservation management of hedgerows, ditches and low input pastures, while HLS is most strongly associated with the management and restoration of the highly characteristic wet grazing marshes and other semi-natural habitats.   This NCA would particularly benefit from greater uptake for the conservation management of wet ditches and reed beds, helping accentuate the area's  strong wetland associations.


Benefiting:
small woodland and scrub management, protection of infield trees (particularly associated with the major estates of the western downs), management of hedgerows, wet grasslands of the valleys and rough pasture of steeper slopes, restoration of historic buildings, conservation of archaeology on farmland, of large water features (again likely to be associated with the large estates), and the major restoration of chalk grasslands and rare of rare chalk heath.

Limiting:
woodland protection, coppicing of riverside trees, planting of new hedgerow lengths,  conservation management of wet ditches on valley floors,  wide grass buffer strips on arable  to help define field pattern, over-wintering stubbles, permanent low input pasture, retention of  traditional buildings, restoration of parkland, and the conservation of wetland habitats and the small areas of salt marsh and vegetated shingle banks within the Cuckmere Estuary.

Comments:
In this chalk downland landscape, forming part of the South Downs National Park, high levels of ES uptake are having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect on the landscape. Especially in respect of Semi-natural Habitats, the Historic Environment, and the conservation of wet and rough grasslands.  Here HLS is  supporting woodland management, wet and rough pasture, restoration of agricultural buildings,  just under half of the uptake for conservation of archaeology, parkland, and all options for  semi-natural habitats, both terrestrial and on the coast.  Conversely ELS is the main scheme supporting the management of field boundaries and field trees, arable options, and just over half of the uptake for the conservation of archaeology. Future priorities for ES uptake will be set out in the South Downs Management Plan.


Benefiting:
hedgerows, wet grasslands, large water bodies (gravel pits that form the largest areas of freshwater in the area), and small areas of semi-natural grassland, coastal heathland, and  reedbeds and salt marsh.

Limiting:
woodland management, protection of in-field trees, conservation management of wet ditches, use of wide buffer strips to help define field boundaries, over-wintering stubbles,  permanent pasture with low inputs, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, management of archaeology on grassland and parkland, conservation of characteristic small ponds, hay cutting of grasslands and the conservation of fen and sand dunes for which the small area of uptake does not reflect their importance to the area, for example, sand dunes at the mouth of Chichester Harbour and Littlehampton.

Comments:
Overall levels of ES uptake are low reflecting the highly urbanised character of the coastal plain, although ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, which includes the Chichester Harbour AONB.  ELS options largely relate to the protection of field trees, management of boundary features, and management of the wider agricultural landscape. Conversely HLS largely supports conservation of archaeology, management of woodlands on higher ground, conservation of wet grasslands, and the conservation of semi-natural habitats both on the coast and inland.  This landscape would particularly benefit from conservation management of wet ditches, use of wide buffer strips to give stronger definition to field boundaries, and greater management and restoration of coastal habitats and especially sand dunes, which are suffering from coastal squeeze.


Benefiting:
management of woodland, hedgerows, wet and rough pasture, conservation of  archaeology under arable cultivation, retention and management of large and small water bodies, and the conservation of semi-natural habitats (particularly chalk grassland) and the management of salt marsh.

Limiting:
woodland protection, infield and hedgerow trees, traditional orchards, new hedgerow planting,   management of low input permanent pasture,  retention of traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on grassland, parklands and remnant areas of wood pasture, and hay meadow management.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this highly varied AONB island landscape bringing particular benefit to field boundaries and semi-natural habitats.  HLS is the primary scheme for woodland, orchards,  and wet and rough grassland management, aspects of archaeological conservation, parklands, and semi-natural habitats, including those along the coast.  ELS primarily covers the management of hedgerows and trees, the agricultural landscape, and aspects of archaeological conservation. The NCA would benefit from increased uptake of options for regeneration of hedgerow trees where they are characteristic, hedgerow planting where important lengths have been lost, and the management of parkland and wood pasture, if not already covered by special projects, as well as conservation of the small areas of salt marsh suffering from coastal squeeze.


Benefiting:
scrub and wet grassland, management of water bodies (likely to be gravel workings) and small ponds, restoration of species-rich grassland and heathland restoration and the  restoration and management of wetland habitats.

Limiting:
management of woodland and protection and replacement of field and hedgerow trees (both essential characteristics of this landscape), coppicing of bankside trees, management of hedgerows and wet ditches, permanent pasture with low inputs,  traditional water meadows, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, parkland and conservation of salt marsh on the lower reaches of the main rivers entering Southampton Water.

Comments:
This is a well wooded and treed landscape similar to the enclosed lands of the New Forest and  crossed by the lush lower valleys of the Test, Itchen and Meon,  ES is assessed as having a NEUTRAL effect on the landscape potentially reflecting the strong urban pressures within the area, crossed by the M27 and M3 and affected by the outward expansion of Southampton,  Eastleigh and Havant. 
Here HLS makes up the majority of the uptake  for woodland, parkland / wood pasture  and scrub management, wet grasslands and water meadows and the conservation management of semi-natural habitats and water features including small ponds.  ELS makes up the majority of uptake for trees and boundary features, and permanent pasture with low inputs.  This NCA would particularly benefit from increased uptake for the conservation management of hedgerows (that define the small-scale character of this landscape) and drainage ditches, the protection and regeneration of hedgerow trees, and further uptake of options for traditional water meadows (expanding on the significant uptake that has already been achieved), and conservation of salt marsh at the mouth of the river estuaries and suffering from coastal squeeze.


Benefiting:
scrub management (likely to be for the control of scrub on heathland and in valley wetlands),  management of ditches / dykes in river valleys, conservation of archaeology on arable, conservation of water features, and conservation and restoration of species-rich grassland and especially heathland.

Limiting:
woodland management, in-field and hedgerow trees, regeneration of hedgerow trees, coppicing of bankside trees, hedgerow management, permanent low input, wet and rough pastures, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and parkland / wood pasture, and the conservation of fen and other wetland habitats.

Comments:
Overall ES is having a NEUTRAL effect on this distinct area of unenclosed heathland and coniferous forestry.  Uptake of many options is low potentially reflecting the strong urban influences of Newbury, Bracknell, Camberley, Aldershot, Ascot, Farnborough and Woking, linked by major transport routes (the M3, M4, M25, and A34). Nevertheless, ES is having a strongly positive effect on the NCA's heathland character.  Here HLS makes up the majority of the uptake  for woodland  and scrub management, bankside trees, wet and rough grasslands and the conservation  of semi-natural habitats (especially heathland), and water features and parklands.  ELS covers the protection of trees, management of boundary features and permanent pastures, including rush pastures and the conservation of archaeology on arable - the conservation of archaeology on grassland is roughly split between ELS and HLS.  In this NCA there would be significant gains for the landscape if greater emphasis were placed on the uptake of options for hedgerow management and renovation, the conservation and regeneration of hedgerow and field trees, and especially the protection of ancient pollards,  There would also be benefit in greater emphasis on the management of wet grassland, fens and other wetland habitats in the river valleys.


Benefiting:
infield and riverside trees, management of hedgerows, use of wide grass buffer strips in arable  to help define field pattern, conservation of wet and rough grasslands, archaeology on grassland and arable, and conservation of small ponds and remaining areas of semi-natural chalk grassland.

Limiting:
protection and management of small woodlands, hedgerow planting, management of ditches in the river valleys, over-wintering stubbles, retention of low input permanent pasture (significant that 50% of area under this option type is under the more rigorous options for very low inputs),   retention and restoration of traditional water meadows and conservation of valley fens and reed beds, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, and conservation of parkland.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape of this large-scale rolling chalk downland dominated by arable cropping, with strongly positive effects for Field Boundaries and Semi-natural Habitats.  Significant parts of this NCA fall within the South Downs National Park and North Wessex Downs AONB.  Here HLS makes up the majority of uptake  for woodland  management, parklands, wet grasslands  and semi-natural habitats,  as well as committing over 1000ha to archaeological conservation.  Conversely ELS is the main scheme for field boundaries, conservation management of arable cropping and permanent pasture and over half of the area committed to the conservation of archaeology.  This NCA would particularly  benefit from higher levels of uptake for hedgerow restoration of important lengths (many are very gappy), management of parklands and conservation management of the water meadows, wet grasslands and fens of the valley floors.


Benefiting:
the significant areas of restoration and management of wood pasture, semi-natural habitats especially extensive areas of lowland heathland and species-rich grassland restoration, and the  management of salt marsh on the coast.  Also the coppicing of bankside trees and the conservation management of wet pasture.

Limiting:
areas of woodland and trees (other than wood pasture) with all of the main forest enclosures under the management of the Forestry Commission.  ES is equally having more limited impact on field boundaries, field and hedgerow trees,  on areas of improved permanent and rough pasture and on the maintenance and restoration of traditional farm buildings the management of archaeology under grassland, and the management of wetland habitats.

Comments:
In this NCA, which largely falls within the New Forest National Park, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape. The high levels of HLS uptake for the restoration and management of wood pasture and restoration of lowland heathland and species-rich grassland is very noticeable, as are the very significant areas managed as wet grasslands  (for breeding waders) although greater uptake of HD10 / 11 for the management and restoration of traditional water meadows would be beneficial in the Avon valley.   There is much greater reliance, however, on ELS options on the enclosed lands that surround the Open Forest and significantly lower levels of uptake.  Improved uptake in these areas would be beneficial to help conserve and strengthen the pattern of small woodlands and hedged enclosures with many hedge and field trees that provide context to the Open Forest.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, retention of permanent and rough pasture,  conservation of the archaeological resource under arable cropping and on grass, and the management of reed beds.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, protection of field trees and coppicing of bankside trees, planting of hedgerows, creation of wide buffer strips to help define field pattern, winter stubbles, conservation  of wet grasslands, conservation and restoration of traditional water meadows in the Avon Valley, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of parklands and associated water bodies, and the management/ restoration/ creation of calcareous grasslands.

Comments:
In this very large-scale, open, downland landscape, falling partly within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB,  ES is having a POSITIVE effect  on the landscape overall and a very positive effect on the historic environment (including the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS).  However, with the largest area of internationally important semi-natural chalk grassland in Western Europe, it is noticeable that levels of uptake for this habitat are low (relative to its total area).   In this NCA ELS is the dominant scheme overall, assisting the management of the agricultural landscape and the management of the archaeological resource, as well as the  conservation management of hedgerows. Conversely, HLS is the primary scheme for the management of woodlands and of rough and wet grasslands and semi-natural habitats.  

 The real opportunity in this NCA is for very significantly greater levels of uptake for the conservation of species-rich grassland, combined with the use of wide buffer strips to strengthen field boundaries across arable areas and potentially greater areas of over-wintering stubbles. There would also be significant merit in conserving and strengthening the character of the distinct river valleys especially through greater uptake of wet grassland  and wetland options and greater support for the conservation of traditional water meadows.


Benefiting:
protection of infield trees, management of traditional orchards, hedgerows, rough pasture, archaeology on grassland,  large and small water features, and conservation of species-rich grasslands and hay meadows.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodlands, protection and renewal of hedgerow trees and coppicing of bankside trees, management of ditches,  low input and wet pastures, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on arable, and management of parkland.

Comments:
In this rich, pastoral, remote and intensely rural area, that falls partly within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB, ES is assessed as having a POSITIVE effect  across nearly all landscape themes, and a strongly positive effect on Semi-natural Habitats. Here  ELS is the main influence on the protection of woodlands and hedgerow and field trees, boundary features, rush pastures and permanent pasture with low inputs, while HLS is the primary influence on the management of woodland, rough grasslands, and semi-natural habitats.    The conservation  of archaeology on grassland is roughly split between ELS and HLS.  Particular aspects that would benefit the landscape are higher levels of uptake for renewal of hedgerow trees (mainly oak)and management of small woodlands combined with greater uptake for wet grassland options to strengthen the character of the river valleys and for parklands if not covered by other special projects.


Benefiting:
protection of in-field trees, management of scrub, traditional orchards, hedgerows, low input pastures, archaeology on grassland and arable and the protection of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and conservation of species-rich grassland and restoration of lowland heathland (along the NCA boundary with the Dorset Heaths), as well as management of wetland habitats.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland,  the protection and renewal of hedgerow trees, planting of hedgerow lengths,  use of buffer strips to help define field pattern, overwintering stubbles, wet grasslands and conservation of traditional water meadows, retention and restoration of traditional farm building, conservation of parkland and management of traditional hay meadows.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape overall and a strongly positive effect on Field Patterns, the Historic Environment and Semi-natural Habitats of this large scale rolling chalkland landscape with intimate hidden valleys and a strong estate land feel.  The majority of the NCA falls within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs  AONB and a smaller part in the Dorset  AONB. Here HLS is the main influence on the landscape  with regard to the management of woodland, scrub, orchards and parkland and wood pasture, wet and rough grasslands, and  the maintenance and restoration of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is the main influence on protection of trees,  management of hedgerows and use of wide buffer strips, low input grasslands, and the conservation management of archaeology on grassland and arable.  In this NCA the landscape would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for restoration of important hedgerow lengths and wide buffer strips in arable, combined with greater uptake of wet grassland and water meadow options in the river valleys to strengthen their distinct character, and greater uptake of parkland options, although these may be covered by other Special Projects.


Benefiting:
the extensive areas of lowland heathland that are being managed and restored, areas of floodplain and rough pasture and  lowland fen marsh that are being managed appropriately and along the coast the areas of sand dune and saltmarsh that have been brought under appropriate management.  ES is also supporting active woodland management and the management of scrub, as well as the conservation of archaeology on grassland.

Limiting:
the conservation management of field boundaries, protection and renewal of hedgerow trees, retention of mixed / pastoral character, management and restoration of traditional water meadows, and the retention and restoration of farm buildings.

Comments:
In this strongly heathland landscape with a heathland core surrounded by transitional farmland, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape overall and a strongly positive effect on the restoration of heathland and coastal habitats but it is noticeable that levels of uptake are less influential on the landscape of the surrounding agricultural areas.  In this NCA HLS is the main influence on the landscape with the high levels of HLS uptake for the restoration and management of lowland heathland and species-rich grasslands, as well as the management of woodland, conservation of wet and rough grasslands, and coastal sand dunes and salt marshes around the fringes of Poole Harbour.  ELS provides the main support for trees and boundary features, permanent pastures, and conservation of archaeology on grassland.  Notable opportunities for greater uptake relate to the  management and restoration of historic water meadows (HD10 / 11) in the river valleys along with greater support for hedgerow management and restoration and regeneration of hedgerow trees to help maintain  and enhance the small-scale nature of the surrounding farmland.


Benefiting:
woodlands and hedgerows, retention of a mixed/ pastoral character supported by permanent pastures with low inputs and rough pasture, as well as management of parklands  and significant areas of the highly characteristic calcareous grassland and remnant areas of lowland heath and acid grassland.

Limiting:
protection of woodlands, conservation of field trees (in the Corfe Vale), planting of new hedgerows, management of stone walls, retention and restoration of traditional agricultural buildings, and archaeology under arable cultivation and on grassland.  While the NCA has an internationally important coastline management needs fall largely outside the scope of ES.

Comments:
In this exceptionally diverse AONB landscape, strongly influenced by the mix of underlying geology and with a dramatic coast of international geological importance, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, especially with regard to conservation of calcareous grasslands. HLS is the primary scheme for woodland management, conservation of semi-natural habitats, rough grasslands and parklands, as well as the restoration of the characteristic  stone walls; while ELS is the primary scheme for the management of hedgerows and walls, conservation of permanent pasture through low inputs,  and management of archaeology  on arable and grassland.  The NCA would particularly benefit from increased uptake of  options for the management and restoration of stone walls and the protection and regeneration of hedgerow trees, as well as conservation of reedbeds and other wetland habitats along seepage lines.


Comments:
According to Genesis there is NO uptake of ES on the Isle of Portland.


Benefiting:
management and protection of woodland and scrub, management of hedgerows and rough pasture, maintenance and restoration of species-rich grassland and management of reedbeds.

Limiting:
protection of in-field and hedgerow trees, conservation of characteristic stone walls, management of low input permanent and wet grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on grassland, and management of coastal salt marsh.

Comments:
In this rural mixed agricultural landscape that overlies a broad ridge and valley landscape backing Chesil Beach and the Jurassic Coast, ES is having a positive effect on this landscape, and a strongly positive effect on Semi-natural habitats. This NCA lies partly within the Dorset AONB.  Here 
HLS is the primary driver for the management of woodland and scrub, wet and rough pasture, and the conservation of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is assisting the hedgerow trees, stone walls,  and management of low input grasslands.  The low archaeological uptake is evenly distributed between ELS and HLS. The NCA would particularly benefit from increased support for the restoration of hedgerows, conservation of stone walls, restoration of wet grasslands within the river valleys and conservation of salt marsh.


Benefiting:
management of woodlands and orchards, hedgerows, permanent pasture with low inputs,   species-rich grasslands, traditional hay cutting, and very small areas for restoration of lowland heathland.

Limiting:
in-field, hedgerow and bankside trees, management of rough pasture, the retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland,  and the conservation of wetland habitats.

Comments:
ES is having a positive effect on this small-scale pastoral landscape of interlinking small woodlands, copses and hedgerows set within a bowl-shaped clay vale surrounded by ridges and headlands of Upper Greensand.  Lying entirely within the Dorset AONB,  ES is particularly benefitting semi-natural habitats and is helping maintain the network of woodlands and hedgerows and underlying pastoral character.
HLS is the primary driver for the management of woodland and orchards and coppicing of bankside trees, management of rough grassland and conservation of semi-natural habitats.  ELS is the primary driver for  the protection of trees, management of hedgerows and low input pastures, and  conservation of archaeology on  grassland.  This NCA would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for the restoration of hedgerows to ensure their longevity and the protection and regeneration of hedgerow and field trees, the decline of which would lead to a radical change in the character of the landscape.


Benefiting:
management of woodland (where uptake is particularly high), in-field trees and traditional orchards, hedgerows, parkland which is highly characteristic of the area, species-rich meadows and calcareous grasslands.

Limiting:
establishment of hedgerow trees and coppicing of bankside trees, maintenance of dry stone walls and repair of hedge earth banks, permanent pasture with low inputs,  wet and rough grasslands,  retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and  arable, traditional hay meadows, and conservation fens.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this rural mixed agricultural landscape of broad ridges separating sheltered clay vales.  It is particularly noticeable that ES is having a strongly positive effect on the  management of small woodlands, trees and orchards that provide an important framework to this landscape. HLS is the primary driver for the management of  woodlands, orchards and bankside trees, management of rough grassland, parkland, and conservation of semi-natural habitats; while  ELS is the primary driver for the protection of in-field trees and the management of boundary features,  low input pastures, rush pasture, and conservation of archaeology on grassland and arable.  This NCA would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for the establishment of hedgerow trees, maintenance and restoration of stone walls, and restoration of wet grasslands within the river valleys.


Benefiting:
woodland management, management of traditional orchards, hedgerows and highly characteristic limestone walls of higher ground, retention of pastoral character  through options for permanent pasture and rough grassland, conservation of archaeology on grassland and conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, parklands, and conservation of semi-natural limestone grasslands,   potentially remnant neutral grassland meadows, and restoration of lowland heathland.

Limiting:
protection of woodland and in-field trees, management of ditches on the valley floors, retention  and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  and conservation of archaeology under arable cultivation.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect overall on the landscape of this distinctive chain of prominent limestone hills with rare karst features, part of which falls within the Mendips AONB. Notably ES is having a strongly positive effect on Field Patterns, the Historic Environment and Semi-natural Habitats.  Here HLS primarily influences woodland management, rough grasslands and semi-natural habitats and important aspects of archaeology, while ELS is the primary influence on management of the wider agricultural landscape (especially the management of hedgerows, walls and of low input grasslands) and the conservation of the wider archaeological resource.  Greater uptake for the conservation of hedgerow and field trees could be beneficial.


Benefiting:
woodland management, coppicing of bankside trees and management of traditional orchards, management of hedgerows, wet and rough grasslands (the area of wet grasslands under option is significant (nearly 4,000ha) but small compared to the total area of BAP floodplain grazing marsh of over 43,000ha), management of archaeology on grassland and conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk, and management of species-rich grassland,  hay meadows and salt marsh.

Limiting:
protection of in-field and hedgerow trees and the renewal of hedgerow trees, conservation management of the characteristic rhynes, low input permanent pasture, retention and restoration of historic buildings, conservation  of archaeology on arable, and the conservation of wetland habitats and sand dunes.

Comments:
In this unique area of rivers and wetlands, artificially drained, irrigated and modified to allow productive farming ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape across nearly all themes
HLS  is the primary driver for the management of woodland and orchards, wet and rough grasslands,  conservation of archaeology on arable, and management of semi-natural habitats and hay meadows.  ELS is the primary driver for the management of trees and boundary features, low input pastures and archaeology on grassland.  Although this NCA has high levels of uptake of options for wet grasslands it would benefit from significantly higher levels (recognising the very large area covered by this BAP Priority Habitat - in excess of 40,000ha), along with increased conservation management of the rhynes and the extensive wetland habitats (fens, reedbeds and lowland raised bog).


Benefiting:
management of woodland and parkland, hedgerows and ditches, protection of Scheduled Monuments, and management of species-rich grasslands and hay meadows.

Limiting:
protection of woodlands and hedgerow and field trees and establishment of hedgerow trees,  management of traditional orchards, low input and wet permanent pasture, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, protection of archaeology on arable and grassland, and  conservation of lowland raised bog.

Comments:
On these small-scale mixed farming hills that once had very significant orchard areas, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape overall and on most landscape themes. HLS is the primary driver for the management of woodland and orchards,  wet grasslands (in the river valleys) and the management of parkland and semi-natural habitats and hay meadows.  ELS is the primary driver for the protection of field and hedgerow trees, the management of field boundaries, low inputs to permanent pasture, and  management of archaeology on grassland and arable.  Here the landscape  would particularly benefit from higher levels of uptake for the protection and establishment of hedgerow trees, management of traditional orchards, and the retention of permanent pasture.


Benefiting:
management of permanent pasture, highly characteristic parklands and estates, and conservation of moorland.

Limiting:
woodland management, conservation management of individual trees (especially the beech lines),  management / restoration of earth banks which are an important boundary feature,  management of hedgerows,  locally characteristic traditional orchards,  rough grassland, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on  grassland and  moorland, and conservation of species-rich grassland.

Comments:
In this distinctive AONB landscape of open moorland hills and small-scale farmland divided by distinctive outgrown beech hedges, ES is having a NEUTRAL effect on the landscape.  This is reflected in low levels of ES uptake.  Here HLS is primarily supporting the management of parkland, moorland and other semi-natural habitats while ELS assists low input pastures and management of boundary features and trees.  However, while there has been significant uptake  of moorland and parkland options (both key characteristics of the landscape) there have been surprisingly low levels of uptake for some of the other highly distinctive characteristics of this landscape, most notably the ancient woodlands, conservation of the outgrown beech lines and supporting earth banks,  management of the distinctive archaeological resource on moorland and elsewhere and management of semi-natural grassland and remnant traditional orchards.  It may be that the beech lines / hedgebanks and other key characteristics are covered by some form of special project.


Benefiting:
management of traditional orchards and scrub,  retention of field pattern defined by characteristic hedges and hedgebanks, retention of the pastoral character of the enclosed landscape and the continued management of hay meadows and rough pasture,  retention and restoration of historic farm buildings, increased visibility of archaeological sites on moorland, and the management and restoration of moorland, species-rich grasslands and the sand dunes at Braunton Burrows.

Limiting:
woodland protection and management, protection of field trees, management of characteristic riverside trees in the valleys,  stone walls, wet pasture, management of parklands and archaeology on arable and grassland, and the re-wetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
In this National Park landscape ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect  on the landscape. The  very high levels of overall uptake in part reflect the co-location of moorland options. HLS uptake is the dominant scheme for archaeology, the management of rough and wet pastures and semi-natural habitat restoration; while ELS has  the higher levels of uptake for trees, field boundary options and the conservation management of improved grasslands; while UELS contributes significantly to the management of upland habitats and moorland.  While there are already high levels of uptake it would be good if there was increased uptake for the management of small woodlands and protection of field trees, conservation of stone walls and archaeology on grassland and arable, management of parkland (if not covered under Special Projects), and the re-wetting of blanket bog.


Benefiting:
management of hedgerows, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk,  and management and restoration of species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
management of woodland, protection of infield and hedgerow trees, establishment of hedgerow trees, coppicing of bankside trees and management of traditional orchards, management of low input, wet and rough pastures, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland, management of parkland, hay meadows  and  management of wetland habitats.

Comments:
Overall this rural vale has a low level of ES uptake reflecting a similar pattern to that in the adjacent Quantock Hills, resulting in ES having a NEUTRAL effect on the landscape.  HLS is the primary driver for the management of woodland, orchards and parkland, the conservation  management of wet and rough grasslands and management of archaeology on arable and grassland, and the management of species-rich grasslands.  ELS is the primary driver for management of hedgerows and trees and low input permanent pasture.  Overall this NCA would benefit from considerably greater levels of ES uptake across all landscape themes and especially for the protection and regeneration of characteristic hedgerow trees, conservation of traditional orchards, retention of pastures and especially wet pastures in the river valleys, and management of parklands and hay meadows.


Benefiting:
protection of field trees and management of traditional orchards and parkland /wood pasture,  management of hedgerows and earth banks,  management and restoration of lowland heathland and semi-natural grasslands and hay meadows, low input pastures, conservation of archaeology on grassland and conservation of Scheduled Monuments at Risk.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, hedgerow and bankside  trees, management of ditches (common in the river valleys), wet and rough grasslands, small ponds, archaeology on arable, salt marsh in the Axe Estuary, and retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings.

Comments:
The predominant uptake throughout is through ELS, although HLS is the main influence on the management of lowland heathland and species-rich semi-natural grassland, hay meadows, wet and rough grasslands and small woodlands, orchards and parkland.  The relatively limited uptake figures compared to the still traditional character of the landscape may reflect that many of the once small dairy farms of the area have now passed into amenity uses which are no longer registered agricultural holdings (as in the similar landscape of the High Weald in the South East of England).  Nevertheless, ES is having a POSITIVE landscape effect across most landscape themes.  Overall, the landscape would particularly benefit from greater uptake of ES for the management of small woodlands, regeneration of hedgerow trees and management of bankside trees - helping conserve the small-scale landscape framework,  and the conservation management of wet and rough grasslands, and small ponds.


Benefiting:
management of scrub, protection of infield trees, management of traditional orchards,  hedges, ditches of the floodplains and the highly characteristic Devon hedgebanks,  conservation of archaeology on grassland and protection of Scheduled Monuments, conservation of species-rich grasslands and significant restoration of lowland heathlands, and management of small areas of  saltmarsh and sand dunes along the coast.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, protection and establishment of hedgerow trees and the coppicing of riverside trees, management of low input, wet and rough pastures, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, conservation of archaeology under cultivation, and management of parkland and traditional hay meadows.

Comments:
In this hilly, small-scale landscape, with steep valleys and winding sunken lanes and red soils, opening out to floodplains and saltmarshes at the coast, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, with strongly positive effects on Field Boundaries and Semi-natural Habitats. 
HLS supports the management of woodlands, scrub and orchards, management of wet and rough pastures, removal of archaeology from cultivation, management of parkland,  and the conservation of hay meadows and semi-natural and coastal habitats.  Conversely ELS is primarily responsible for the conservation of trees and field boundaries, management of permanent and rush pastures, and conservation of archaeology on grassland. Adding to the existing levels of ES uptake, it  would be beneficial if ES could do more for the conservation  of permanent, wet and rough pastures,  hay meadows and the management of small woodlands and regeneration of hedgerow trees, helping maintain the pastoral character and strong landscape framework.


Benefiting:
management of scrub, protection of infield trees and management of traditional orchards,  management of hedgerows and characteristic hedge banks, management of rush pasture (Culm grassland), retention and restoration of historic buildings, conservation of archaeology on grassland and protection of Scheduled Monuments from damage, conservation of species-rich grassland that may also include areas of Culm grassland,  mixed grazing on moorland and lowland hay meadows.

Limiting:
woodland management and protection, protection and renewal of hedgerow trees, low input and rough pastures, conservation of archaeology on arable, management of parkland, conservation  of lowland heathland, management of upland hay meadows, as well as the management of coastal salt marshes and sand dunes.

Comments:
In this deeply rural marginal landscape ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape across all landscape themes other than the coast, and a strongly positive effect on Field Boundaries and Semi-natural Habitats. HLS is assisting the management of woodland, scrub and orchards, rough grasslands,  historic farm building restoration, conservation of archaeology under cultivation,  parkland and semi-natural habitats.  ELS is assisting management of boundary features, low input and rush pasture, and conservation of archaeology on grassland.  Looking forward this NCA would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for woodland and parkland management and the regeneration of hedgerow trees, combined with those options that assist with the habitat mosaics associated with Culm grassland, recognising its very strong associations with this area, as well as support for coastal salt marsh, sand dunes and coastal heaths.


Benefiting:
management of woodland, scrub and traditional orchards, management of hedgerows and earthbanks, rough and low input pastures / mixed stocking, conservation of archaeology on moorland, parklands,  conservation of species-rich grassland and hay meadows, and the  conservation of moorland.

Limiting:
protection of woodland and in-field trees,  regeneration of hedgerow trees, conservation of highly characteristic stone walls and  wet grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional buildings,  conservation of archaeology on grassland, and the rewetting  of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect on this National Park landscape, especially its pastoral character  and the conservation of semi-natural habitats. HLS is making the primary contribution towards the management of woodlands, orchards and parkland,  and semi-natural habitats.  UELS is the primary driver for the conservation of boundaries (with ELS), the management of rough grasslands, maintaining the visibility of archaeology on moorland, the continuation of upland hay cutting and support for cattle grazing on moorland, while ELS plays the primary role in the conservation of field trees and boundaries (with UELS),  management of low input and rush pasture, mixed stocking and the conservation of archaeology on grassland.  In the future the landscape would particularly benefit from greater uptake of options for the establishment of hedgerow trees and management of characteristic stone walls.  It would also benefit from greater uptake of options for the conservation  of archaeology on grassland and re-wetting of blanket bog.


Benefiting:
traditional orchards and parkland,  hedges and hedgebanks and creation of new hedgerow lengths, management of permanent, wet and rough pasture, restoration of  traditional farm buildings,  conservation of archaeology on arable and grassland and semi-natural grasslands, lowland heathland, and moorland cattle grazing (on the fringes of Dartmoor), combined with  conservation of small areas of saltmarsh along the estuaries and sand dunes along the coast.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, in-field and riverside trees, hay meadows, retention of traditional farm buildings, management of wetlands, and restoration of moorland on the Dartmoor fringes.

Comments:
In this AONB landscape of rounded hills and intimate valleys and a spectacular coast and ria harbours, ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE  effect on the landscape, especially in respect of four of the landscape themes. HLS is assisting the management of woodlands, orchards and parklands,  the management of wet and rough pastures,  conservation of archaeology, restoration of traditional buildings and conservation of semi-natural and coastal habitats.  Conversely ELS is primarily responsible for field boundaries, permanent and rush pastures, and retention of historic buildings. UELS underpins the moorland options.  The main additional areas where ES could benefit the landscape is in the management of woodlands and field trees and in support for hay meadows.


Benefiting:
scrub management, field trees, traditional orchards, hedgerows and especially highly characteristic Cornish hedge, archaeology on grassland, conservation of Scheduled Monuments at risk,  semi-natural grasslands, coastal and inland heathlands, reedbeds, and the  areas of salt marsh and  sand dune along the coast.

Limiting:
management and protection of woodland, protection and regeneration of hedgerow trees, low input, wet and rough pasture, traditional agricultural  buildings, archaeology on  arable, parkland, and lowland hay meadows.

Comments:
Across this large NCA that covers the majority of Cornwall and includes areas of the Cornwall AONB, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape overall , and  a strongly positive effect on Field Boundaries and Semi-natural Habitats including those of the Coast.  ELS is the dominant influence: primarily relating to permanent grassland management and the management of trees and boundaries.  Nevertheless, HLS is assisting woodlands, rough and wet grasslands, archaeology  and the management of semi-natural habitats including those of the coast.  In this NCA the landscape would benefit from greater management of small woodlands, protection and especially regeneration of hedgerow trees, encouragement of hay meadows, greater conservation management and restoration of rough and wet grasslands, and the conservation of parklands if not already covered by other special projects.


Benefiting:
woodlands, Cornish 'hedges'; retention of the pastoral character of the enclosed landscape, management of rough pasture and the management and restoration of moorland and species-rich grasslands.

Limiting:
protection of woodland from grazing animals, hedgerows, wet grasslands, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings, protection of all aspects of the archaeological resource, and the re-wetting of blanket bog.

Comments:
ES is having a POSITIVE effect  on the landscape of this remote, exposed upland moorland block most of which lies within the Cornwall AONB.  ES is having a strongly positive effect on the pastoral character of the enclosed landscape and also on the open moorland.  HLS options dominate for woodland management and aspects of semi-natural habitat conservation and management of rough pasture, with UELS contributing to moorland management; whereas ELS uptake dominates for all other aspects.  Notably absent are significant levels of ES uptake for archaeological options in this important ritual landscape, although these may be covered separately by HAP and OES special projects  (capital items under HLS).  The NCA would also benefit from increased uptake of the supplement for the rewetting of blanket bog and hay cutting of semi-natural enclosed grasslands.


Benefiting:
small woodlands, hedgerows, stone walls and earth banks and  characteristic Cornish hedges,  parkland that is characteristic of the southern ria coastal areas, species-rich grassland, lowland heath - the most characteristic semi-natural habitat of this NCA, including coastal heath.

Limiting:
willow carr in valley bottoms, pasture with low inputs, wet grassland and rush pasture, rough grasslands, retention and restoration of historic buildings, and archaeology on grasslands.

Comments:
In this unique landscape of china clay extraction and surrounding small-scale agriculture, with heathland tops, ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape, with a strongly positive effect on Filled Patterns.  ELS options focus on the maintenance of field boundaries, low input pasture and  rush pastures; while HLS focuses on small woodlands, wet and rough grassland, parkland and semi-natural habitats, especially lowland heathland.  This NCA would benefit from higher levels of uptake for permanent, wet and rough grasslands and archaeology on grassland.


Benefiting:
hedgerows and banks / Cornish hedges, wet grasslands and heathland if being carefully targeted on areas of BAP Priority  Habitat.

Limiting:
woodland, willow scrub in river valleys, low input and rough permanent pasture, retention of historic farm buildings, archaeology on grassland and arable, parkland, species-rich grasslands and  heathland.

Comments:
Overall uptake of ES is low in this small NCA which has had a long history of mining.  There is little uptake of HLS, especially evident in the limited uptake for semi-natural habitats, and uptake of ELS is also limited.  The NCA would especially benefit from increased uptake of options for archaeology (recognising that the area lies within the on grassland and the management of heathland and species-rich grasslands.


Benefiting:
hedgerows, walls and stone-faced hedgebanks (Cornish hedges),  rough grassland and semi-natural habitats, including the heathlands of the clifftops and plateau and species-rich grassland.

Limiting:
woodlands, appropriate management of the pastoral landscape, conservation of the traditional built environment and of the internationally important archaeological resource.

Comments:
On this rugged granite plateau that forms the western toe of England,  ES is having a POSITIVE effect  on the landscape, especially in respect of Field Boundaries and Semi-natural Habitats - plateau and cliff-top heathlands and species-rich grasslands.  ELS options focus on boundary features and permanent pastures, while HLS uptake relates to woodlands (very little uptake),  rough grasslands and semi-natural habitats where ES is having a significant effect.  The lack of options for the conservation of the internationally important archaeology of this NCA is noticeable. This could be because the area is covered by a Special Project(s)(OES) or Historical and Archaeological Features Protection (HAP), both capital items.  These have not been covered by this analysis as the Genesis database does not reveal the details of these options.  If archaeology is not covered, this is a very noticeable omission.


Benefiting:
management of woodlands, hedgerows and hedgebanks Cornish 'hedges', rough pasture, archaeological resource on both arable and grassland, and species- rich grassland and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
fencing woodlands, retention of pasture, retention and restoration of traditional farm buildings,   management and restoration of fen and reedbed habitats in the river valleys and sand dunes on the coast.

Comments:
On this most southerly point of England formed of a heathland plateau with incised valleys and dramatic coastline, ES is having a STRONGLY POSITIVE effect on the landscape, especially for Woodlands, Field Boundaries, the Historic Environment and Semi-natural Habitats.  HLS options form the main uptake for woodlands, conservation of archaeology and semi-natural habitats and rough grassland; while ELS  uptake dominates boundary features, conservation measures in the agricultural landscape and the maintenance of traditional farm buildings.  Notably the largest area under a single option type is for the conservation of lowland heathland covering 830 hectares. The NCA would benefit from increased uptake of options for very low input permanent pasture to help conserve the pastoral landscape and greater uptake of options for the conservation of fen habitats in the river valleys and sand dunes on the coast.


Benefiting:
retention of a pastoral character,  rough pasture, retention of historic farm buildings and management of species-rich grassland and lowland heathland.

Limiting:
stone walls (although there has been significant uptake for repair under capital items), and  management of archaeological features on grassland.

Comments:
On this small island in the Bristol channel ES is having a POSITIVE effect on the landscape and especially the management of pastures, traditional buildings, and semi-natural habitats. Lundy is managed entirely under HLS only agreement(s) and options.  There  could be benefit in bringing more wall lengths under option and providing significantly greater support for protecting the important archaeological resource - it is possible that this is covered under a special project.


# Tbl_SubTheme

Stated_Obj:
Allow public access to whole fields and open areas.

Sum_Prescrip:
Install and maintain site maps, waymarks and additional access furniture to enable access. Keep area safe by keeping it free of litter and potentially dangerous animals.

Lscape_outcomes:
Of itself will not lead to any change in landscape character.

Comment_Impacts:
No impact on landscape character anticipated.


Stated_Obj:
Create new routes or footpaths for public access to walk or ride horses and bicycles.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain a safe and even surface of at least 2m for footpaths and 3m for cyclist/horse access.Install and maintain site maps, waymarks and additional access furniture. Keep area safe by keeping it free of litter and potentially dangerous animals.

Lscape_outcomes:
A linear grass or other firm surface suitable for walking 2m - 3m wide.

Comment_Impacts:
No impact on landscape except where routes are poorly sited or use unsympathetic materials. Impact will be strongly influenced by location.


Stated_Obj:
Create new routes for people with restricted or reduced mobility (e.g. with wheelchairs or pushchairs) across flat or gently sloping ground with parking close to the start.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain a hard surface, 1.2m wide with passing places; Install and maintain site maps, waymarks and additional access furniture. Keep area safe by keeping it free of litter, potentially dangerous animals and barriers.

Lscape_outcomes:
A surfaced route 1.2 wide with nearby carparking


Stated_Obj:
Take groups around any farm to explain links between farming, conservation and food production.

Sum_Prescrip:
Provide evidence of demand for the service: letters of support from schools, colleges or groups; provide basic information about your farm for a leaflet; prepare teachers information pack; undertake health & safety and risk assessment.


Stated_Obj:
Provide food sources for (sometimes declining) farmland birds, on arable and mixed farms year round.

Sum_Prescrip:
Sow a balanced combination of small-seed bearing crops of annual or biennial mixes on arable land or temporary grassland; sow in blocks or strips at least 6m wide at the edges of fields; retain the crop mixture until re-establishment to maintain production; fertilise seeds if required.

Lscape_outcomes:
A  6m + wide strip or blocks of between 0.4 & 2 ha. around field edges of seed-bearing plants (including millet linseed, mustard and sunflowers)  that will have a different colour, height and texture to the main arable crop.

Comment_Impacts:
These will have a similar character to game cover crops but may bring changes in colour and texture. The shape, size and location of these mixes as either strips or significant blocks in the landscape will be critical, potentially detracting from the scal


Stated_Obj:
Provide food resources for nectar feeding insects, on arable and mixed farms, and on temporary grassland (sown to grass for less than 5 years).

Sum_Prescrip:
Sow combination of  nectar rich plants (F11  possible wildflower mix) with no species more than 50% of the mix on arable land or temporary grassland. Sow in a block of up to 1 ha. or strips at least 6m wide at field edge (no more than 3ha. per 100ha), retain the crop mixture until re-establishment to maintain production. Cut in autumn and can be grazed in late autumn / winter. Re-establish as necessary to maintain a nectar supply.

Lscape_outcomes:
A permanent strip or blocks of predominantly legumes (red clover, sainfoil, bird's-foot-trefoil andknapweed, musk mallow) low growing at the edge of arable fields and ley grasslands.

Comment_Impacts:
Potentially beneficial bringing textural and colour diversity into large-scale intensive arable landscapes but landscape effects will be strongly influenced by the scale of the landscape and the shape, size and location of these options which may blur or


Stated_Obj:
Provide habitat for ground nesting birds, small mammals, and insects; create opportunities for rare arable plants to germinate, flower and set seed.

Sum_Prescrip:
Create unsown cultivated plots (16m2), field margins (or in the case of F13 a block of 1 -  2.5ha that is at least 100m wide) and maintain weeds or allow wild growth, depending on the option.  In the case of F8 and  F13 keep plots away from power lines and public rights of way to minimise disturbance.

Lscape_outcomes:
Plots, field margins and larger blocks of cultivated land (up to 2.5 ha) set in arable fields with a mix of naturally regenerating weed species including arable weeds (which could potentially also include regenerating crops such as Oilseed Rape).

Comment_Impacts:
Landscape impact will be strongly influenced by the location of strips / blocks, scale/size, shape  and the nature of regenerating species.  Margins of arable weeds (e.g. Poppies) are likely to enhance landscape character but larger or irregular  blocks of 'weedy growth' may detract from the flow of the landscape and alter the established landscape pattern. In the longer term there would also be concern if these areas were fenced off.


SubTheme:
Management of crops/soil erosion options

Stated_Obj:
Introduce or manage crops to increase diversity of habitats, reduce soil erosion and surface run off; and reduce nitrate leaching.

Sum_Prescrip:
Measures to reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching including undersowing arable and maize crops with grass/clover mixes or provding a winter cover crop where soils would normally be left bare over winter between September and January/February when it should be destroyed and replaced by the Spring grown crop.

Lscape_outcomes:
Undersowing options unlikely to make any visual difference in the landscape.  Option J13 will provide a winter cover crop (e.g. of rye, vetches, barley), potentially appearing similar to a winter sown main crop and therefore not recognisably different in areas where winter sown crops dominate.

Comment_Impacts:
Unlikely to have any noticeable impact on the landscape.


SubTheme:
In-field grass options to prevent erosion

Stated_Obj:
To reduce the movement of sediment, nutrients and pesticides by wind and water erosion both within fields and from field to field through location of permanent grassareas within arable fields.

Sum_Prescrip:
Sowing easily eroded areas and gullies with grass within an arable field.  Cut annually after mid July.

Lscape_outcomes:
Creation of permanent grassland areas in otherwise arable fields following natural drainage pathways (e.g. valley bottoms). Noted in the Handbook that the extent and location,of the option should take account of potential impacts on field boundary patterns, especially in open landscapes.

Comment_Impacts:
Blocks of grassland in the middle of an arable field might appear odd, although if following 'valley' contours could add to landscape diversity helping define the underlying topography.


Stated_Obj:
Provide an important winter food source for seed-eating birds; provide habitats for hare and ground nesting birds; enable direct drilling to protect archaelogical features just below the surface.

Sum_Prescrip:
Bale straw after harvest, maintain winter stubbles over the winter; careful or no grazing; restricted or no pesticide.  In the case of F22 natural regeneration over the stubble encouraged, with the stubble and regenerating plants left undisturbed until July of the following year.

Lscape_outcomes:
Retention of crop stubbles over the winter.  In the case of F22 the stubbles and associated regenerating weeds will remain until July taking on the character of set-aside whereas in other cases a new crop will be sown in Spring.

Comment_Impacts:
Over-wintering stubbles bring diversity to the winter arable landscape.


Stated_Obj:
Provide an important habitat for declining and localised farmland birds, providing breeding sites for ground nesting birds and valuable foraging sites for seed-eating birds.

Sum_Prescrip:
Applicable to any lands that has been in arable cultivation in the last 10 years. Establish either a root crop or a spring cereal crop in areas now dominated by pasture, follow a restricted herbicide and fertiliser programme and graze the root crop, leaving as stubble while not harvesting the cereal crop until July.

Lscape_outcomes:
Introducing an arable fodder crop into a predominantly pastoral area that has a tradition of mixed farming.

Comment_Impacts:
Impacts will depend on the history of the landscape.  If this was traditionally a mixed farming area, then it will potentially be beneficial to reintroduce a mixed character but if this is a traditionally pastoral landscape the effect on the landscape wil


Stated_Obj:
Habitat for ground nesting birds, small mammals and insects.

Sum_Prescrip:
Create a low raised bank 2m - 4m wide and 0.4m high running across an arable field sown with perennial and tussocky grasses.

Lscape_outcomes:
A low ridge or bank of permanent and tussocky grasses 2m - 4m wide running across an arable field.

Comment_Impacts:
The landscape effect will be neutral or positive if the banks follow remnant field boundaries and reinforce the field pattern but negative if they alter the scale of the wider field pattern or support regenerating Oilseed Rape which will create unnatural


SubTheme:
Archaeological features taken out of cultivation

Stated_Obj:
Protect the remains of archaeological features.

Sum_Prescrip:
Take archaeological features out of cultivation; choose a boundary that encompasses the feature and provides a sensible and practical field division where necessary. Establish a grass sward by seeding or natural regeneration (D7). Maintain a continuous grass sward and do not let bare patches of soil develop; prevent scrub development.

Lscape_outcomes:
Primarily aimed at below ground archaeology currently damaged through cultivation.

Comment_Impacts:
The archaeological features that are being protected are unlikely to be visible but they play an important role in the cultural interpretation of landscape character (reflecting the ELC definition)


Stated_Obj:
Reduces the risk of damage to archaeological features on farmland.

Sum_Prescrip:
D3 Avoid deep soil disturbance, do not use machinery under conditions likely to cause rutting or compaction; do not grow maize, root or tuber crops; if sowing a spring crop, maintain the previous overwintered stubble, do not use area as farm access. D6 Allows annual crops to be direct drilled, to protect archeological features just below the surface from damage by ploughing - certain crops (root crops, maize and energy crops) may not be grown under this option because of their deep roots

Lscape_outcomes:
No surface visual evidence other than the maintenance of winter stubbles over the area under D3. This will primarily be applied to sub-surface archaeology that is not visible.


SubTheme:
Management of archaeological sites under grassland

Stated_Obj:
Protect and manage earthworks and upstanding remains, including avoiding damage from the presence of trees.

Sum_Prescrip:
Prevent scrub growth and the spread of plants with deep roots; avoid using heavy machinery; maintain a continuous grass sward; do not plough or re-seed and do not tip, dump or burn any material on the feature.

Lscape_outcomes:
Increasing the visibility of earthworks and upstanding remains in the landscape, removing masking trees and scrub.

Comment_Impacts:
Earthworks (such as barrows and Iron Age Hillforts) and upstanding remains are often important landscape features as well as being important in their own right.


SubTheme:
Management of archaeological sites in wetland

Stated_Obj:
Maintain high water levels to protect underlying archaeological features from desiccation.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain water levels; avoid field operations and stocking when land is wet; no ploughing, sub-surface cultivation, re-seeding or rolling and prevent the development of reeds, large sedges or scrub.

Lscape_outcomes:
Maintenance of a short (reeds and sedges removed) wet grass sward (by maintaining existing water levels).

Comment_Impacts:
Retention of areas of wet grassland will be benficial to landscape, increasing the landscape mosaic.


SubTheme:
Maintaining archaeological visibility on moorland

Stated_Obj:
Retain archaeological features in the uplands as visible features in the landscape.

Sum_Prescrip:
Maintain the visibility of the feature; do not allow activities that result in ground disturbance on the feature; do not cause damage to the feature, e.g. creating ruts from driving over it; do not allow scrub or bracken growth on the feature.

Lscape_outcomes:
Ensuring the visibility of archaeological features such as earthworks and standing stones in a moorland landscape.

Comment_Impacts:
Archaeological features are often very important landscape features in open moorland, as well as being important features in their own right.


Stated_Obj:
Restore and maintain areas of grazed or mown sand dune and vegetated shingle.

Sum_Prescrip:
Manage scrub, maintain existing drainage and seasonal flood pattern, retain accumulation of seaweed and wood debris and agree an extensive grazing or mowing regime with no fertiliser or supplementary feeding.

Lscape_outcomes:
Maintaining and restoring the pattern of sand dunes in the landscape (potentially requiring protective fencing during the restoration process).

Comment_Impacts:
Retaining a very distinctive and visually significant coastal habitat.


Sum_Prescrip:
Manage using existing and traditional practices; do not damage saltmarsh vegetation by disturbing the surface; only use agreed supplementary feeding or fertiliser; retain wood debris and accumulations of seaweed; manage grazing where appropriate or remove livestock from the salt marsh where it is damaging the environmental value.

Lscape_outcomes:
Maintaining and restoring areas of saltmarsh in the landscape.


Stated_Obj:
Allow the migration or development inland of coastal vegetated shingle and sand dune systems.

Sum_Prescrip:
Control excessive growth of vegetation; retain wood debris and accumulations of seaweed; no cultivation, re-seeding, rolling, chain harrowing, fertiliser or supplementary feeding.

Lscape_outcomes:
Extending the area under sand dunes by allowing the inland migration / development of sand dunes.

Comment_Impacts:
Creating a very distinctive and visually significant coastal habitat.


Stated_Obj:
Create inter-tidal, transitional and saline habitats, such as salt march, mudflats and saline lagoons on former arable land, set-aside or improved grassland.

Sum_Prescrip:
An inter-tidal habitat creation and management plan is needed; a managed breach in sea defences or construction of a water inlet and outlet system for a saline lagoon to allow regular inundation by the tide and allowing for variations between lowest and highest tides.

Lscape_outcomes:
Creation of intertidal, transitional and saline habitats on former arable land or improved grassland.


Stated_Obj:
Enabling the traditonal management and restoration of hedgerows including the coppicing, laying and gapping up of hedgerows and the plabting of new lengths of hedgerows

Lscape_outcomes:
Thick and continuous hedgerows (without gaps) managed following traditional methods that often have county variants

Comment_Impacts:
Traditionally managed hedgerows are a highly characteristic landscape feature forming a key landscape characteristic in nearly all landscapes where they are present

Links_sub_cat:
Specifically relates to the boundary sub-category Management of hedgerows and management of hedgerows of high environmental  quality


Lscape_outcomes:
Tree surgery will be beneficial when the life of the tree is prolonged.  Trees should not be removed where they are a key landscape feature

Comment_Impacts:
It would not be beneficial if trees that are a key landscape feature are removed or are removed and not replaced

Links_sub_cat:
Relating to tree sub-categories: Protection of In-field trees;
Parkland Management or Restoration; Parkland Creation


Stated_Obj:
Implement fencing in association with conservation work.

Sum_Prescrip:
Sheep fencing, post and wire, rabbit fencing supplement, permanent electirc fencing, fencing supplement, high tensile fencing.

Lscape_outcomes:
Wire fencing lines - likely to be around defined habitat blocks.

Comment_Impacts:
Fencing can be visually intrusive unless it runs along the back of an existing hedgerow line.  It may be particularly intrusive around small habitat blocks in prominent locations.  May  recede into the landscape as posts darken with age but equally may be

Links_sub_cat:
Boundary Features: Fencing will have its own landscape impact and with the exception of woodland fencing is only covered under capital items


Stated_Obj:
Implement fencing in association with conservation work, specifically to exclude deer.

Lscape_outcomes:
Line of 3 - 4m high deer fencing - likely to be around defined habitat blocks.

Comment_Impacts:
The height makes this fencing visually intrusive.


SubTheme:
Protection of historical and archaeological features

Stated_Obj:
Intended for dealing with historic features or landscapes that require management that falls outside the scope of the annual land management payments.  It may be used where proposals directly contribute to  the protection and conservation of the historic environment and includes: Parkland and other Managment Plans for historic environment features or landscapes including water meadows and historic wetland features. Work to conserve or consolidate histioric features and structures; Scrub clearance on archaeological features where standard payment rates do not meet the needs of the feature; and moving access routes and gateways to prevent damage to historic environment features.  Where the area of land under the management agreement is largley covered by a management plan, and where the results of the management plan would significantly affect the choice of options, a 1-year stand-alone HLS agreement should be considered.

Links_sub_cat:
This option is relevant to all options relating to historical and archaeology features.  It has many uses including allowing the restoration of structures - e.g. Lime kilns to the changing of access routes to take pressure off earthworks (see above)and ot


Stated_Obj:
This aims to conserve and lengthen the life of buildings that contribute to the character of the landscape and are of historic interest.  A separate guide is avaioable for applicants  on the restoration of historic buildings under HLS.

Sum_Prescrip:
Restoration will usually start with a management plan. Once approved the applicant  can apply for a Capital Works Plan for a restoration payment for undertaking the work.

Lscape_outcomes:
Retention of restored traditional agricultural buildings in the landscape

Comment_Impacts:
Traditional agricultural buildings are often identified as a key characteristic of the landscape.


Sum_Prescrip:
Implement wooden field/river gates, stone gate posts, wooden wings for gates and relocate gates.

Lscape_outcomes:
Timber gates and ancillary barriers such as gate wings.

Comment_Impacts:
These will be more in keeping with landscape character than the galvenised gates more commonly seen in the agricultural landscape.

Links_sub_cat:
Boundary Features: Only covered as a capital item.  Gates will have a landscape impact in their own right


Links_sub_cat:
Could relate to any sub-category or circumstance


Stated_Obj:
Provision of infratructure such as water troughs,animal feeders and cattle grids to enable the reintroduction of grazing animals to habitats where this will be beneficial

Lscape_outcomes:
Samm-scale infrastructure to enable grazing

Comment_Impacts:
Generally these features will be too small-scale in their own right to have a landscape impact but they are necessary to ensuring the appropriate maintenance of key habitats and therefore are making a positive contribution although in the wrong location t

Links_sub_cat:
Potentially associated with many sub-categories where grazing animals are present or need to be reintroduced for conservation grazing


Stated_Obj:
The use of native seed mixes where reseeding is proposed in the restoration and creation of habitats

Lscape_outcomes:
A contributory factor to  the restoration and creation of semi-natural habitats

Comment_Impacts:
Ensuring recreated habitats are of native species

Links_sub_cat:
Potentially associated with many sub-categories


Stated_Obj:
Major preparitory work for heathland recreation

Lscape_outcomes:
Contribution towards upland and lowland heathland creation.  May be beneficial to the historic envionment where it involves tree and scrub removal

Comment_Impacts:
Upland and lowland heathlands are usually identified as a key landscape characteristic

Links_sub_cat:
Specifically relates to the  following sub categories: Lowland Heathland Creation; Upland Heathland Creation


Lscape_outcomes:
Creation of new hedgerows and hedgerow lengths

Comment_Impacts:
Will be positive for the landscape so long as  the planting follows traditional hedgerow lines and does not block key views


Stated_Obj:
Grip blocking to maintain wet peaty soils on moorland, especially for the benefit of blanket bog and mire habitats.  Also potentially very important for natural resource protection helping control the erosion of peaty soils and increasing the water holding capacity of upland soils

Lscape_outcomes:
Aiding the conservation and management of moorland habitats

Comment_Impacts:
Helping maintain and recreate the habitat mosaic of moorland areas, often identified as a key landscape characteristic of upland areas.

Queries:
Specifically relates to the  following sub categories:
Mooorland Rewetting
Moorland Maintenance or Restoration
Moorland Creation

Links_sub_cat:
Specifically relates to the  following sub categories:
Mooorland Rewetting
Moorland Maintenance or Restoration
Moorland Creation


Lscape_outcomes:
Removal of scrub potentially to aid the restoration of other habitats, create succesional areas, protect archaeological sites and reveal earthworks.

Comment_Impacts:
The size, shape and location of the scrub will be critical in influencing whether it contributes positively or negatively to landscape but on the basis that it is helping in the restoration of habitats and revealing archaeological remains, the landscape e

Queries:
Scrub control is relevant to many situations including Maintenance of succession areas; Species-rich Grassland Management or Restoration;
Reedbed Management or Restoration; Lowland Raised Bog Management or Restoration; Fen Management or Restoration; and L

Links_sub_cat:
Scrub control is relevant to many situations including Maintenance of succession areas; Species-rich Grassland Management or Restoration;
Reedbed Management or Restoration; Lowland Raised Bog Management or Restoration; Fen Management or Restoration; and L


